bio test 2

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria

The purpose of cellular respiration is the production of __________.

ATP

which of the following is true: All cells are motile. All cells have cell walls. All cells have internal structures that move. All cells are attached to other cells.

All cells have internal structures that move.

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is

C6H12O6+6O2--->6CO2+6H2O+energy

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration extracts energy from glucose (C6H12O6) to produce smaller energy packets (ATP).

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles; ribosomes

Which of the following are stored in the lysosomes of the cell?

digestive enzymes

Which of the following statements regarding diffusion is false?

Diffusion occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated.

Which statement regarding enzyme function is true?

Excessive salt ions can cause an enzyme to denature.;Few enzymes can tolerate extremely salty conditions, because the salt ions interfere with some of the chemical bonds that maintain protein structure

What is the basic difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions absorb it.

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface

Fimbriae

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus;The endomembrane system includes the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. It manufactures, processes, and transports lipids and proteins. The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins.

Light is _____ energy, which is converted by plants into molecules, which possess _____ energy.

Light is kinetic energy, and molecules possess chemical energy. Chemical energy refers to the potential energy that can be released during chemical reactions.

Which of the following statements about lysosomes is false? Lysosomes help to digest worn-out or damaged organelles. Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to expose nutrients to lysosomal enzymes. Lysosomes destroy harmful bacteria engulfed by white blood cells. Lysosomes synthesize proteins from the recycled amino acids.

Lysosomes synthesize proteins from the recycled amino acids.

Which of the following statements regarding membrane protein function is false?

Membrane proteins transfer genetic information to the cytoplasm.; true: Membrane proteins form junctions between cells. Membrane proteins act as receptors to molecules like hormones. Membrane proteins serve as enzymes.

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

Mitochondrion

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false?

Once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in place.

________ cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

Prokaryotic

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.

What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane?

The finished products of the Golgi apparatus may leave the cell through vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following is true?

The ordering of one system depends on the disordering of another

One function of the central vacuole in plant cells is facilitating cell growth: the central vacuole absorbs water and increases in size, expanding the volume and size of the plant cell while doing so. Animal cells, however, do not grow by this method. What is an essential difference between animal and plant cells that could explain how a plant cell can withstand this expansion of the central vacuole?

The plant cell wall provides a more rigid structure.

What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes have in common

They are constructed of interrelated membranes.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.;The citric acid cycle breaks down carbon molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and forming some ATP.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

The eyepiece of a light microscope has a magnification level of 10x. If you were looking at a paramecium under the lowest-power objective (4x), what would be the total magnification of the microscope at this setting?

Total magnification is (4x) × (10x) = 40x.

In the lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water but not sucrose to make an "artificial cell." The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. Which of the following will occur?

Water will leave the balloon

The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of

diverse proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.

The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that

a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells.

Cellular respiration is an example of __________

an exergonic process;Cellular respiration is characterized by the breaking down of complex molecules and the release of energy.

In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads

are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane.

Mitochondria are found in _____.

both plant cells and animal cells

Peroxisomes are organelles that are involved in the _____.

breakdown of fatty acids

Which is a typical function of lysosomes?

breaking down of damaged organelles, such as mitochondria

lysosome

breaks down macromolecules using digestive enzymes

By-products of cellular respiration include

carbon dioxide and water.

The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines

cell theory

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall

During enzymatic reactions, substrates are converted to products. A property of enzymes that facilitates this reaction is that they are catalysts and therefore _____.

change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; This permits enzyme molecules to be used repeatedly.

Which cellular organelle is required for photosynthesis to occur in eukaryotic cells?

chloroplast

Cilia differ from flagella in that

cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella.

Mitochondria differ from chloroplasts in that mitochondria

contain membrane folds called cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain disk-like vesicles in stacks called grana.

mitochondrion

converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell

What are the inner folds of the mitochondria called?

cristae

The structural framework in a cell is the

cytoskeleton.

The contractile vacuole __________.

eliminates excess water from the cytoplasm of freshwater protists

Where are chlorophyll molecules located within the chloroplasts?

embedded in the thylakoid membrane

The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP is an _____ reaction that _____ energy.

endergonic ... requires an input of; Energy from exergonic reactions is used to store energy as a phosphate group is added to ADP.

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

what is the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both __________; however, they are different in that only chloroplasts, and not mitochondria, __________.

have a double membrane ... carry out photosynthesis

The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that

increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.

The maximum size of a cell is limited by _____.

its need for enough surface area to make exchanges with its environment;Because volume increases at a faster rate than surface area, large cells have proportionately less plasma membrane surface area.

When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to _____.

kinetic energy and heat; About 25% of the gasoline consumed by a car is converted to kinetic energy. The rest is given off as heat, which explains why car engines become so hot.

Which of the following organelles is found only in animal cells and NOT in most plant cells? lysosome mitochondrion peroxisome chloroplast

lysosome

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA

Which of the following cytoplasmic structures functions in the transport of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?: intermediate filaments microfilaments actin filaments microtubules

microtubules

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration.

mitochondria

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion; All of the steps of cellular respiration except glycolysis take place in the mitochondrion.

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleoid region

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called __________.

osmosis;This is a special case of passive transport for water.

You have identified a new organism. It has ribosomes, plasmodesmata, and cell walls made of cellulose. This new organism is most likely a(n) __________.

plant

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

plasma membrane

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

In plants, __________ are the cell junctions that allow the free exchange of small molecules that assist in communication. In animal cells, similar cell junctions are known as __________.

plasmodesmata ... gap junctions

Which of the following would distinguish a bacterial cell from an animal cell? replication of DNA production of proteins presence of a plasma membrane presence of a cell wal

presence of a cell wall;Prokaryotic cells have cell walls. Some eukaryotic cells do also, but animal cells do not

A woman is having trouble becoming pregnant. Examination of her partner's sperm indicates that dynein feet are missing from the flagella in his sperm cells. A physician explains that this could interfere with fertility by

preventing the sperm from swimming to the egg cell.

An energy barrier

prevents the spontaneous breakdown of molecules in the cell.

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

receptor proteins

When placed in a hypotonic environment, where the solute concentration is below that of the cell, a houseplant will _____

remain standing upright;The water balance in plants is remarkably different. In an isotonic solution plant cells will look flaccid (limp), and in a hypotonic environment they will be turgid (firm). The cell wall allows the plant cell to balance the osmotic pressures inside the cell.

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized

ribosomes;Ribosomes are involved in the manufacture of polypeptides (proteins).

The plant cell wall

s a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils.

smooth ER

site of lipid synthesis

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium ions in muscle cells

nucleus

stores the genetic information of the cell

The plasma membrane would fit into which general function category?

support, movement, and communication

Membrane proteins are synthesized by ribosomes that are attached to _____

the endoplasmic reticulum

According to ________, energy cannot be created or destroyed.

the first law of thermodynamics

When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. As a result of this, that cell will

undergo self-digestion and die.

ribosome

works with mRNA to synthesize proteins

You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result,

you dehydrate yourself.