Bio Transport test

Phagocytosis

Cell eating; A type of endocytosis

Exocytosis

Forces material out of the cell in bulk. The membrane surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane. The cell membrane changes shape to let the material out-requires energy. Ex) hormones, waste

To concentrate

Increase the percent of the solute

To dilute

Increase the percent of the solvent

Three Gasses that can diffuse through membrane

Nitrogen, CO2, O2

Hypertonic

Solute concentration is greater than the water concentration Water moves from the inside to the outside of the cell. This causes cells to shrink or shrivel due to loss of water.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (membrane is required, transport protein is not). It is A type of passive transport and Does not need transport protein

Concentration

The percent of solute in a solution

Plasmolysis

The process in which plant cells lose water when placed in a hypertonic solution (when the cytoplasm shrinks)

What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution

When animal cells are in hypertonic solutions, the cells shrivel, or crenate. When plant cells are placed in hypertonic solutions, the large central vacuole loses water, the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall, the cytoplasm shrinks (called plasmolysis), and chloroplasts are found in the center of the cell.

Passive transport

molecules move from high to low concentration (ex: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion)

dialysis tubing (cellulose) acted as a cell membrane *(dialysis lab)

selectively permeable: only allowed certain things to enter and exit (water)

Resting potential

when the axon is not conducting an impulse- the inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside

Carrier Protein

-Selectively interacts with a specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the plasma membrane -Transports sodium and potassium ions across a nerve cell membrane

Axon

(nerve fiber) long strand covered by a myelin sheath which is formed from membranes of tightly spiraled neuroglia. It conducts nerve impulses.

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

-A type of endocytosis -Cholesterol binds to receptors in the cell membrane when entering the cell, the membrane forms a vesicle around it, *something* breaks up the cholesterol into particles small enough to exit the vesicle

Channel Protein

-Allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane freely -Have a channel that allows a substance to simply move across the membrane -ex: allows Hydrogen ions to flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Protein Pumps

-Carrier proteins -Na-K pump (found in neurons) -H+ (proton) pump -Pumps particles from low to high concentrations (active transport)

Enzymatic Protein

-Carry out metabolic reactions directly -The cell needs enzymes so it can preform degradative and synthetic reactions

Passive Transport

-Cell does not use energy -Three types: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Pinocytosis

-Cell drinking -A type of endocytosis -Forms contractile vacuoles to rid organelles of excess H2O

Active Transport

-Cell uses energy -Actively moves molecules to where they are needed -Movement from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration -Three Types: protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis -Where active transport plays a role: kidneys, thyroid, plant roots

Receptor Proteins

-Have a shape that allows a specific molecule to bind to it -When the molecule binds to the receptor, it causes the protein to change it's shape, and thereby bring about a cellular response. -ex: The liver stores glucose after it is signaled to do so by insulin

What might happen to the cells of a freshwater plant if it were placed in salt water? Why would fresh water destroy a saltwater plant?

-If a freshwater plant was placed in a salt water (a hypertonic solution), plasmolysis would result because the water from the plant would travel outside of the cells(?) -Freshwater would destroy a saltwater plant because the fresh water (a hypotonic solution) would travel into the plant cells, resulting in increased turgor pressure(?)

Crenation

-Plasmolysis within a red blood cell -The contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution, due to loss of water through osmosis

Facilitated Diffusion

-The diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane -Transport proteins are specific-they "select" only certain molecules to cross the membrane -They transport larger or charged molecules (ex-glucose, H+) -High to low concentration -Channel proteins-always open -Carrier protein-change shape to allow molecules through -A type of passive transport

How the Sodium Potassium pump works

-a phosphate group attaches to it, giving it energy (Phosphate group comes from ATP) -takes in sodium. (The shape of the pump allows it to pick up the sodium.) -ATP is broken and the phosphate group attaches to the sodium-potassium pump. At this point, the pump changes shape, enabling it to release the sodium to the outside of the cell. -Afterwards, the sodium-potassium pump is shaped so that it can allow the entrance of potassium. -The phosphate group is now released from the sodium-potassium pump. -This new shape allows for the removal of potassium out of the sodium-potassium pump and into the cell. ----The process is then complete and can start over again.

onion membrane lab

-always resulted in plasmolysis -cell bodies were full and close to cell walls before input of saline solution -cell bodies lost water and shrunk (plasmolysis) after input of saline solution -cell walls did not move because they are strong

Cell Recognition Protein

-glycoproteins -helps the body realize when it is being invaded by pathogens so that an immune reaction can occur

saline solution inside and pure water outside *(dialysis lab)

-water came in -resulted in cytolysis: cell expands and gains mass

saline solution outside and pure water inside *(dialysis lab)

-water exited -resulted in plasmolysis: cell shrinks/shrivels

Solution

A homogenous mixture in which the individual particles are dissolved and cannot be seen (solvent+solute)

ADH

Antidiuretic Hormone (produced in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland) → signals kidneys to reduce the output of urine

Different results you would get if you put a plant cell and an animal cell in a hypertonic solution.

Plant cell: the cell wall won't move, but the the cell bodies would shrink, resulting in plasmolysis. Animal cell: no cell wall... use contractile vacuoles to pump out water from the cell.

Hypotonic

Solute concentration is less than the water concentration Water moves from the outside to the inside of the cell. This cause cells to swell, or even burst due to an intake of water.

Peripheral Protein

Stabilize the shape of the plasma membrane

Endocytosis

Taking bulky material into a cell Cell membrane folds in around a particle, the membrane forms a vesicle around the food

Diffusion

The random movement of molecules from from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Continues until all molecules are evenly spaced (called equilibrium). A type of passive transport (cells do not use energy).

Solute

The substance being dissolved (ex: sugar, salt)

Solvent

The substance dong the dissolving

Turgor Pressure

The swelling of a plant cell due to excess water (when placed in a hypotonic solution)

What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution

When animal cells are in hypotonic solutions, water enters the cell, which may burst (cytolysis). When plant cells are in hypotonic solutions, large central vacuole gains water, the cytoplasm expands, and the plasma membrane pushes against the cell wall. This creates turgor pressure and the chloroplasts are found next to the cell wall.

Isotonic Solution

When the solution outside the cell has the same concentration of solutes and water as the contents inside of the cell

Sodium Potassium Pump

moves sodium ions to the outside of the cell and potassium ions inside of the cell. They act as a concentration gradient and an electrical gradient.

Neuron

nerve cells which transmit nerve impulses. Neurons all vary in appearance but are made up of the same three parts: cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

Action potential

nerve impulse that moves down the axon with a wavelike movement (creates a change in polarity from channels that bring in and out sodium/potassium)