Bio semester 1 unit tests

Which Punnett square represents a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for purple flowers? mc006-1.jpg mc006-2.jpg mc006-3.jpg mc006-4.jpg

A

Which allele combination represents a male who has an X-linked recessive disorder? XrY XRY XrXr XRXr

A

Which mRNA sequence is the complement to the DNA sequence GATCAC? CUAGUG UAGUGA AGUGAC GUGAUC

A

Which of the following correctly organizes these genetic terms in order from smallest to largest? chromosome, gene, nucleotide, DNA nucleotide, gene, DNA, chromosome DNA, nucleotide, gene, chromosome DNA, nucleotide, chromosome, gene

B

Which statement best explains why a karyotype can be used as a scientific report? A karyotype is created and used to identify possible chromosomal defects. A karyotype can be used for reporting medical concerns and possible genetic disorders. A karyotype can assist families with medical issues that may arise from chromosomal abnormalities. A karyotype is formatted as a long document that has a vast number of scientific references.

B

Which type of scientific statement is defined as a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that can be accepted as true based on repeated experimentation with similar results? hypothesis theory law probability

B

Which was most likely an effect on society that resulted from improvements in blood handling during World War I and World War II? More soldiers died as a result of incorrect blood typing. More soldiers who had lost a limb returned home. More donations were needed as a result of poor storage techniques. More organizations spoke out against the war.

B

A DNA strand has the sequence GTTCCAGAG. Which is the complementary strand of RNA? CAAGGTCTC AGGTTCACA CAAGGUCUC TGGAACTCA

C

A forensic scientist is trying to find out the number of adenine in the DNA sample that he obtained from a crime scene. What can he assume about the number of adenine? The number of adenine will be equal to the number of guanine. The number of adenine will be equal to the number of all the other bases. The number of adenine will be equal to the number of thymine. The number of adenine will be not equal to the number of any other base.

C

Which is a frameshift mutation? substitution nonsense silent deletion

D

Which is a purpose for which a pedigree chart might be prepared? to determine the gender of a fetus to determine if a fetus has the correct number of chromosomes to identify chromosomal defects to identify the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait

D

[Unit 7 Unit Test #3] Which blood type can be transfused into a patient who has blood type A-? a. A+ b. B- c. AB+ d. O-

d

A purebred plant that has yellow flowers is crossed with a purebred plant that has white flowers. All the offspring have yellow flowers. Which conclusion about yellow flowers is supported by these results? Yellow flower color is a dominant trait. Yellow flower color is a recessive trait. Yellow flower color is a heterozygous trait. Yellow flower color is a monohybrid trait.

A

A purebred purple flowering plant is crossed with a purebred white flowering plant, and they produce offspring that have purple flowers. Which is the trait for purple flowers? dominant recessive codominant blended

A

Gregor Mendel's research formed the basis of the field of genetics. dominance. recessiveness. selective breeding.

A

How does ATP supply energy for cellular activities? by breaking off a phosphate group from its structure by releasing the sugar molecule from its structure by adding a phosphate group to its structure by attaching itself to a glucose molecule

A

If a person has type B blood, which statement describes the antibodies present in his or her blood? Only anti-A antibodies are present. Only anti-B antibodies are present. Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies are present. Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies are present.

A

In a dihybrid cross for round and yellow seeds (RrYy x RrYy), what is the probability of having green and wrinkled seeds? Key: R = round r = wrinkled Y = yellow y = green 1:16 3:16 8:16 9:16

A

In peas, yellow seed color (Y) is dominant to green seed color (y). A homozygous green pea plant is crossed with a heterozygous yellow pea plant. What is the predicted phenotypic ratio of the offspring? 50 percent yellow, 50 percent green 50 percent Yy, 50 percent yy 100 percent yellow, 0 percent green 100 percent Yy, 0 percent yy

A

James is working with the lac operon of Escherichia coli (E. coli). He places the bacteria on a plate of growth media. Based on the current understanding of this operon, which hypothesis would be useful for James to test? Addition of allolactose to the bacterial growth media should increase the speed at which the bacteria metabolize the sugar lactose. Removal of the RNA polymerase molecule should increase the amount of bacterial growth on the plate. Addition of the fruit sugar, fructose, should inhibit bacterial growth. Splicing the genes of the bacteria with other organisms should increase bacterial growth rates.

A

Jayden has been asked to wear a protective vest while his dentist takes an X-ray. Why is this? X-rays are dangerous mutagens. X-rays are considered poisonous. X-rays are harmful chemicals. X-rays are a result of UV radiation.

A

Round seeds and yellow seed color are dominant to wrinkled seeds and green seed color. What is the probability of having offspring that have wrinkled seeds and yellow seed color for the cross RRYY ´ RrYy? 0 percent 25 percent 50 percent 100 percent

A

Smooth muscle, a type of specialized muscle cell, functions in which process? food digestion skeletal movement pumping of blood heart contraction

A

The Venn diagram compares aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Which statement could be categorized in the overlapping section of the Venn diagram? uses pyruvic acid has commercial uses regenerates NADH produces 36 ATP

A

What do all cellular activities in living organisms use as a source of energy? ATP lactic acid pyruvic acid glucose

A

Which inheritance pattern results when parents are crossed for pure traits and the resulting offspring have traits that appear to blend? incomplete dominance codominance Mendelian inheritance polygenic inheritance

A

Which of Mendel's generations was allowed to self-pollinate? F1 generation P generation F1 generation and F2 generation P generation and F2 generation

A

Which part of cell division is different in plant and animal cells? cytokinesis anaphase mitosis eukaryotic

A

Which series of diagrams correctly represents the order of mitosis? mc012-1.jpg mc012-2.jpg mc012-3.jpg mc012-4.jpg

A

Which statement best describes the process of chemiosmosis and the direct result of its occurrence? Hydrogen ions flow from the thylakoid down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels into the stroma. ADP is converted to ATP. Hydrogen ions flow from the thylakoid down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels into the stroma. ATP is converted to ADP. Hydrogen ions flow from the stroma down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels into the thylakoid. ADP is converted to ATP. Hydrogen ions flow from the thylakoid against a concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels into the stroma. ADP is converted to ATP.

A

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. Studies have linked a common form of glaucoma to three genes and more than 20 genetic loci. Which best describes glaucoma? a recessive trait that requires multiple recessive alleles to be expressed a polygenic trait that is influenced by the number of alleles present a codominant trait that is expressed more often when more dominant alleles are present a dominant trait that depends on the presence of only one of many dominant alleles

B

In peas, yellow seed color (Y) is dominant to green seed color (y). Which describes an organism that has nonidentical alleles for seed color? yy and has green seeds Yy and has yellow seeds YY and has yellow seeds Yy and has green seeds

B

Karyotypes can be studied to determine an organism's chromosomal makeup and to detect genetic defects. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that is also called trisomy 21. What would trisomy 21 look like in a karyotype? missing chromosome 21 extra chromosome 21 missing sex chromosome extra sex chromosome

B

Mary has type A blood. Her son Bill has type AB blood. Which blood type does Bill's dad have if he is homogenous for blood type? A B AB O

B

In the F2 generation of Mendel's crosses, all plants had the dominant trait. half of the plants had the dominant allele. all plants had both the dominant and recessive alleles. one in four plants had two alleles for the recessive trait.

D

The graph demonstrates the quantitative variation for skin pigmentation. Which conclusion is supported by the graph? More than half of the population has the central skin pigmentation. The lightest and the darkest skin pigmentations are equally possible. The central skin pigmentation makes up more of the population than the rest of the skin pigmentation groups combined. Fewer people have skin pigmentation lighter than the central peak than people who have pigmentation darker than the central peak.

B

What did Chargaff discover while studying bases in the DNA of organisms? The bases in the DNA of each organism were unique. The ratios of thymine and adenine were similar, as were the ratios of guanine and cytosine. The overall percentages of bases were different from one organism to the next. There were equal amounts of all four bases in every organism, or 25 percent of each base.

B

Which best illustrates the result of the process of meiosis? A pea plant has the same flower color as its parent plants. A daughter looks different from both her mother and her father. A cheetah cub has very similar fur to its mother. A Labrador puppy looks exactly like its father.

B

Which is the first type of cell to differentiate? neuron epithelial cell muscle cell blood cell

B

A pea plant exhibits a recessive trait. Which statement is most likely true about the plant? The plant is identical to its parent plant. The plant has different alleles for the gene that codes for the trait. The plant has two identical alleles for the gene that codes for the trait. The plant does not have the same genes for the trait as its parent plant.

C

A scientist is studying fruit fly wings. Straight wings are dominant, and curly wings are recessive. Which statement correctly describes the F1 generation if a straight-winged parent is crossed with a curly-winged parent and if both parents are true breeding? The offspring will have two genes for straight wings. The offspring will produce only gametes that have genes for curly wings. The offspring will have one allele for straight wings and one allele for curly wings. The offspring will have only one kind of allele for the gene that determines wing type.

C

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder that is passed through generations and can be traced by using a pedigree. In the pedigree that is shown, which represents Irene's allele combination? XhXh XHXh XHXH XhY

C

How many genes make up the human genome? four: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine 23 pairs of genes 20,000-25,000 genes 3 billion genes

C

Many different types of mutations can occur within the body. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that is caused by different mutations within the CFTR gene. One mutation in the CFTR gene that leads to cystic fibrosis causes translation to end earlier in the gene sequence. Which type of mutation causes this translation error that leads to cystic fibrosis? silent missense nonsense deletion

C

Maria is concerned because she has been exposed to a small amount of radiation during an X-ray. What is her doctor most likely to tell her? Radiation from X-rays is not a mutagen unless you have X-rays every day. Mutagens have no effect on the body unless you have inherited them. Small amounts of a mutagen often do not have an effect on health. Severe mutations are usually caused by small amounts of a mutagen.

C

The equations summarize the process of fertilization. Which equation represents fertilization? haploid + diploid = diploid diploid + haploid = haploid haploid + haploid = diploid diploid + diploid = diploid

C

What is the role of RNA polymerase? It creates the DNA strand. It bonds the DNA strand. It helps transcribe the DNA strand. It translates the DNA strand.

C

Which best defines a diploid cell during meiosis? a cell that has double the number of chromosomes as the parent cell a cell that has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell a cell that has double the number of chromosomes as the daughter cell a cell that has half the number of chromosomes as the daughter cell

C

Which best describes a centromere? sister chromosomes that are held together by a chromatid paired chromosomes that have genes arranged in the same order the part of a chromosome that joins the sister chromatids the material that makes up a chromosome

C

Which best summarizes the process of protein synthesis? RNA instructs DNA to make proteins. DNA unzips, resulting in the formation of two protein molecules. RNA moves the DNA code to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. DNA makes proteins in the nucleus.

C

Which refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changing external conditions? differentiation self-renewal homeostasis specialization

C

Which statement about sister chromatids is true? One sister chromatid is inherited from each parent. Sister chromatids are always in every cell. Sister chromatids are used only for reproduction. Each sister chromatid forms a lobe of a chromosome.

C

Which statement best describes an understanding of genetics that would be missing without the work of Mendel? The DNA codes for traits would not be known. The protein codes for traits would not be known. Some alleles are dominant, and some alleles are recessive. Offspring receive two copies of each allele from each parent.

C

Which statement best summarizes the importance of meiosis to reproduction? It produces diploid cells that are needed for sexual reproduction. It produces diploid cells that are needed for asexual reproduction. It produces gametes that are needed for sexual reproduction. It produces gametes that are needed for asexual reproduction.

C

Gregor Mendel used pea plants that were heterozygous for each of two traits—seed color and seed shape—to generate a dihybrid cross. The phenotypic ratio of the resulting offspring was nine with round and yellow seeds, three with round and green seeds, three with wrinkled and yellow seeds, and one with wrinkled and green seeds. From these results, what could Mendel conclude? Traits are inherited as pairs, sets, or groups. Traits that are dominant mask traits that are recessive. Gametes carry one allele for each trait. Traits are passed independently of one another.

D

Pedigrees are used to help geneticists understand how traits are inherited between generations. The Romanovs, a Russian royal family, had a history of hemophilia, a sex-linked disorder that is determined by a recessive allele on the X chromosome. What is the best evidence to prove that Irene was heterozygous for hemophilia? Alice has the recessive allele. Alexandra has the recessive allele. Frederick has the recessive allele. Waldemar has the recessive allele.

D

What was Friedrich Miescher's contribution to the discovery of the genetic code? He created the first photograph of the structure of DNA. He discovered how the DNA bases pair together. He created the first accurate model of DNA's structure. He extracted and observed DNA from white blood cells.

D

Where are the proteins for a cell made? mitochondria cytoplasm nucleus ribosomes

D

Which best matches the description with the genetic material? Nucleotides form a helical structure that is called a gene. Chromosomes are located in the cytoplasm. Chromosomes create genes. DNA is located in the nucleus.

D

Which is an arrangement of genes consisting of an operator, a promoter, and a repressor? RNA polymerase anticodon codon operon

D

Which nucleic acid moves the code for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosomes? dRNA tRNA rRNA mRNA

D

Which occurs during translation but not during transcription? A DNA template is used to create an mRNA strand. A tRNA template is used to create a DNA strand. A tRNA template is used to create an mRNA strand. An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain.

D

Which of Thomas Hunt Morgan's hypotheses was valid? White eyes are lethal in female Drosophila. White eyes are lethal in male Drosophila. White eyes are homozygous recessive in female Drosophila. White eyes are the dominant trait in female Drosophila.

D

Which of the following is an inference? A burning candle is extinguished when it is covered with a jar. The candle burns longer than expected in a jar that has a plant in it. A plant lives longer than expected in a jar that has a burning candle. There is more oxygen in the jar because there is a plant in it.

D

Which term describes clusters of light-absorbing pigments? photosystems grana thylakoids chlorophylls

D

[U8 Unit Test 1 #2, U8 Unit Test 2 #16] What type of chart would be the best way to represent the data below? Type of species Critically endangered (%) Endangered or vulnerable (%) Plants 13 70 Invertebrates 0 35 Freshwater fish 9 37 Amphibians 7 30 Reptiles 5 28 Birds0 12 Mammals 2 21 bar graph pie chart line graph scatter plot

a

[U8 Unit Test 1 #6, U8 Unit Test 2 #11] Which molecule would be the most affected by limited nitrogen? myofibrillar proteins in muscle glucose molecules in starch fat molecules surrounding organs cellulose molecules in plant cell walls

a

[U8 Unit Test 1 #8] Which best describes what is occurring in this population of squirrels? Number of Squirrels Entering and Leaving a Population after 1 YearCause of changeNumber of squirrelsDied from predation2Born4Immigration10Left to find food3Died from disease8Left to find a mate3 Population growth is decreasing. Population growth is increasing. Population growth stays the same. Population reaches carrying capacity. Mark this and returnNext

a

[Unit 7 Unit Test #10] Which part of the neuron below is indicated by the arrow, and what is its function? a. The axon carries information through electrical impulses away from the cell body to the axon terminals. b. The axon contains the nucleus that controls all the activities of the cell. c. The dendrites regulate the substances that go in and out of the cell. d. The dendrites carry the electrical impulses from the signal receivers to the cell body.

a

[Unit 7 Unit Test #18] Consider the diagram of an internal feedback mechanism that the body uses to help maintain homeostasis.What is the role of the central nervous system in this model? a. coordinator b. effector c. response d. stimuli

a

[Unit 7 Unit Test #1] How does the respiratory system help build social relationships? a. The respiratory system helps create sound that enables humans to communicate with each another. b. The respiratory system helps prevent the spread of disease so humans are able to live in communities together. c. The respiratory system helps humans have feelings and base decisions on those feelings. d. The respiratory system helps humans remember and recall memories of friends and special times.

a

[Unit 7 Unit Test #2] A sample of tissue has been observed to be tightly packed and regenerative. What type of tissue is the sample? a. epithelial b. connective c. nervous d. muscle

a

[Unit 7 Unit Test #6] A patient with osteoporosis (reduced bone mass) may have a history of health issues. One issue could be a. not enough skin exposure to the sun to make Vitamin D. b. weak ligaments. c. an increase in the absorption of calcium in the digestive system. d. weak tendons.

a

[U8 Unit Test 1 #10, U8 Unit Test 2 #2] A grass starts with 30,000 kJ of energy. How much energy would a cheetah acquire after it ate a zebra that consumed the grass? 30 kJ 300 kJ 3,000 kJ 30,000 kJ

b

[U8 Unit Test 1 #3] Review the picture below. Which would be the most accurate title for this picture? https://media.edgenuity.com/evresources/3209-13-07/mc012-1.jpg primary succession after a controlled fire primary succession after a volcanic eruption secondary succession after a controlled fire secondary succession after a volcanic eruption

b

[U8 Unit Test 1 #5, U8 Unit Test 2 #4] White perch is a fish that is native to Atlantic coastal regions and is invasive to the Great Lakes. It feeds on native species and is thought to be the cause of the decline of the Great Lakes walleye fish populations. What was most likely its mode of introduction? produce brought from the eastern states trapped in a ship's ballast or a water tank trapped in a cargo crate carrying nonperishable items luggage brought in an overseas flight

b

[U8 Unit Test 1 #7, U8 Unit Test 2 #9] Consider the following data. Rates for Cheetah Population from 2011 to 2012Cause of change20112012Deaths21Births54Immigration61Emigration83 Which would have to happen to make the population growth of cheetahs in 2013 equal to the population growth observed in 2011 and 2012? 4 deaths, 7 births, 2 immigration, 6 emigration 3 deaths, 6 births, 5 immigration, 7 emigration 5 deaths, 2 births, 8 immigration, 3 emigration 1 deaths, 5 births, 3 immigration, 7 emigration

b

[Unit 7 Unit Test #13] A sudden change in the body's salt and water balance would most likely be caused by a malfunction in which organ? a. liver b. kidney c. bladder d. lungs

b

[Unit 7 Unit Test #15] Which best describes the peripheral nervous system? a. It is made up of the brain and spinal cord. b. It transmits information that is received from stimuli. c. It is part of the autonomic nervous system. d. It processes information that is received from stimuli.

b

[Unit 7 Unit Test #17] What would happen to an area of the body where motor neurons are injured due to an accident? a. increased release of neurotransmitters b. loss of muscle movement c. increased stimuli d. decrease in inflammation

b

[Unit 7 Unit Test #19] What do structures esophagus and stomach have in common? a. Both contain chyme. b. Both contain partially digested food. c. Both contain waste material ready for removal. d. Both contain stored food.

b

[Unit 7 Unit Test #21] Kyle explains that the body of an airplane is like the appendicular skeleton and the wings of an airplane are like the axial skeleton. Which demonstrates how he could change his statement so it is accurate? a. Airplanes are not like skeletons. b. The body of an airplane is like the axial skeleton, and the wings are like the appendicular skeleton. c. The body of an airplane is like the appendicular skeleton, and the tail is like the axial skeleton. d. Both the body and wings of an airplane are like the axial skeleton.

b

[Unit 7 Unit Test #25] Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a decrease in white blood cells. What effect does leukopenia have on the body's ability to fight infection? a. Leukopenia increases the body's ability to fight infection. b. Leukopenia decreases the body's ability to fight infection. c. Leukopenia has no effect on the body's ability to fight infection. d. Leukopenia increases the body's ability to fight infection at certain times and decreases it at other time

b

[Unit 7 Unit Test #4] Meningitis is a disease that is characterized by swelling of the meninges that puts pressure on the brain. Which is least likely to be a symptom of this disease? a. severe headache b. red, itchy rash c. sensitivity to light d. confusion

b

[Unit 7 Unit Test #8] Which is an immune response? a. The iris of the eye narrows when the eyes are exposed to bright light. b. Langerhans cells transport harmful substances to white blood cells. c. Muscles under the skin contract rapidly to adjust the body's internal temperature. d. T cells signal B cells to adjust the pH of the blood.

b

[Unit 7 Unit Test #9] Jonas states four interesting facts about bones. Which of Jonas's statements is incorrect? a. Some bones have holes through them. b. Bones are made mostly of sugars. c. Bones are made of layers. d. Bones can have different shapes.

b

[U8 Unit Test 1 #4, U8 Unit Test 2 #12] Wolves are predators of deer. What is most likely to happen to the deer population if the wolf population increased? stay the same increase decrease become extinct

c

[U8 Unit Test 1 #9, U8 Unit Test 2 #5] Which describes a way in which phosphorus may enter into the phosphorus cycle? Earthquakes release phosphorus. Phosphorus is carried in the rain that was evaporated from lakes. Human use of fertilizers release phosphorus into the groundwater. Phosphorus is transpired.

c

[Unit 7 Unit Test #11] What would cause antibodies to attack the cells of the body? a. The cells support bacterial growth. b. The cells are worn out and need to be replaced. c. The antibodies mistakenly identify the cells as foreign material. d. The red blood cells are malfunctioning.

c

[Unit 7 Unit Test #20] Categorize the following: intestinal muscles, heart muscles, hand muscles, and neck muscles. a. Intestinal and neck muscles are skeletal muscles; heart and hand muscles are smooth muscles. b. Heart and neck muscles are long and slender; hand and intestinal muscles are spindle shaped. c. Intestinal and heart muscles are involuntary muscles; hand and neck muscles are voluntary muscles. d. Heart and intestinal muscles allow for big movements; hand and neck muscles allow for smooth movements.

c

[Unit 7 Unit Test #24] How does the cardiovascular system help the body maintain homeostasis? a. osmosis and capillary action b. capillary action and thermoregulation c. thermoregulation and hormone transport d. hormone transport and osmosis

c

[Unit 7 Unit Test #7] A team from New York Presbyterian hospital is conducting a study about a recent increase in cases involving both excess sweating and kidney stones. What would the team need before it draws a conclusion about the cases? a. medications that are specifically designed to treat the sickness b. machines that are built to process blood and reduce symptoms until patients are healthy again c. data that profile the various patients who report these symptoms d. proof that the excess sweating is related to the excessive kidney stones

c

[U8 Unit Test 1 #1, U8 Unit Test 2 #17] What is the difference between a community and a population? A community has only one organism, while a population has many organisms. A population has only one ecosystem, while a community has many ecosystems. A community has only one biome, while a population has many biomes. A population has only one species, while a community has many species.

d

[Unit 7 Unit Test #12] A student makes the analogy that the cardiovascular system is like a highway. Why is this a good analogy? a. Blood is made of many different kinds of cells. b. The heart pumps blood through the veins. c. The heart is centralized in the body. d. Blood transports materials to and from different parts of the body.

d

[Unit 7 Unit Test #14] Asthma is a respiratory disorder that causes constriction of the airways. This constriction may cause difficulty in breathing. If a doctor were asked to create a medication, what would the medication most likely do? a. redirect airflow around inflammation b. increase diffusion of oxygen c. kill foreign pathogens d. decrease inflammation of blocked airways

d

[Unit 7 Unit Test #16] Which of the following actions involves voluntary muscle movement? a. movement of food through the digestive tract b. movement of blood through the blood vessels c. beating of the heart d. making of feces

d

[Unit 7 Unit Test #22] The diagram shows three steps in the clotting process. A. https://media.edgenuity.com/evresources/3209-11-10/mc013-1.jpg B. https://media.edgenuity.com/evresources/3209-11-10/mc013-2.jpg C. https://media.edgenuity.com/evresources/3209-11-10/mc013-3.jpg Which lists the clotting process in the proper order? a. A, C, B b. B, A, C c. C, A, B d. B, C, A

d

[Unit 7 Unit Test #23] Which autonomic system is most likely to be dominant while someone is napping after a big meal? a. peripheral nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. somatic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system

d

[Unit 7 Unit Test #5] The pharynx is the structure in the body that serves as a pathway of both air and food. How does the body make sure that food does not get into the lungs? a. The salivary glands secrete enzymes that pull food out of the air pathway. b. The small intestine pushes the air out of the digestive system. c. The pancreas breaks down food in the air pathway. d. The epiglottis closes the air pathway so that food will not enter it.

d

DNA replication allows the basic units of heredity found on segments of DNA, called _____, to be passed on from parent to offspring.

genes