bio test 2
which product of aerobic respiration does a muscle cell need to contract?
ATP
which STR will have migrated farthest through an electrophoresis gel?
GAAG repeated twice
what is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
PCR produces many copies of a DNA sequence from a small sample using temperature cycling, primers, free nucleotides, and polymerase enzymes
two strands of DNA are said to be complementary in that A always pairs with ..
T
a series of reactions that occurs in the presence of oxygen and converts energy stored in food into ATP
aerobic respiration
which of these requires the least amount of fertilizer to grow?
algae
what is a genome?
all of the genetic instructions encode within the DNA of an organism
humans cells contain 20 .. that are used to build macromolecules called ..
amino acids; proteins
organisms such as plants, algae, and certain bacteria that can make their own food from inorganic starting materials
autotrophs
the oil produced by algae, in addition to macromolecules that algae synthesize, can be used to generate which type of renewable energy source?
biodiesel
an engineer is trying to design large appliances (like refrigerators and ovens) that do not rely on nonrenewable energy sources. to this end, he should build machines that require .. to function.
biofuels
renewable fuels made from living organisms
biofuels
the energy of ATP is stored in the ..
bonds between the phosphates
if a biology student wants to lose weight, which of these is a viable strategy?
both substituting plain water for soda drinks and spending more time in the gym exercising
the conversion of inorganic carbon into organic forms like glucose
carbon fixation
a set of reactions that takes place in mitochondria and helps extract energy (in the form of high-energy electrons) from food; the second stage of aerobic respiration
citric acid cycle
in a recombinant gene, the .. sequence controls the amino acid sequence of the protein produced
coding
the triplet code on messenger RNA (mRNA) is referred to as ..
codon
DNA is a molecules that is ..
common to all forms of life
the principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another
conservation of energy
which of these is an autotroph?
corn
which of these are photosynthetic organisms?
cyanobacteria and plants
which of these contain photosynthetic capabilities?
cyanobacteria, algae, and plants
where is the cell does fermentation take place?
cytoplasm
which statement best summarizes the law of conservation of energy?
energy changes forms and is neither created nor destroyed
photosynthetic algae are ..
eukaryotic autotrophs
if you frequently crave french fries, how could you modify your lifestyle to eat fries without gaining weight?
exercise more to burn more calories than the fries you add to your diet
which of these is not a weight-gain culprit?
exercise that is not considered intentional
yeast are the only organisms that can be genetically engineered to produce spider silk
false
which type of organic molecules store the most energy per gram?
fats (triglycerides) and glycerol
oil reserves buried deep underground are ..
finite and take millions of years to replenish
which organism is not capable of converting light energy into glucose?
fungi
replacing a defective human gene that causes disease, such as cystic fibrosis, with a healthy gene is referred to as ..
gene therapy
chromosomes have many .., which contain the instructions for a cell to produce at least one ..
genes; protein
what molecule provides short-term energy storage in the body?
glycogen
if you exercise for an extended period of time, you will use energy first from .., then from ..
glycogen; fats
many species of algae appear green to a human because they contain ..
green chloroplasts
select the statement that best describes the function of heating and cooling in PCR
heating facilitates strand denaturation, and cooling facilitates primer attachment
amino acids that avoid water are referred to as ..
hydrophobic
the .. project, by emphasizing DNA evidence, has helped to free several individuals wrongly convicted of crimes
innocence
the energy of motion or movement
kinetic energy
fermentation in animals produces .., whereas fermentation in brewer's yeast produces ..
lactic acid; alcohol
what factor does gel electrophoresis use to separate DNA molecules?
length of individual DNA molecules
a type of electromagnetic radiation that includes visible light
light energy
when individual amino acids link together, they form ..
linear chains
translation is the process of using .. to make ..
mRNA; proteins
non-exercise activity thermogenesis, the amount of energy expended in everyday activities
neat
you will be medically defined as .. if your body mass index is 30 or above
obese
a body mass index between 25 and 29.9 is considered ..
overweight
which of these is not a benefit of genetic engineering?
pesticide genes spreading from genetically modified organisms to natural populations
the loss of which energy source would affect the US the most?
petroleum
select the parts that make up the backbone of the DNA molecule.
phosphate and sugar
packets of light energy, each with a specific wavelength and quantity of energy
photons
the energy of sunlight exists in the form of ..
photons
the process by which plants and algae harness the energy of sunlight to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water
photosynthesis
chloroplasts are found in the cells of :
photosynthetic organisms
identify the true statements about wavelengths of light
plants reflect wavelengths of light that our eyes cannot detect; red light has a longer wavelength and less energy than blue light
which activity is considered a neat activity?
playing a musical instrument
an egg balanced at the peak of a slanted roof has .. energy
potential
the fuel used to run our cars contains .. energy
potential
damage to a cell's ribosomes would affect its ability to make ..
proteins
during fermentation, NADH gives up electrons to regenerate NAD by giving electrons to ..
pyruvate
which of these produces the least amount of greenhouse gas emissions?
rapeseed, canola
if reaction X is more efficient than reaction Y, what would you predict in terms of energy?
reaction Y will heat up in the environment more than reaction X
what characteristic of spiders makes it difficult to harvest silk from them?
spiders are cannibalistic
what is the function of DNA?
stores chemically coded, heritable information in an organism
if a person wants to lose weight, which of these is a viable strategy?
substituting plain water for regular soda and exercising more
each nucleotide consists of a ..
sugar, phosphate, and base
the molecules that bind and transport amino acids through the cytoplasm for translation are ..
tRNA
during aerobic respiration, NADH gives up electrons to regenerate NAD by giving electrons to ..
the electron transport chain
why are energy-rich lipids from algae more useful as a fuel than energy-rich sugars and other carbohydrates produced by photosynthetic organisms such as corn and wheat?
the sugars contain less chemical energy than the lipids and the lipids can be used directly as fuel
what is the difference between the nucleotides used in DNA replication during the PCR and the nucleotides used during DNA replication within the cell?
there is no difference; they are the same
what is the function of the regulatory sequence of DNA?
to determine the location where a protein is produced
what is the tole of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?
to generate ATP and lactic acid; the produce NAD+ from NADH
why do cells need ATP?
to power cell functions
what roles does the circulatory system play in aerobic cellular respiration?
transport oxygen to body tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs; transport glucose from the digestive system to body tissues
fat are the most energy-dense molecules
true
which of these is not a nucleotide found in DNA?
uracil (U)
the oxygen that we breathe in from plants is derived from ..
water
what two factors determine the BMI for an individual?
weight and height
fermentation occurs ..
when the cell is starved for oxygen
to produce spider silk in yeast requires a regulatory sequence from a .. gene and a coding sequence from a .. gene
yeast; spider
which of the following pieces of critical information did watson and crick use to build and propose their model of the structure of DNA?
%A always equals %T and %G always equal %C; x-ray diffraction images that show DNA as a double helix; an incorrect model that depicts DNA as a triple helix with the phosphate groups on the inside; x-ray diffraction images that suggest DNA is hydrophilic and elongates upon exposure to water
a gel contains two bands from a single STR region on chromosome 5 for a heterozygous mother and two different bands for a heterozygous father. how many bands should be identical in size when comparing the heterozygous mother and her biological child?
1
how many STRs are typically used to create a profile in forensic investigations?
15
the combined DNA index system (CODIS) is a computer database with more than 10 million profiles from convicted criminals. the profiles stored consist of banding patterns that represent .. STR regions
15
humans need to have .. amino acids to build proteins
20
each human cell has .. pairs of chromosomes
23
a DNA profile using 15 STRs may show as many as .. bands
30
an individual would be considered obese if he or she has 20% more body fat than is recommended for one's height, as measured by a BMI of ..
30
if you start with one copy of a DNA fragment, how many rounds of PCR will take to end up with a total of 16 copies?
4
the .. chromosomes in a human cell from inside the cheek are found in the ..
46; nucleus
if you start with one copy of a DNA fragment, how many rounds of PCR will it take to end up with a total of 32 copies?
5
the molecule that cells use to power energy-requiring reactions - the cell's "energy currency"- is ..
ATP
what is the short-term energy currency that cells use to do work?
ATP
which product of aerobic does a muscle cell need to contract?
ATP
if you ingest carbon in the form of sugar, then that carbon is released from your body as ..
CO2
an investigator has a DNA profile of a suspect and is comparing it to profiles of convicted individuals in a national database. this investigator has just accessed the database known as ..
CODIS
a new genetic engineering technique called .. has been used in China to alter the genome of a human embryo
CRISPR
is 1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie (kcal); is the common unit of energy used in food nutrition labels
Calorie
the information that ultimately encodes the shape and sequence of a protein comes from ..
DNA
the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring is ..
DNA
each chromosome contains ..
DNA and proteins
how is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells?
DNA is a linear molecule wrapped around proteins and condensed into chromosomes; DNA is sequestered in the nucleus apart from the metabolic activity of the cytoplasm
why does DNA travel toward the positive electrode during gel electrophoresis?
DNA is negatively charged, and opposite charges attract
why is DNA replication called "semiconservative"?
DNA is replicated, each copy having one strand of the original molecule and one newly synthesized strand
an enzyme that "reads" the sequence of a DNA strand and helps to add complementary nucleotides to form a new strand during DNA replication is ..
DNA polymerase
which statement about PCR is true?
DNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies DNA in PCR
prosectors are showing DNA evidence to a courtroom. they present an enlarged picture of an electrophoretic gel that contains bands representing STRs in a suspect's DNA and STRs in the perpetrator's DNA. this picture depicts the .. of the suspect and perpetrator
DNA profiles
what naturally occurring process does PCR mimic in a test tube?
DNA replication
which of these is not an example of a protein?
DNA that is transcribed into messenger RNA; a chromosome
transcription is the process of copying .. into ..
DNA; mRNA
which sequence correctly describes the input and output of photosynthesis
I- carbon dioxide, photons, water; O- oxygen, glucose
an electron carrier, can accept electrons, becoming NADH in the process
NAD+
during aerobic respiration, what molecule holds and carries electrons stripped from food?
NADH
if the sequence of one strand of DNA is AGTCTAGC, what is the sequence of the complementary strand?
TCAGATCG
you have a segment of DNA with the sequence AATAGCGA. if this segment underwent replication, what is the nucleotide sequence you would see?
TTATCGCT
in humans, the 23rd pair of chromosomes in a male is .., in contrast to a female's, which is ..
XY; XX
what is a gene?
a DNA sequence that has the instructions to make one or more proteins
the spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides bound together is called ..
a double helix
which statement accurately describes food with regard to energy?
a food calorie is equal to 1000 calories
spider silk is a useful product for humans because ..
a kilogram of spider silk is stronger than steel of the same weight
select the best description of a short tandem repeat
a nucleotide sequence of at least two bases that is continuously repeated in a DNA strand
you are investigating a crime. the DNA profile database has no perfect matches to the DNA collected at the crime scene. however, one profile in the database has at least one band in common with the crime scene DNA at every STR site. which statement is the most likely conclusion can you draw?
a parent-child relationship exists between the DNA collected at the crime scene and the DNA in the database
which organism is an autotroph?
a pine tree
ATP breakdown in cells is accompanied by ..
a release of energy
select the statements that best describe how nucleotides pair with one another in a DNA molecule
adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine; nucleotides pair with each other, joining two strands of DNA by hydrogen bonding
which of these is the correct pattern of nucleotide base-pairing?
adenine-thymine; guanine-cytosine
the molecule in cells that powers energy-requiring functions
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
in the presence of oxygen, humans use .. to fuel ATP production from glucose, glucose is initially formed by plants through ..
aerobic respiration; photosynthesis
in the presence of oxygen, humans use .. to fuel ATP production; green plants use the process of .. to produce energy
aerobic respiration; photosynthesis
how do the environmental costs of growing algae for biofuel production compare to other crop options?
algae require less fertilizer than corn
which statement is true of proteins?
all proteins are made of amino acids
the building blocks of proteins are called ..
amino acids
how is inserting an herbicide-resistant gene into a crop plant beneficial to humans?
an herbicide can be sprayed without damaging the crop
which statement describes the ways that photosynthetic algae and animals obtain energy?
animals obtain energy from sugar made by light-absorbing energy producers
the segment of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that binds with messenger RNA (mRNA) is called an ..
anticodon
of the 64 codons that code for 20 amino acids, three codons are unique because they ..
are "stop" codons
shivering (uncontrolled muscle contractions) warms you up because shivering muscles ..
are contracting more and releasing some energy as heat
photons are critical to the process of photosynthesis because photons ..
are needed to excite the electrons of the pigment atoms in chlorophyll
.. can directly use the energy of sunlight to make their own food, and .. must rely on other organisms to provide the energy they need to survive
autotrophs; heterotrophs
select the statements that correctly describe how a new DNA molecule reflects the original DNA molecule from which it was copied
base pairing rules duplicate the base pairs of the original molecule in the new molecule; each new DNA molecule contains an original strand and a newly synthesized strand
if your car runs out of gas, the energy that was contained in the gas has ..
been converted to several other forms of energy
silk protein contains a much higher frequency of flat, interlocking structures called .., which add strength to silk protein
beta-sheets
which of these is not a fossil fuel?
biofuels
DNA can be found in ..
blood, semen, saliva, or hair
which color is most useful in photosynthesis?
blue
if you wanted to develop a lighting apparatus that people in alaska could use to grow vegetables indoors year-round, which wavelengths should you include in your product?
blue and red
the measurement we use to estimate body fat based on height and weight is called ..
body mass index
an estimate of body fat based on height and weight
body mass index (BMI)
you can detect DNA that is specifically from the X chromosome in a DNA sample from a person. why cant you definitively determine the sex of the person (male or female) from the presence of the X chromosome?
both males and females have an X chromosome and you would have to check for the presence of a Y chromosome
if a mutation in a long chain of codons changes a codon sequence of one codon from CUU to CUC, what effect would that have on the protein produced?
both of the codons code for the same amino acid and no change would be observed in the protein
ATP is both a ..
building block of DNA and an energy-storing molecule
in a comparison of two different light bulbs, one could infer which one is more efficient in terms of energy conversion by comparing ..
bulb temperature
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1C is the ..
calorie
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1C
calorie
what products of aerobic respiration are used in photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide and water
what roles do atmospheric gases have in photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide is a reactant for photosynthesis that provides the carbon in glucose; oxygen is produced from water during the light-gathering phase of photosynthesis
potential energy stored in the bonds of biological molecules
chemical energy
what energy source drives the carbon fixation process of photosynthesis, and where does it come from?
chemical energy from light absorption stored in ATP
which sequence correctly traces the flow of energy needed to move an automobile?
chemical energy; heat energy; kinetic energy
animal movement requires a conversion of energy from ..
chemical to kinetic energy
the energy in a cereal bar is .. energy. the energy of a cyclist pedaling is .. energy
chemical; kinetic
the pigment present in the green parts of plants that absorbs photons of light energy during the "photo" reactions of photosynthesis
chlorophyll
what organelle does an algae need to be able to conduct photosynthesis?
chloroplast
what organelle would an alga cell need to be able to carry out photosynthesis?
chloroplast
which statement accurately summarizes the process of photosynthesis?
chloroplasts capture sunlight, water is split, oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide is used to convert chemical energy into glucose
the organelle in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
chlorplast
a single, large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins is called a ..
chromosome
which of these is the correct sequence in creating a DNA profile?
collect DNA-> extract DNA-> PCR to amplify STRs-> gel electrophoresis-> analyze gel
why are scientists interested in creating transgenic organisms that contain a gene for spider silk?
collecting spider silk from spiders in the wild is tedious
each time energy is converted from one form to another, a percentage of that energy is lost as .. or fails to be converted
combustion
the oil that microalgae produce is very similar to ..
common vegetable oil
the principle that energy is neither created nor destroyed, it simply changes form, is referred to as the law of ..
conservation of energy
the part of an amino acids that links together with another amino acid is called the ..
core
which of these requires the most pesticides to grow a successful crop?
corn
the purpose of aerobic respiration is to .., which is used to ..
create energy-rich ATP molecules; power functions of the cell
which statement is true regarding the Combined DNA Index System(CODIS)?
criminal profiles in CODIS typically consist of 15 STR regions
alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that have small differences in their nucleotides sequences. two alleles produce ..
different amino acid sequences
why can the same short tandem repeat region vary in length between the two copies of a chromosome of an individual?
each chromosome is inherited from a different parent
you are studying the DNA profile of an individual, and you are looking at the results for a chromosome with just one STR site. how many bands will you see?
either 1 or 2
what stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?
electron transport
the transfer of electrons that takes place in mitochondria and produces the bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration; the third stage of aerobic respiration
electron transport chain
what process is most directly prevented in the absence of adequate oxygen?
electron transport chain
the capacity to do work. cellular work includes processes such as building complex molecules and moving substances into and out of the cell
energy
which statement is incorrect?
energy flows from heterotrophs to autotrophs
DNA evidence can give an investigator information regarding which of the following?
family relationships between suspects and the identity of an individual based on a profile
if a person eats 1 gram of each of the following, the greatest amount of ATP production is from ..
fat
which macromolecules have the greatest caloric value per gram?
fats
which type of organic molecule stores the most energy per gram?
fats
which statement does not accurately describe human DNA?
females receive two X chromosomes from their mother
a series of chemical reactions beginning with glycolysis and taking place in the absence of oxygen; produces far less ATP than does aerobic respiration
fermentation
the series of chemical reactions that takes place in the absence of oxygen and regenerates NAD+ is called ..
fermentation
in humans, why cant fermentation sustain life?
fermentation is not efficient at using the energy sources we eat to make ATP
carbon-rich energy sources, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal, which are formed from the compressed, fossilized remains of once-living organisms
fossil fuels
examples of energy changing forms
from a high perch, a raptor dives toward its prey; a green plant absorbs light to make sugar molecules; a human jogs down the street for exercise
which of these photon wavelengths contain the greatest amount of energy?
gamma rays
which combination is not correctly matched?
gasoline; kinetic energy
what is a "GMO"?
genetically modified organism
one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism is its ..
genome
the entire sequence of DNA in a cell used for DNA profiling is called the ..
genome
what is the energy source used for ATP production during aerobic respiration in human cells?
glucose
which of these is considered an input of aerobic respiration?
glucose
the inputs for aerobic respiration are ..
glucose and oxygen
you are testing some new devices for maximizing the growth of plants by optimizing photosynthesis. which of these would be the most direct may to measure photosynthesis in your tests?
glucose production by the plant
aerobic respiration converts the energy stored in .. into energy stored in ..
glucose; ATP
.. is a complex animal carbohydrate, which is made up of chains of glucose molecules that stores energy for short-term use
glycogen
a complex animal carbohydrate, made up of linked chains of glucose molecules, that stores energy for short-term use
glycogen
you go outside and take a short walk down the street and back. which of these are you most likely using for energy?
glycogen
excess calories in a diet are stored as ..
glycogen and fat
you exercise for 1 hour at the gym. during this exercise, you will first use energy from .., and then from ..
glycogen; fats
excess energy can be stored for short periods of time in the muscle and liver tissue as .., and for long periods of time as .. in fat cells
glycogen; triglycerides
a series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units; takes place in the cytoplasm and is the first stage of both aerobic respiration and fermentation
glycolysis
which step of cellular respiration can happen in the absence of oxygen?
glycolysis
which process is correctly matched with its cellular location?
glycolysis - cytoplasm
a hovercraft (that "hovers" over the surface, without touching the surface) traveling along a road should have less escape of .. energy relative to a car driving the same distance
heat
generally, energy lost when transferring from one form to another is lost as ..
heat
the kinetic energy generated by random movements of molecules or atoms
heat
complete the following statements regarding the steps necessary to copy a DNA sequence during PCR: 1. the two original strands of the DNA molecule can be separated by .. 2. the enzyme .. "reads" each template strand and adds .. to make a new strand
heat and DNA polymerase; complementary nucleotides
why is heating the first step in the PCR reaction?
heating breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs to separate the DNA strands
the body mass index estimates body fat based on one's ..
height and weight
a woman lacks one of the amino acids used to build insulin, a protein that helps control blood sugar levels. what is the expected outcome of this deficiency?
her insulin will no longer function normally
organisms, such as humans and other animals, that obtain energy by consuming organic molecules that were produced by other organisms
heterotrophs
what would happen if algae, cyanobacteria, and plants were wiped out?
heterotrophs would not be able to use autotrophs as an energy source
a group of amino acids within a protein are oriented to face water. these amino acids are described as being ..
hydrophilic
which of these would lead to degradation of DNA in a sample?
improperly stored samples
a moderately active 21 year old female has a choice of eating a 2500 calorie meal that is primarily protein or a 2500 calorie meal that is primarily sugar. what would be the result, in terms of energy, of choosing one over the other?
in either case, once her glycogen stores are replenished, she will store the excess calories as fat
where in the cell does fermentation occur?
in the cytoplasm
where is the cell does fermentation occur?
in the cytoplasm
an individual's DNA ..
is identical in all cells
why did searching for unique algae species open new opportunities for their use as a biofuel?
it can make the process independent of sunlight
what is the significance of the 23rd pair of chromosomes?
it determines a person's sex
which statement is true of RNA polymerase?
it is an enzyme used in transcription
which statement is true about the three-dimensional shape of a protein?
it is determined by the order of the amino acids and is critical for the function of the protein
under aerobic conditions, when is pyruvate produced and consumed?
it is produced in glycolysis and consumed in the citric acid cycle
chargaff discovered that the A-T bond has the same width as the G-C bond. what implication does this have for the structure of the DNA molecule?
it means that the molecule will vary in width as you move down its length, depending on the number of A-T and G-C nucleotides
why is photosynthesis important to both plants and animals?
it produces glucose and oxygen
which statement is a function of photosynthesis?
it provides oxygen that we breathe and indirectly provides fossil fuels
heat is best described as ..
kinetic energy associated with random particle motion
fermentation converts the products of glycolysis into ..
lactic acid and alcohol
which of these is not used to grow algae?
large amounts of fertilizer and pesticides
autotrophs are best characterized by ..
making organic molecules from inorganic molecules
DNA profiling with STRs is most accurate when ..
many STRs are examined
which cellular structures allows organisms to carry out photosynthesis?
many chloroplasts
aerobic respiration occurs in the ..
mitochondria of all cells
glucose is a product of photosynthesis. where do the carbon atoms of glucose produced during photosynthesis come from?
molecules in air
compared to aerobic respiration, fermentation produces .. ATP
much less
compared to aerobic respiration, how much ATP is produced during fermentation?
much less
which of these is a fossil fuel?
natural gas
can energy be created?
no, energy can be transformed from one form to another but not created
human red blood cells are enucleated. is it possible to isolate DNA from red blood cells? why or why not?
no, the genomic DNA is found only in nucleated cells
which of these does not contribute to a higher BMI?
nonexercise activity thermogenesis
if you keep plants in the dark, they will ..
not have sufficient chemical energy for the synthesis step in photosynthesis
if your keep plants in the dark, they will ..
not have sufficient chemical energy for the synthesis step in photosynthesis
structurally, ATP is a ..
nucleotide
the molecular building blocks that are arranged in chains to create a single DNA strand are called ..
nucleotides
human DNA is located in the .. of the cell and is divided into 46 chromosomes
nucleus
an individual's STR may vary from the same STR of another individual by the ..
number of times a specific sequence is repeated
what do plants obtain from soil?
nutrients and water
having 20% more body fat than is recommended for one's height, as measured by a body mass index equal to or greater than 30
obese
comparative research into non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) concluded that ..
obese individuals spend more time sitting than lean individuals
which of these is not a renewable resource?
oil
when one DNA molecule is replicated, the resulting DNA molecule contains ..
one new strand and one old strand in each molecule
DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because a newly replicated, double-stranded DNA molecules consists of ..
one old strand and one new strand
which statement about the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is false?
only a single strand of DNA can be amplified at a time
why do leaves appear in shades of yellow, orange, and red in the fall?
other leaf pigments that were masked by the chlorophyll become visible and reflect wavelengths of light other than green
having a BMI of 25-30
overweight
which of these is not a product of aerobic respiration?
oxygen
a nucleotide is composed of a sugar, a .., and a base
phosphate
in addition to the base, what are the other components of a nucleotide?
phosphate and sugar
algae that glow at night are termed ..
phosphorescent
photosynthesis can be broken down into two basic mechanisms (photo and synthesis) which sequence describes these two mechanisms?
photo- absorption of light; synthesis- carbon fixation
how would an anaerobic environment affect photosynthesis?
photosynthesis would continue, assuming there was also sufficient light, water, and carbon dioxide
which of these can produce biofuels?
plants, algae, and microalgae
a laboratory technique used to replicate, and thus amplify, a specific DNA segment is called ..
polymerase chain reaction
stored energy
potential energy
what is the purpose of careful primer design before PCR?
primers indicate the section of DNA that will be amplified and mark where DNA polymerase begins replication
you are starting your own forensics lab and need to purchase the proper elements for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. in addition to the DNA samples from the crime scenes, what other molecular items would you need?
primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides
why are many drugs either proteins or drugs that interact with proteins?
proteins play vital roles within cells, which allow cells to function
a genetically engineered hybrid gene created by splicing together the regulatory sequence from a tomato and the coding sequence from a fish would be called a .. gene
recombinant
to produce a human gene in goat milk, you would fuse ..
regulatory elements from a protein produced in goat milk to the coding region of the human gene
humans are considered heterotrophs because they ..
rely on organic molecules from their diet as a source of energy
knowing that hydrophobic amino acids tend to face inward on the protein that is folded into its three-dimensional state inside a cell allows you to deduce that the term "hydrophobic" means ..
repelled by water
the synthesis of ATP ..
requires the input of energy
which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
ribosome
a purified protein is working well in a laboratory test. the researcher adds a new chemical to the mixture in the test tube and notices that the protein stops working. upon further investigation, the researcher is able to determine that the protein still has its normal sequence of amino acids. the protein must have has a change in its ..
shape
Rosalind Franklin did not receive the credit she deserves for her contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA because ..
she died before the Nobel Prize was awarded to watson, crick, and wilkins; at the time, prevailing attitudes were negative toward women in science; her paper was perceived merely as supporting evidence for watson and crick's model
sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated are called ..
short tandem repeats (STRs)
the wavelength of visible light reflected by chlorophyll is .. than the wavelengths absorbed. the color reflected by chlorophyll is ..
shorter; green
amino acids are unique in their .., but have the same ..
side chains; core
gel electrophoresis separates DNA for profiling based on the ..
size (length)
what form of energy excites electrons in the first reaction of photosynthesis?
sunlight
what is the energy source plants use to carry out photosynthesis?
sunlight
what provides the energy for photosynthesis?
sunlight
which of these are needed for algae to have photosynthetic capabilities?
sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
Rosalind Franklin used x-ray diffraction to record how x-rays scatter when bounced off the surface of DNA molecules. which of the following conclusions about the structure of DNA did her images support?
the DNA molecule was likely helical; was uniform in width; was hydrophilic and extends upon exposure to water; DNA helix was likely made of two strands
most algae-growing companies position their location based on ..
the amount of sunlight throughout the year
once excess calories are stored as triglycerides, it is more difficult to release this energy because ..
the body utilizes food molecules in the bloodstream and stored glycogen first
what bonds in an ATP molecule store the chemical energy used by cells?
the bonds between phosphates
what role does carbon dioxide play in photosynthesis?
the carbon in carbon dioxide is incorporated into sugar molecules
which statement correctly reflects the interactions between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis?
the carbon in the glucose that plants make is the same carbon in the carbon dioxide we breathe out
why do many species of algae appear green?
the chlorophyll pigment they contain is green
why does anaerobic respiration yield less energy than aerobic respiration?
the citric acid cycle and electron transport are not used in anaerobic respiration
kinetic energy is best described as ..
the energy of movement
one of the reasons photosynthetic organisms are so important on planet earth is that ..
the energy-rich molecules they produce are used by all living organisms to fuel cellular processes
why is it recommended that anyone trying to lose weight should avoid alcoholic beverages?
the fermentation process used to make alcohol does not fully break down glucose, resulting in a high-carbohydrate beverage
if the french eat meals with a higher fat content, what might explain why the french weigh less on average than americans?
the french engage in more NEAT activities such as household chores, shopping, and dog walking
which of these could be possible if a single nucleotide in the coding sequence of DNA controlling transcription was changed?
the function of the protein could change
you create a hybrid transgene containing DNA from a human and a mouse. which factor would most strongly affect when, where, and how much protein is expressed from that gene?
the gene's regulatory region
which of these is not required to produce transgenic animals?
the genes used to form recombinant DNA must be from closely related species
which statement about STRs is false?
the greater the number of STRs analyzed, the larger the field of individuals with identical numbers
which factor is not driving our search for alternative fuel sources?
the large amount of water and pesticides used when biodiesel is produced from corn
in eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are located in ..
the nucleus
which phrase represents genetic variation between individuals?
the number of STRs in their genomes
lactose intolerance results when a person inherits two defective alleles of the lactase gene. normally, this gene produces the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose during digestion. what would most likely happen if a person had one defective allele and the other allele was functional?
the person could digest some amount of lacotse
what happens to plants in the absence of light?
the process of photosynthesis shut down and plants stop generating chemical energy from light
which of these could be possible if a single nucleotide in the regulatory sequence of DNA controlling transcription was changed?
the protein controlled could be produced at a faster rate
which factor is not important in determining the shape of a protein?
the speed of translation
the ultimate source of energy for photosynthetic organism is ..
the sun
a scientist is looking at a strand of hair under the microscope. just from his microscopic analysis, what can she determine about the person from which this hair has derived?
the texture of the person's hair
a mutation that substitutes one nucleotide for another occurs in the regulatory sequence of the spider silk gene in a transgenic yeast. what would you expect as an outcome?
the timing of spider silk protein production may change
why are algae considered more valuable for biofuel than plants (such as corn)?
they are cheaper to grow
imagine that you have discovered a new species that has the ability to consume other organisms for energy and also contains chloroplasts. what would these properties tell you about the organism?
this organism is both a heterotroph and an autotroph
altering the regulatory sequence used in producing a transgenic yeast could alter the ..
timing of gene expression
altering the regulatory sequence used to producing a transgenic yeast could alter the ..
timing of gene expression
which phrase best describes the "point" of the "photo" reactions of photosynthesis?
to capture the energy of sunlight in a chemical form
DNA is .. into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. messenger RNA (mRNA) then leaves the nucleus to be .. into proteins in the cytoplasm
transcribed; translated
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are .. organisms that contain genes that humans have inserted into them
transgenic
a type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long-term use in a .. molecule
triglyceride
what molecule provides long-term energy storage in the body?
triglyceride
a type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long-term use
triglycerides
DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because each newly made DNA molecule has one original and one new strand of DNA
true
a single amino acid change in the sequence of a protein can alter the function of that protein
true
exchanging a hydrophilic amino acid with a hydrophobic amino acid in the sequence of a protein can alter the shape of that protein
true
offspring that result from breeding transgenic goats should contain the recombinant gene
true
one thousand calories is equal to one kilocalorie
true
scientists have used genetic engineering technology to create transgenic plants that contain genes for natural pesticides
true
how many steps are required for photosynthesis to occur?
two
a scientist is interested in making a rice plant that produces a vaccine protein in the rice. this would mean that vaccinations could be accomplished by eating rice, which does not require refrigeration. the best approach would be to fuse the .. with the ..
vaccine protein coding sequence; regulatory sequence of a rice gene
which of these is considered an output of aerobic respiration?
water
what role does water play in photosynthesis?
water provides hydrogen and electrons used in producing glucose
when considering which biofuel is the most sustainable, which of these must be considered?
water, energy, and fertilizer and pesticide use
which of the following scientists is incorrectly paired with their contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
watson and crick; x-ray diffraction images of DNA helix
where can DNA be found?
within cells
from the STRs used in a forensic investigation, which STRs on which chromosomes would be particularly useful in determining whether crime scene evidence was left by a female or a male?
y chromosome STR
according to this chapter, which characteristics of yeast make them better candidates for producing spider silk than goats?
yeast reproduce at a faster rate than goats
which person would have DNA that is least similar to yours?
your mother's brother