bio test 2
Active transport is different from simple diffusion in that active transport
All of the answer choices are correct
first person to use a simple microscope to view many different microorganisms that he called animalcules
Anton van leewenhoek
The three domains in the Woese system of classification are
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
domain bacteria
Contains Earth's Most Abundant Organisms (single celled, Prokayote/no nucleus) DNA occurs is in the nucleoid (not bound by a membrane). Most bacterial cells have a rigid cell wall
domain eukarya
Contains Organisms with Complex Cells (some single and some multicellular, most all are nucleated) Eukaryotic cells include those of protists, plants, fungi, & animals. Most eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotes
domain archaea
Includes Prokaryotes with Unique Biochemistry (single celled, no nucleus) Archaea are similar to bacteria and eukaryotes but are "extremophiles" (live in salt, acidity & high temperatures).
structures that are found in all living cells
Ribosomes, deoxyribonucleic acid, proteins, cell membrane, RNA
The scientist(s) given credit for first using the term "cell" to describe the basic unit of life is (are)
Robert Hooke
Plant cells do not contain contractile vacuoles. What happens when a plant is watered?
The cells swell
active transport
a carrier protein uses energy (atp) to move a substance against its concentration gradient from area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
endocytosis
a cell engulfs fluids or large particles and brings them into the cell
A phospholipid molecule has
a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water
Consider that you have access to use fluorescent tagging of specific proteins and view cells in a confocal microscope. You isolate a cell with the fluorescent dyes, showing that a very tiny, single-celled organism has not only a cell membrane, but internally folded membranes. You determine also that the membranes do not completely surround internal specialized compartments of the cell. You identify this as
a prokaryote
simple diffusion
a substance passes down its concentration gradient without the use of a carrier molecule
The original three tenets of the cell theory are
all organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells
An enzyme is...
an organic molecule that catalyzes a cellular reaction
Organisms included in the diverse domain Eukarya include
animals, plants, fungi, and protists
cells...
are the smallest living unit of life
3 domains
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
noncompetitive inhibition
binds to enzyme at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme so no substrate will bind
pinocytosis
brings in fluids
An example (or examples) of potential energy is (are)
chemical bonds and concentration gradients
An organelle found in plant cells and some members of the kingdom Protista but not in animal cells is a
chloroplast
the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotes
chloroplasts
hypertonic
conc. of solute outside the cell is higher than the inside (water rushed out & cell implodes)
hypotonic
conc. of solute outside the cell is lower than inside (water rushes into cell & it bursts)
isotonic
condition in which a solute concentration is the same on both sides of a semipermeable membrane
*Entropy is a measure of
disorder
A prokaryotic cell...
does not have a nucleus
Simple diffusion...
does not require energy
Phagocytosis of an infective bacterium by a white blood cell is a subset type of
endocytosis
active forms of transport as moving the vesicle in or out of the cell that require energy
endocytosis and exocytosis
active transport requires
energy input
endergonic reactions require
energy input
passive transport does not require
energy input
If the environment surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, the
environment is hypotonic to the cell
Coupled reactions are reactions in which a
exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction
The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is an
exergonic reaction in cellular respiration
energy is released in
exergonic reactions
A eukaryotic cell...
has membrane-bounded organelles
When phospholipids are mixed with water their ____ interact with water and their ____ are repelled, forming a lipid bilayer.
hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails
If a cell has a greater concentration of solute than its environment, the cell
is hypertonic to the environment
terms describing tonicity
isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
membrane transport
may release energy or cost energy
competitive inhibition
musical chairs - the product of a reaction binds to the enzyme's active site
negative feedback may occur by
noncompetitive inhibition & competitive inhibition
Largest visible structure
nucleus
The most prominent organelle visible in most eukaryotic cells is the
nucleus
An endergonic reaction is a reaction that is characterized by
often having higher energy in product molecules than the reactants, and yielding larger product molecules
enzymes
organic molecules that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable (biological) membrane is
osmosis
OIL RIG
oxidatidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons
The primary structural molecule composing a cell membrane is a(n)
phospholipid molecule
plants and protists carry out
photosynthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
produce lipids and detoxify poisons
rough endoplasmic reticulum
produce proteins
Chloroplasts are not...
responsible for cellular respiration
A structure found in cells of all three domains, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is the
ribosome
assembly of the proteins occurs at the
ribosomes
first person to see cells (cork)
robert hooke
cell theory 3 tenants
scleidens and schwanns cell theory: (1st tenant) that all life is composed of cells & (2nd tenant) that cells are the functional units of life Robert Virchow added: (3rd tenant) all cells come from preexisting cells.
these three work together to synthesize, store, transport, and release molecules
smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus
Members of Archaea are often referred to as extremophiles because many live in conditions of extreme
temperature, salinity, heat, acidity
phagocytosis
the cell captures and engulfs large particles
energy of activation
the energy required to start a chemical reaction
In most mammals the DNA found in mitochondria is inherited from
the mother only
The theory of endosymbiosis is based on
the observations that chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria
active site
the part of the enzyme to which the substrate binds
osmosis
the simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Oxidation-reduction reactions
transfer electrons from one molecule to another
True or False? All organisms are made of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of life.
true
exocytosis
uses vesicles to transport fluid and large particles out of the cell
Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes occurs
when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site
Competitive inhibition of enzymes occurs
when a substance other than the substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme