Bio WPR 3
population size equation
(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
--- have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton that must be shed to permit growth.
Arthropods
At some point, --- , a more stable molecule, became the genetic material.
DNA
What evidence supports the hypothesis of interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens?
DNA analysis shows that about 2% of the genomes of most modern humans came from Neanderthals.
levels of biological organization
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Formation of Pre-cells
Polymers became enclosed in membranes
While on his voyage on the HMS Beagle, Darwin was strongly influenced by this book
Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell
eukarya kindoms
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Early pre-cells developed an important prerequisite for life, which was self-replicating _____.
RNA
The first genetic material was probably self-replicating
RNA
One body plan, called bilateral symmetry, represents a major branch point in animal evolution and can be described as __________.
a body plan with only one way to split it into two equal halves - right down the midline
Which of the following anatomical features of the 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid?
a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side
halophile
a prokaryote that requires high concentrations of salt
exaptation
a structure that evolved in one context and then adapted for use in another function
key adaptations of mosses and alternation of generations life cycle
a waxy cuticle that helps prevent dehydration, the retention of developing embryos within the female plant
the study of the interaction of organism with each other and their environment involves non-living factors..., and living factor...
abiotic component, biotic component
According to one of the main hypotheses for the origin of life, what must have come first?
abiotic synthesis of organic monomers
Origin of life- four stage
abiotic synthesis of organic monomers, abiotic synthesis of polymers, formation of pre-cells, self-replicating molecules
The uptake of small nutrient molecules from the environment is known as
absorption
This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of --- to the environment.
adaptations
in the symbiotic relationship that produces lichens, an ___feeds the fungus
alga
gene pool
all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population
periods of mass extinction
allow remaining species the opportunity to diversify
cladistics
an approach to systematics in which organisms are grouped by common ancestry
In evolutionary terms, an organism's Darwinian fitness is measured by its __________
contribution to the gene pool of the next generation
Which phylum includes animals that have the following characteristics: a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; a notochord; pharyngeal gill slits; and a post-anal tail?
cordata
The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as ____
cyanobacteria
as a group, fungi are...
decomposers
The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is
descent with modification
sexual dimorphism
differences between sexes in size, appearance, and behavior
when you look at a pine tree, the plant you see is the...
diploid sporophyte
In the moss life cycle _____ cells within a sporangium undergo _____ to produce _____ spores.
diploid...meiosis...haploid
Blue poppies native to China are grown at a plant-breeding center in California. Those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in California's drier climate. This evolutionary adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to __________.
directional selection
In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat, which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?
disruptive selection
shared derived characters
distinguish clades and thus branch points in the tree of life
--- (meaning ''spiny skin'') have a water vascular system that functions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.
echinoderms
developmental homology
embryonic development often reveals similar features
A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, where it was discovered that __________
embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other
All vertebrates have a(n) --- an internal system of bones (in your case, 206 bones).
endoskeleton
All animals are --- , organisms with cells that are relatively large, complex, and contain membrane-enclosed organelles such as the nucleus.
eukaryotes
The theory of evolution through natural seleection
evolution (change in allele freq from one gen to the next) and natural selection (some individuals are more successful and reproduce more)
Which mechanism for evolution was proposed by Lamarck?
evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics
Annelids, such as leeches, __________, a characteristic shared by all other bilateral animals except flatworms.
exhibit a complete digestive tract
What is the name of poisonous proteins produced and secreted by some bacterial cells?
exotoxins
human population growth is currently...
exponential
human population growth is currently___
exponential
What can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives?
extensive tool use, bipedality, large brain size
endospores are...
extermelh heat resistant
stabilizing selection
favors intermediate phenotypes, acting against extreme phenotypes and reducing variation
disruptive selection
favors phenotypes at both ends of a range over intermediate phenotypes. This might occur where the habitat is varied.
directional selection
favors phenotypes at only one end of a range and is common in periods of environmental change
... are seedless vascular plants
ferns
--- are the simplest bilaterian animals and lack a body cavity.
flatworms
... are the simplest animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry
flatworms
Which group of animals includes the simplest animals with bilateral symmetry?
flatworms
Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.
flowers
ecological role and commercial use of fungi
food and food production, pharmaceuticals, decomposers (nutrient recycling)
which of these events occurred earliest in the history of earth?
formation of oxygen
geological and archeological evidence for macroevolution
fossil record, plate tectonics and biogeography, mass extinctions
HWE - q
frequency of alternate allele
HWE - 2pq
frequency of heterozygotes
HWE - q^2
frequency of homozygotes for alternate allele
HWE- p^2
frequency of homozygotes for one allele
HWE - p
frequency of one allele
ringworm infection is what type of infection?
fungus infection
The ease with which humans travel across the globe is likely to increase _____.
gene flow
Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____ having an effect on the evolution of humans.
genetic drift
allopatric speciation
geographic barrier prevents gene flow
Streptococcus aureus is classified with _____.
gram-positive bacteria
logistic growth
growth rate decreases as population size approaches carrying capacity
angiosperms are most closely related to
gymnosperms
What are the two key features of members of the class Mammalia?
hair and mammary glands
In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.
haploid...meiosis
All animals eat other organisms in order to gain building materials for the body. This makes them ----, since they obtain necessary energy and chemical building blocks from the environment.
heterotrophs
the primates that spend the most time walking upright are the ___
hominids
One of many filaments making up the body of a fungus is called a __________.
hypha
exponential growth
ideal, unlimited environment
Taxonomy
identification, naming, and classifying of organisms
clade
identifying homologies unique to some taxonomic cluster
in pines, an embryo is an...
immature sporophyte
mycorrhizae
increases water absorption through an association of plant roots with fungi
mate choice
individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates
intrasexual selection
individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex
Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their --- and that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support
inherited traits
A(n) --- is an animal that lacks a backbone and may or may not have all of the chordate features.
invertebrate
monophyletic group
is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?
it functions as a haploid food reserve
Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.
lack vascular tissue
A(n) --- is an example of an animal that is a chordate but not a vertebrate.
lancelet
A row of organs that are sensitive to changes in water pressure is called a ---
lateral line system.
density-independent
limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to population density
density dependent factors
limiting factors whose intensity is related to population density
Phylogenic tree of plants (oldest to youngest)
liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
A fish that has muscular pectoral and pelvic fins supported by rod-shaped bones is known as a ---
lobe-fin.
basidia produce spores by a process known as
meiosis
origin of self-replicating molecules
membrane enclosed polymers acquired cellular properties
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _____.
metaphase I
the three main groups of archaea
methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles
In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.
micropyle
After a long period of coevolution, the aerobic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the:
mitochondrion
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.
mitosis...mitosis
The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.
moisture
--- have a body plan with three main parts: a visceral mass, a mantle, and a foot.
molluscs
Which anthropoid group consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length?
monkeys
major groups of mammals
monotremes (eggs), marsupials (embryonic), eutherians (fully developed at birth)
what type of plant lacks vascular tissue?
mosses
The densely branched network of fungal filaments is a
mycelium
a ____ is a close association of fungi and plant roots that is beneficial to both
mycorrhiza
Darwin's ideas on evolution
natural selection and evolutionary adaptation
evidence for evolutionary change
natural selection, fossil record, biogeography, convergent evolution, selective breeding, homologies
--- have a pseudocoelom and are the simplest animals that have a complete digestive tract.
nematodes
plants can most readily utilize the...form of nitrogen
nitrate
Crossing over, resulting in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between _____.
nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
One of the features shared by all chordates is a(n) ---, a flexible rod that runs along the top side of the back.
notochord
what is a characteristic of all chordates?
notochord
4 defining characteristics of chordata
notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
abiotic synthesis of polymers
nucleotides and amino acids polymerize to form RNA and proteins
ecological impact of prokaryotic bacteria
nutrient cycling, bioremediation
what is the shape of spiral prokaryotes?
obviously, spiral like a spring duh
Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).
one
Movement of the --- allows some fish to breathe without swimming.
operculum
synthesis of organic compounds
organic molecules formed prior to cells (Miller and Urey)
four levels of ecology (small to large)
organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology
sympatric speciation
origin of a new species without geographic isolation
when an...matures, it becomes a fruit
ovary
meiosis is an... results in a spore that develops into a female gametophyte, which produces in an egg
ovule
an organism that derives its nutrition from a living host is called a
parasite
Apicomplexans
parasites of animals, penetrating host cells and tissues
a male gametophyte, which produces sperm, is also known as an
pollen grain
The abiotic synthesis of ---- may have occurred as organic monomers splashed onto hot rocks and spontaneously joined into chains.
polymers
population density equation
population size/area
In which geologic era do animals first appear in the fossil record?
precambrian
"the mass extinction 65 millions years ago was caused y the impacts of an extraterrestrial object"
predicts that a crater of the right age must be somewhere on Earth's surface
cuticle
prevents water loss from surface of plant body
processes of energy flow
producers--primary consumers--secondary consumers--tertiary consumers (look at graph)
the most prolific decomposers of wastes and dead organic material are
prokaryotes
___ are the oldest known primate group
prosimians
The first ---- may have formed when collections of organic molecules became isolated within membranes.
protocells
four main categories of protists
protozoans, slime molds, algae, seaweeds
The study of comparative anatomy __________.
provides information about the evolutionary history of species
leaf
provides large surface area for photosynthesis
lignin
provides rigidity to plant body
a pattern of evolution in which appearance changes rapidly fits the....model of speciation
punctuated equilibrium
Cnidarians are the only animal phylum to display ---, meaning that their bodies can be divided any way through the center point to yield two even halves. All other adult animals display --- , meaning that their bodies can only be sliced lengthwise through the midline to produce two even halves.
radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry
A fish that has a bony skeleton and thin, flexible supports in its fins is known as a ---
ray-finned fish.
Adaptations to life on land that first appeared in gymnosperms
reduced gametophyte, pollen, seeds
postzygotic barriers
reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown
what is the shaped of bacilli prokaryotes?
rod-shaped (e. coli)
after fertilization occurs, an ovule develops into a
seed
which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?
seeds
According to the Hardy-Weinberg formula, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if _____ is the only process that affects the gene pool.
sexual reproduction
anatomical homology
similar body structures among different species from a common ancestor
The abiotic synthesis of----, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, may have occurred near volcanoes or around deep-sea vents.
small organic molecules
Aristotle's ideas on evolution
species are fixed, permanent forms that don't change over time
Lamarck's ideas on evolution
species evolve and adapt due to need
analogous structures
species from different branches come to resemble each other if they have similar roles
What is the shape of cocci prokaryotes?
spherical (think strep and staph)
Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____
spirochetes
--- are sessile animals that have specialized cells called amoebocytes and choanocytes.
sponges
Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?
stabilizing selection
pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a
stigma
The earliest evidence of life on Earth is 3.5-billion-year-old fossils of ----- which were built up by ancient photosynthetic prokaryotes.
stromalites
Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____.
surroundings
Ecologists represent life table data graphically in a __________.
survivorship curve
Which option best describes Type II survivorship curves?
survivorship is constant over the lifespan
The gas-filled sac found in many fishes is called a ---
swim bladder
liverwort
symbiotic relationships with fungi helped early nonvascular plants colonize land
The hypothesis of the origin of life suggest that the first stage was the
synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides
What can be said about Earth's carrying capacity for humans?
technology has allowed us to keep increasing Earth's carrying capacity
what can be said about Earth's carrying capacity for humans?
technology has allowed us to keep increasing earths carrying capacity
prezygotic barriers
temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation
cnidarians have---
tentacles with stinging cells
what three major events stimulated an increase in the size of the human population
the advent of agriculture, industrial revolution, discovery of vaccines and antibiotics
The population of American bison used to number in the millions of animals. Hunting and other problems greatly decreased the number of bison to about 1,000 animals. Today, the numbers are recovering to estimates of more than 200,000 animals. This crash in the population of bison and recent recovery is an example of __________.
the bottleneck effect
Which of the following is an example of natural selection that has been seen in our lifetime?
the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Imagine that a new population of humans is established on a new planet from ten randomly selected people in your biology class. Over thousands of years, the descendants of those ten people reproduce and prosper, but do not reflect well the diversity of humans on Earth. This change in the diversity of people on the new planet is an example of _____.
the founder effect
The bacteria initially persist in the predatory cell because:
the predatory cell is unable to digest the bacteria
paedomorphosis
the retention of juvenile features in the adult
genetic drift is based on
the role of chance
molecular systematics
the use DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships is called
bioremediateion
the use of living organisms to detoxify pollutants
a mutation occurs when
there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene
why are most food chains limited to 3-5 trophic levels?
there is sufficient energy to support more trophic levels
Bacteria and archaea are similar how?
they are both prokaryotes
What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?
they decompose organic material
streptococcus, for tooth decay, outcompetes other members of tooth biofilm by
thriving in a high-sugar environment
All animals except sponges have ---, groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
tissues
vascular tissue (plants)
transports water, sugar, and minerals throughout plant body
Species with nucleotide sequences that match closely share a common ancestor. (t or f)
true
True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells
true
All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the - of life
unity
A(n) --- is an animal that has a backbone in addition to displaying the four features of all chordates.
vertebrate
While peering through the microscope, a classmate of yours said, "I know that this thing is supposed to be a ciliate, a flagellate, or an amoeba, but I can't figure out which." You replied, "That's easy, __________."
watch how it moves
stabilizing selection (graph)
when the bell curve gets narrower and taller
disruptive selection (graph)
when the bell curve makes a mountain with a valley, two humps
directional selection (graph)
when the bell curve shifts left or right from dashed outline
in human gamete production there is an average of....crossover events per chromosome pair
2-3
population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area (smallest unit of evolution)
ecological hierarchy (largest to smallest)
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
The use of harmful microorganisms as weapons is called _____
bioterrorism
One key adaptation of animals was the evolution of a(n) ---, a fluid-filled gap between the outer wall of the body and the outer wall of the digestive system.
body cavity
how do fungi typically reproduce?
by spores
convergent evolution
can produce similarities in body form when similar environments and natural selection have favored similar adaptations.
Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect?
capsule
All living organisms can be divided into four nutritional classes based on how they obtain which two resources?
carbon and energy
The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.
charophyceans
Bacteria that live around deep-sea hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in the seawater. These bacteria are _____.
chemoautotrophs
Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____
chlamydias
After a long period of coevolution, the photosynthetic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the:
chloroplast
A fish that has a flexible skeleton made of cartilage is known as a ---
chondrichthyan.
The phylum --- contains animals that share four specific anatomical features, including a hollow nerve cord and a tail
chordate
Clay particles may have played an important role in the origin of life because __________.
clay particles are a suitable surface for the formation of polymers from monomers
molecular homolgy
closely related species have DNA sequences that are similar
--- exhibit two radial body forms, the polyp and the medusa, and use stinging cells to capture prey.
cnidarians
homology is evidence of...
common ancestry
a scientist is studying how sea slugs respond to predators, which hierarchical level of ecology does this represent?
community
In 1859, Charles Darwin wrote, "The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree... As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications." At the base of the evolutionary tree of all life is __________.
an organism that is a common ancestor to all living organisms
adaptations of angiosperms
animal transportation, wind dispersal, animal ingestion
how are animals different from fungi?
animals obtain food by ingestion, and fungi obtain food by absorption
--- also known as segmented worms, have a closed circulatory system.
annelids
in flowering plants, meiosis is an...produces spores that develop into the male gametophytes
anther
in moss, ... produce sperm
antheridia
in angiosperms, the male gametocyte develops wihtin
anthers
What primate group is most closely related to hominids?
apes
In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.
archegonia...egg
Members of the phylum Mollusca _____.
are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell
While on a biological expedition, you discover a new species with the following characteristics: it has an exoskeleton, exhibits bilateral symmetry, and has jointed appendages. What phylum does this newly discovered organism belong to?
arthropoda
the biological species concept cannot be applied to ...
bacteria
What are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution?
bacteria and archaea
three domains of life
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
what body plan feature of animals allows an organism to concentrate sensory structures and a brain in the direction it travels?
bilateral symmetry
prokaryotes reproduce by means of
binary fission
Which of the following is the study of the geographic distribution of species on Earth?
biogeography
