Bio unit 4
A difference between amphibians and reptiles is that
most amphibians have thin, permeable skin, whereas reptiles have thick skin
Parazoans
sponges
Cephalopoda
squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
Arrow worms
Outgroup to the lophotrochzoans. They have a lophophore, but lack the trochophore life phase.
Ectoderm germ tissue
Germ tissue that forms the external linings like skin, hair, nails, cornea, tooth enamel.
Notochord
A cartilaginous structural support that forms during neurulation; in vertebrates, it becomes the vertebral column
Radula
A mouthpart in all mollusks except bivalves that aids in breakdown and ingestion of food
Foot
A strong muscle in mollusks used for movement and attachment to surfaces
Mantle
A thick outer coating on mollusks that often secretes minerals to form a shell or quill
dorsal hollow nerve cord
A thick, hollow tube of nervous tissue that runs cranial to caudal; forms the spinal cord in vertebrates
Muscle tissue
A type of anatomical tissue composed of myosin and actin proteins
Metazoa
All animals belong to this clade
altruism
Animals look after the needs of other animals
Phylum Cnidaria includes
Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, and Hydrozoa. They are the stinging-celled animals.
Deuterostome
Anus forms first from the blastopore, triploblasts, radial cleavage, true coelom
Ecdysozoans include...
Arthropods, tardigrades, nematodes
Porocytes
Cells that form holes allowing water to flow into the body of the sponge
Spicules
Cells that secrete either silica or calcium carbonate and form the structural support for the sponge
Amoebocytes
Cells that transport nutrition throughout the body of a sponge
What is a major difference between the Chondrichthyans and the Actinoperygians?
Chondrichthyans have a cartilaginous skeleton, whereas actinoperygians have a bony skeleton
Hagfish
Outgroup to the vertebrate animals. The have a skull and teeth but no vertebral column.
Germ layers
Distinct cell layers form during embryogenesis. Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body.
Acoelomate
Do not have a body cavity outside the digestive tract
Early Ediacaran Period
First soft bodied invertebrate animals appear including comb jellies and sponges
Choanocytes
Flagellated cells that propel water through the sponge and capture food particles
Cenozoic era
Following the KT extinction, mammals and birds rise to dominance
Endoderm germ tissue
Germ tissue that forms internal linings and some internal organs like the stomach, colon, liver, lungs.
Mesoderm germ tissue
Germ tissue that forms mostly muscle and connective tissue like bone, muscle, cartilage, and the notocord.
What group accounts for more than half of all known species of living organisms?
Hexapods
Pleistocene epoch
Ice ages and the origin of genus Homo
Ordovician Period
Invertebrate animals begin to colonize land
Scyphozoa
Jellyfish. Medusa stage dominates life cycle
Planula
Larval stage of cnidarians
Placozoans
Literally looks like a tissue. No mouth, anus, or nervous system. Diploblasts. Reproduce both sexually and asexually
Detrivore
Live off the decaying remains of other organisms. Maggots, vultures, earthworms
optimal foraging model
Maximum nutrient acquisition with minimum effort
Spiralians
Mollusks, annelids, nemertea
Medusa
Motile stage of cnidarians
Protostome
Mouth forms first during gastrulation, 3 germ tissue layers (triploblasts), spiral cleavage
inclusive fitness model
Natural selection of a mate that is most fit to reproduce with
Tardigrades
Outgroup to the Arthropods. They have an exoskeleton but not well developed. They have legs but lack jointed appendages.
Choanoflagellates
Outgroup to the entire kingdom Animalia. They live in multicellular colonies but are still classified as single-celled protists.
Acorn worms and pterobranchs have a body plan consisting of a...
Proboscis, collar, and trunk
Order Lagomorpha
Rabbits
Simple animal
Radial symmetry, combined mouth/anus, diploblasts
Pharyngeal gill slits
Repeating layers of filtering structures found in aquatic chordates, and in the embryo stages of all chordates
Anthozoa
Sea anemones, sea pens, and corals
Polyp
Sessile stage of cnidarians
Phylum Porifera
Sponges are further classifed into this phylum
Simple animals include
Sponges, ctenophores, placozoans, cnidarians, and a few parasites
connective tissue
Structural tissues accompanied by an extracellular matrix
Cestodes
Tapeworms
Carboniferous period
The age of amphibians; reptiles evolve
Devonian period
The age of fishes; first terrestrial tetrapods and insects evolve
Mesozoic era
The age of reptiles; mammals evolve
Osculum
The anterior hole at the top of the body where water exits the sponge
Spongocoel
The empty center of the sponge where the water flows through before exiting out the top hole
Cambrian period
The explosion gives rise to all major animal phyla
Phylum Platyhelminthes
The flatworms. Include trematodes(flukes) and cestodes
Visceral mass
The internal structure of a mollusk that contains many of the organs
Where did birds/aves descend from?
The monophyletic group that also includes Dinosaurs and crocodiles
Epithelial tissue
Tightly knit cells held together with tight junctions that form barriers
Nervous tissue
Tissue that generates and conducts electrical impulses
What specialized respiratory structures distinguish insects from other ecdysozoans?
Tracheae and spiracles
Eumetazoa
all animals except sponges
Polyplacophora
chitons - looks like a turtle shell by itself
Bivalva
clams, oysters, scallops
Order Proboscidea
elephants
Order Artiodactyla
even-toed. Cattle, antelope, deer, Camels, pigs, whales
Coelomate
have a body cavity that completely surrounds the internal organs
Pseudocoelomate
have a body cavity that does not completely surround the internal organs
Order Sirenia
manatees
Order Perissodactyla
odd-toed. Horses, donkeys, zebras, rhinoceroses
Phylum Nemertea
ribbon worms
Annelids
segmented worms. Include bristle worms, earthworms, and leeches
Gastropoda
snails and slugs
What traits are seen in Ecdysozoan Protostomes?
• Exoskeleton for support and production • must molt and shed their exoskeleton/cuticle • blastospore becomes the mouth
Unifying traits in all amniotes
• advanced kidneys for waste concentration to reduce water loss • thick, tough skin to prevent desiccation • covered with fur, feathers, scales, or hair
Unifying traits of class insecta
• have antennae extending from the cephalic region • three pairs of legs attached to the thoracic section • gaps in the exoskeleton called spiracles lead to tracheae tubes and allow for gas exchange
Unifying traits in all chordates
• hollow nerve cord position on the dorsal side of the animal • notochord forms during neurulation • muscular, post-anal tail • pharyngeal gill slits
Between the australopithecines and modern Homo sapiens, what morphological changes occurred?
• jaw size decreased • cranial capacity increased • tooth size and number decreased • brow ridge size decreased
Unifying characteristics of lophotrochozoans
• lophophore - ciliated feeding structure • trochophore - free living larval stage
What groups are belong to the Lophotrochozoans?
• mollusks • annelids • platyhelminthes
What are the unifying characteristics of all animals?
• multicellular eukaryotes • chemoheterotrophs • use internal digestion • motile
All body plans revolve around 4 key themes
• type of symmetry • structure of the body cavities • segmentation (present or absent) • presence and function of external appendages
Traits of Phylum Ctenophora
• use sticky tentacles to capture prey • diploblasts • complete digestive tract with a separate moth and anus • radial symmetry • known as the comb jellies