Bio unit 4

A difference between amphibians and reptiles is that

most amphibians have thin, permeable skin, whereas reptiles have thick skin

Parazoans

sponges

Cephalopoda

squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus

Arrow worms

Outgroup to the lophotrochzoans. They have a lophophore, but lack the trochophore life phase.

Ectoderm germ tissue

Germ tissue that forms the external linings like skin, hair, nails, cornea, tooth enamel.

Notochord

A cartilaginous structural support that forms during neurulation; in vertebrates, it becomes the vertebral column

Radula

A mouthpart in all mollusks except bivalves that aids in breakdown and ingestion of food

Foot

A strong muscle in mollusks used for movement and attachment to surfaces

Mantle

A thick outer coating on mollusks that often secretes minerals to form a shell or quill

dorsal hollow nerve cord

A thick, hollow tube of nervous tissue that runs cranial to caudal; forms the spinal cord in vertebrates

Muscle tissue

A type of anatomical tissue composed of myosin and actin proteins

Metazoa

All animals belong to this clade

altruism

Animals look after the needs of other animals

Phylum Cnidaria includes

Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, and Hydrozoa. They are the stinging-celled animals.

Deuterostome

Anus forms first from the blastopore, triploblasts, radial cleavage, true coelom

Ecdysozoans include...

Arthropods, tardigrades, nematodes

Porocytes

Cells that form holes allowing water to flow into the body of the sponge

Spicules

Cells that secrete either silica or calcium carbonate and form the structural support for the sponge

Amoebocytes

Cells that transport nutrition throughout the body of a sponge

What is a major difference between the Chondrichthyans and the Actinoperygians?

Chondrichthyans have a cartilaginous skeleton, whereas actinoperygians have a bony skeleton

Hagfish

Outgroup to the vertebrate animals. The have a skull and teeth but no vertebral column.

Germ layers

Distinct cell layers form during embryogenesis. Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body.

Acoelomate

Do not have a body cavity outside the digestive tract

Early Ediacaran Period

First soft bodied invertebrate animals appear including comb jellies and sponges

Choanocytes

Flagellated cells that propel water through the sponge and capture food particles

Cenozoic era

Following the KT extinction, mammals and birds rise to dominance

Endoderm germ tissue

Germ tissue that forms internal linings and some internal organs like the stomach, colon, liver, lungs.

Mesoderm germ tissue

Germ tissue that forms mostly muscle and connective tissue like bone, muscle, cartilage, and the notocord.

What group accounts for more than half of all known species of living organisms?

Hexapods

Pleistocene epoch

Ice ages and the origin of genus Homo

Ordovician Period

Invertebrate animals begin to colonize land

Scyphozoa

Jellyfish. Medusa stage dominates life cycle

Planula

Larval stage of cnidarians

Placozoans

Literally looks like a tissue. No mouth, anus, or nervous system. Diploblasts. Reproduce both sexually and asexually

Detrivore

Live off the decaying remains of other organisms. Maggots, vultures, earthworms

optimal foraging model

Maximum nutrient acquisition with minimum effort

Spiralians

Mollusks, annelids, nemertea

Medusa

Motile stage of cnidarians

Protostome

Mouth forms first during gastrulation, 3 germ tissue layers (triploblasts), spiral cleavage

inclusive fitness model

Natural selection of a mate that is most fit to reproduce with

Tardigrades

Outgroup to the Arthropods. They have an exoskeleton but not well developed. They have legs but lack jointed appendages.

Choanoflagellates

Outgroup to the entire kingdom Animalia. They live in multicellular colonies but are still classified as single-celled protists.

Acorn worms and pterobranchs have a body plan consisting of a...

Proboscis, collar, and trunk

Order Lagomorpha

Rabbits

Simple animal

Radial symmetry, combined mouth/anus, diploblasts

Pharyngeal gill slits

Repeating layers of filtering structures found in aquatic chordates, and in the embryo stages of all chordates

Anthozoa

Sea anemones, sea pens, and corals

Polyp

Sessile stage of cnidarians

Phylum Porifera

Sponges are further classifed into this phylum

Simple animals include

Sponges, ctenophores, placozoans, cnidarians, and a few parasites

connective tissue

Structural tissues accompanied by an extracellular matrix

Cestodes

Tapeworms

Carboniferous period

The age of amphibians; reptiles evolve

Devonian period

The age of fishes; first terrestrial tetrapods and insects evolve

Mesozoic era

The age of reptiles; mammals evolve

Osculum

The anterior hole at the top of the body where water exits the sponge

Spongocoel

The empty center of the sponge where the water flows through before exiting out the top hole

Cambrian period

The explosion gives rise to all major animal phyla

Phylum Platyhelminthes

The flatworms. Include trematodes(flukes) and cestodes

Visceral mass

The internal structure of a mollusk that contains many of the organs

Where did birds/aves descend from?

The monophyletic group that also includes Dinosaurs and crocodiles

Epithelial tissue

Tightly knit cells held together with tight junctions that form barriers

Nervous tissue

Tissue that generates and conducts electrical impulses

What specialized respiratory structures distinguish insects from other ecdysozoans?

Tracheae and spiracles

Eumetazoa

all animals except sponges

Polyplacophora

chitons - looks like a turtle shell by itself

Bivalva

clams, oysters, scallops

Order Proboscidea

elephants

Order Artiodactyla

even-toed. Cattle, antelope, deer, Camels, pigs, whales

Coelomate

have a body cavity that completely surrounds the internal organs

Pseudocoelomate

have a body cavity that does not completely surround the internal organs

Order Sirenia

manatees

Order Perissodactyla

odd-toed. Horses, donkeys, zebras, rhinoceroses

Phylum Nemertea

ribbon worms

Annelids

segmented worms. Include bristle worms, earthworms, and leeches

Gastropoda

snails and slugs

What traits are seen in Ecdysozoan Protostomes?

• Exoskeleton for support and production • must molt and shed their exoskeleton/cuticle • blastospore becomes the mouth

Unifying traits in all amniotes

• advanced kidneys for waste concentration to reduce water loss • thick, tough skin to prevent desiccation • covered with fur, feathers, scales, or hair

Unifying traits of class insecta

• have antennae extending from the cephalic region • three pairs of legs attached to the thoracic section • gaps in the exoskeleton called spiracles lead to tracheae tubes and allow for gas exchange

Unifying traits in all chordates

• hollow nerve cord position on the dorsal side of the animal • notochord forms during neurulation • muscular, post-anal tail • pharyngeal gill slits

Between the australopithecines and modern Homo sapiens, what morphological changes occurred?

• jaw size decreased • cranial capacity increased • tooth size and number decreased • brow ridge size decreased

Unifying characteristics of lophotrochozoans

• lophophore - ciliated feeding structure • trochophore - free living larval stage

What groups are belong to the Lophotrochozoans?

• mollusks • annelids • platyhelminthes

What are the unifying characteristics of all animals?

• multicellular eukaryotes • chemoheterotrophs • use internal digestion • motile

All body plans revolve around 4 key themes

• type of symmetry • structure of the body cavities • segmentation (present or absent) • presence and function of external appendages

Traits of Phylum Ctenophora

• use sticky tentacles to capture prey • diploblasts • complete digestive tract with a separate moth and anus • radial symmetry • known as the comb jellies