bio test 2

Active transport is different from simple diffusion in that active transport

All of the answer choices are correct

first person to use a simple microscope to view many different microorganisms that he called animalcules

Anton van leewenhoek

The three domains in the Woese system of classification are

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

domain bacteria

Contains Earth's Most Abundant Organisms (single celled, Prokayote/no nucleus) DNA occurs is in the nucleoid (not bound by a membrane). Most bacterial cells have a rigid cell wall

domain eukarya

Contains Organisms with Complex Cells (some single and some multicellular, most all are nucleated) Eukaryotic cells include those of protists, plants, fungi, & animals. Most eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotes

domain archaea

Includes Prokaryotes with Unique Biochemistry (single celled, no nucleus) Archaea are similar to bacteria and eukaryotes but are "extremophiles" (live in salt, acidity & high temperatures).

structures that are found in all living cells

Ribosomes, deoxyribonucleic acid, proteins, cell membrane, RNA

The scientist(s) given credit for first using the term "cell" to describe the basic unit of life is (are)

Robert Hooke

Plant cells do not contain contractile vacuoles. What happens when a plant is watered?

The cells swell

active transport

a carrier protein uses energy (atp) to move a substance against its concentration gradient from area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

endocytosis

a cell engulfs fluids or large particles and brings them into the cell

A phospholipid molecule has

a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water

Consider that you have access to use fluorescent tagging of specific proteins and view cells in a confocal microscope. You isolate a cell with the fluorescent dyes, showing that a very tiny, single-celled organism has not only a cell membrane, but internally folded membranes. You determine also that the membranes do not completely surround internal specialized compartments of the cell. You identify this as

a prokaryote

simple diffusion

a substance passes down its concentration gradient without the use of a carrier molecule

The original three tenets of the cell theory are

all organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells

An enzyme is...

an organic molecule that catalyzes a cellular reaction

Organisms included in the diverse domain Eukarya include

animals, plants, fungi, and protists

cells...

are the smallest living unit of life

3 domains

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

noncompetitive inhibition

binds to enzyme at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme so no substrate will bind

pinocytosis

brings in fluids

An example (or examples) of potential energy is (are)

chemical bonds and concentration gradients

An organelle found in plant cells and some members of the kingdom Protista but not in animal cells is a

chloroplast

the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotes

chloroplasts

hypertonic

conc. of solute outside the cell is higher than the inside (water rushed out & cell implodes)

hypotonic

conc. of solute outside the cell is lower than inside (water rushes into cell & it bursts)

isotonic

condition in which a solute concentration is the same on both sides of a semipermeable membrane

*Entropy is a measure of

disorder

A prokaryotic cell...

does not have a nucleus

Simple diffusion...

does not require energy

Phagocytosis of an infective bacterium by a white blood cell is a subset type of

endocytosis

active forms of transport as moving the vesicle in or out of the cell that require energy

endocytosis and exocytosis

active transport requires

energy input

endergonic reactions require

energy input

passive transport does not require

energy input

If the environment surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, the

environment is hypotonic to the cell

Coupled reactions are reactions in which a

exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is an

exergonic reaction in cellular respiration

energy is released in

exergonic reactions

A eukaryotic cell...

has membrane-bounded organelles

When phospholipids are mixed with water their ____ interact with water and their ____ are repelled, forming a lipid bilayer.

hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails

If a cell has a greater concentration of solute than its environment, the cell

is hypertonic to the environment

terms describing tonicity

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

membrane transport

may release energy or cost energy

competitive inhibition

musical chairs - the product of a reaction binds to the enzyme's active site

negative feedback may occur by

noncompetitive inhibition & competitive inhibition

Largest visible structure

nucleus

The most prominent organelle visible in most eukaryotic cells is the

nucleus

An endergonic reaction is a reaction that is characterized by

often having higher energy in product molecules than the reactants, and yielding larger product molecules

enzymes

organic molecules that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable (biological) membrane is

osmosis

OIL RIG

oxidatidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons

The primary structural molecule composing a cell membrane is a(n)

phospholipid molecule

plants and protists carry out

photosynthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

produce lipids and detoxify poisons

rough endoplasmic reticulum

produce proteins

Chloroplasts are not...

responsible for cellular respiration

A structure found in cells of all three domains, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is the

ribosome

assembly of the proteins occurs at the

ribosomes

first person to see cells (cork)

robert hooke

cell theory 3 tenants

scleidens and schwanns cell theory: (1st tenant) that all life is composed of cells & (2nd tenant) that cells are the functional units of life Robert Virchow added: (3rd tenant) all cells come from preexisting cells.

these three work together to synthesize, store, transport, and release molecules

smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus

Members of Archaea are often referred to as extremophiles because many live in conditions of extreme

temperature, salinity, heat, acidity

phagocytosis

the cell captures and engulfs large particles

energy of activation

the energy required to start a chemical reaction

In most mammals the DNA found in mitochondria is inherited from

the mother only

The theory of endosymbiosis is based on

the observations that chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria

active site

the part of the enzyme to which the substrate binds

osmosis

the simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Oxidation-reduction reactions

transfer electrons from one molecule to another

True or False? All organisms are made of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of life.

true

exocytosis

uses vesicles to transport fluid and large particles out of the cell

Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes occurs

when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site

Competitive inhibition of enzymes occurs

when a substance other than the substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme