Bio WPR 3

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population size equation

(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

--- have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton that must be shed to permit growth.

Arthropods

At some point, --- , a more stable molecule, became the genetic material.

DNA

What evidence supports the hypothesis of interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens?

DNA analysis shows that about 2% of the genomes of most modern humans came from Neanderthals.

levels of biological organization

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Formation of Pre-cells

Polymers became enclosed in membranes

While on his voyage on the HMS Beagle, Darwin was strongly influenced by this book

Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell

eukarya kindoms

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Early pre-cells developed an important prerequisite for life, which was self-replicating _____.

RNA

The first genetic material was probably self-replicating

RNA

One body plan, called bilateral symmetry, represents a major branch point in animal evolution and can be described as __________.

a body plan with only one way to split it into two equal halves - right down the midline

Which of the following anatomical features of the 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid?

a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side

halophile

a prokaryote that requires high concentrations of salt

exaptation

a structure that evolved in one context and then adapted for use in another function

key adaptations of mosses and alternation of generations life cycle

a waxy cuticle that helps prevent dehydration, the retention of developing embryos within the female plant

the study of the interaction of organism with each other and their environment involves non-living factors..., and living factor...

abiotic component, biotic component

According to one of the main hypotheses for the origin of life, what must have come first?

abiotic synthesis of organic monomers

Origin of life- four stage

abiotic synthesis of organic monomers, abiotic synthesis of polymers, formation of pre-cells, self-replicating molecules

The uptake of small nutrient molecules from the environment is known as

absorption

This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of --- to the environment.

adaptations

in the symbiotic relationship that produces lichens, an ___feeds the fungus

alga

gene pool

all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

periods of mass extinction

allow remaining species the opportunity to diversify

cladistics

an approach to systematics in which organisms are grouped by common ancestry

In evolutionary terms, an organism's Darwinian fitness is measured by its __________

contribution to the gene pool of the next generation

Which phylum includes animals that have the following characteristics: a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; a notochord; pharyngeal gill slits; and a post-anal tail?

cordata

The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as ____

cyanobacteria

as a group, fungi are...

decomposers

The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is

descent with modification

sexual dimorphism

differences between sexes in size, appearance, and behavior

when you look at a pine tree, the plant you see is the...

diploid sporophyte

In the moss life cycle _____ cells within a sporangium undergo _____ to produce _____ spores.

diploid...meiosis...haploid

Blue poppies native to China are grown at a plant-breeding center in California. Those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in California's drier climate. This evolutionary adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to __________.

directional selection

In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat, which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?

disruptive selection

shared derived characters

distinguish clades and thus branch points in the tree of life

--- (meaning ''spiny skin'') have a water vascular system that functions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

echinoderms

developmental homology

embryonic development often reveals similar features

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, where it was discovered that __________

embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other

All vertebrates have a(n) --- an internal system of bones (in your case, 206 bones).

endoskeleton

All animals are --- , organisms with cells that are relatively large, complex, and contain membrane-enclosed organelles such as the nucleus.

eukaryotes

The theory of evolution through natural seleection

evolution (change in allele freq from one gen to the next) and natural selection (some individuals are more successful and reproduce more)

Which mechanism for evolution was proposed by Lamarck?

evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics

Annelids, such as leeches, __________, a characteristic shared by all other bilateral animals except flatworms.

exhibit a complete digestive tract

What is the name of poisonous proteins produced and secreted by some bacterial cells?

exotoxins

human population growth is currently...

exponential

human population growth is currently___

exponential

What can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives?

extensive tool use, bipedality, large brain size

endospores are...

extermelh heat resistant

stabilizing selection

favors intermediate phenotypes, acting against extreme phenotypes and reducing variation

disruptive selection

favors phenotypes at both ends of a range over intermediate phenotypes. This might occur where the habitat is varied.

directional selection

favors phenotypes at only one end of a range and is common in periods of environmental change

... are seedless vascular plants

ferns

--- are the simplest bilaterian animals and lack a body cavity.

flatworms

... are the simplest animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry

flatworms

Which group of animals includes the simplest animals with bilateral symmetry?

flatworms

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.

flowers

ecological role and commercial use of fungi

food and food production, pharmaceuticals, decomposers (nutrient recycling)

which of these events occurred earliest in the history of earth?

formation of oxygen

geological and archeological evidence for macroevolution

fossil record, plate tectonics and biogeography, mass extinctions

HWE - q

frequency of alternate allele

HWE - 2pq

frequency of heterozygotes

HWE - q^2

frequency of homozygotes for alternate allele

HWE- p^2

frequency of homozygotes for one allele

HWE - p

frequency of one allele

ringworm infection is what type of infection?

fungus infection

The ease with which humans travel across the globe is likely to increase _____.

gene flow

Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____ having an effect on the evolution of humans.

genetic drift

allopatric speciation

geographic barrier prevents gene flow

Streptococcus aureus is classified with _____.

gram-positive bacteria

logistic growth

growth rate decreases as population size approaches carrying capacity

angiosperms are most closely related to

gymnosperms

What are the two key features of members of the class Mammalia?

hair and mammary glands

In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.

haploid...meiosis

All animals eat other organisms in order to gain building materials for the body. This makes them ----, since they obtain necessary energy and chemical building blocks from the environment.

heterotrophs

the primates that spend the most time walking upright are the ___

hominids

One of many filaments making up the body of a fungus is called a __________.

hypha

exponential growth

ideal, unlimited environment

Taxonomy

identification, naming, and classifying of organisms

clade

identifying homologies unique to some taxonomic cluster

in pines, an embryo is an...

immature sporophyte

mycorrhizae

increases water absorption through an association of plant roots with fungi

mate choice

individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates

intrasexual selection

individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex

Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their --- and that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support

inherited traits

A(n) --- is an animal that lacks a backbone and may or may not have all of the chordate features.

invertebrate

monophyletic group

is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?

it functions as a haploid food reserve

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.

lack vascular tissue

A(n) --- is an example of an animal that is a chordate but not a vertebrate.

lancelet

A row of organs that are sensitive to changes in water pressure is called a ---

lateral line system.

density-independent

limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to population density

density dependent factors

limiting factors whose intensity is related to population density

Phylogenic tree of plants (oldest to youngest)

liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

A fish that has muscular pectoral and pelvic fins supported by rod-shaped bones is known as a ---

lobe-fin.

basidia produce spores by a process known as

meiosis

origin of self-replicating molecules

membrane enclosed polymers acquired cellular properties

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _____.

metaphase I

the three main groups of archaea

methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.

micropyle

After a long period of coevolution, the aerobic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the:

mitochondrion

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

mitosis...mitosis

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

moisture

--- have a body plan with three main parts: a visceral mass, a mantle, and a foot.

molluscs

Which anthropoid group consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length?

monkeys

major groups of mammals

monotremes (eggs), marsupials (embryonic), eutherians (fully developed at birth)

what type of plant lacks vascular tissue?

mosses

The densely branched network of fungal filaments is a

mycelium

a ____ is a close association of fungi and plant roots that is beneficial to both

mycorrhiza

Darwin's ideas on evolution

natural selection and evolutionary adaptation

evidence for evolutionary change

natural selection, fossil record, biogeography, convergent evolution, selective breeding, homologies

--- have a pseudocoelom and are the simplest animals that have a complete digestive tract.

nematodes

plants can most readily utilize the...form of nitrogen

nitrate

Crossing over, resulting in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between _____.

nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

One of the features shared by all chordates is a(n) ---, a flexible rod that runs along the top side of the back.

notochord

what is a characteristic of all chordates?

notochord

4 defining characteristics of chordata

notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

abiotic synthesis of polymers

nucleotides and amino acids polymerize to form RNA and proteins

ecological impact of prokaryotic bacteria

nutrient cycling, bioremediation

what is the shape of spiral prokaryotes?

obviously, spiral like a spring duh

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).

one

Movement of the --- allows some fish to breathe without swimming.

operculum

synthesis of organic compounds

organic molecules formed prior to cells (Miller and Urey)

four levels of ecology (small to large)

organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology

sympatric speciation

origin of a new species without geographic isolation

when an...matures, it becomes a fruit

ovary

meiosis is an... results in a spore that develops into a female gametophyte, which produces in an egg

ovule

an organism that derives its nutrition from a living host is called a

parasite

Apicomplexans

parasites of animals, penetrating host cells and tissues

a male gametophyte, which produces sperm, is also known as an

pollen grain

The abiotic synthesis of ---- may have occurred as organic monomers splashed onto hot rocks and spontaneously joined into chains.

polymers

population density equation

population size/area

In which geologic era do animals first appear in the fossil record?

precambrian

"the mass extinction 65 millions years ago was caused y the impacts of an extraterrestrial object"

predicts that a crater of the right age must be somewhere on Earth's surface

cuticle

prevents water loss from surface of plant body

processes of energy flow

producers--primary consumers--secondary consumers--tertiary consumers (look at graph)

the most prolific decomposers of wastes and dead organic material are

prokaryotes

___ are the oldest known primate group

prosimians

The first ---- may have formed when collections of organic molecules became isolated within membranes.

protocells

four main categories of protists

protozoans, slime molds, algae, seaweeds

The study of comparative anatomy __________.

provides information about the evolutionary history of species

leaf

provides large surface area for photosynthesis

lignin

provides rigidity to plant body

a pattern of evolution in which appearance changes rapidly fits the....model of speciation

punctuated equilibrium

Cnidarians are the only animal phylum to display ---, meaning that their bodies can be divided any way through the center point to yield two even halves. All other adult animals display --- , meaning that their bodies can only be sliced lengthwise through the midline to produce two even halves.

radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry

A fish that has a bony skeleton and thin, flexible supports in its fins is known as a ---

ray-finned fish.

Adaptations to life on land that first appeared in gymnosperms

reduced gametophyte, pollen, seeds

postzygotic barriers

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

what is the shaped of bacilli prokaryotes?

rod-shaped (e. coli)

after fertilization occurs, an ovule develops into a

seed

which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?

seeds

According to the Hardy-Weinberg formula, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if _____ is the only process that affects the gene pool.

sexual reproduction

anatomical homology

similar body structures among different species from a common ancestor

The abiotic synthesis of----, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, may have occurred near volcanoes or around deep-sea vents.

small organic molecules

Aristotle's ideas on evolution

species are fixed, permanent forms that don't change over time

Lamarck's ideas on evolution

species evolve and adapt due to need

analogous structures

species from different branches come to resemble each other if they have similar roles

What is the shape of cocci prokaryotes?

spherical (think strep and staph)

Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____

spirochetes

--- are sessile animals that have specialized cells called amoebocytes and choanocytes.

sponges

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?

stabilizing selection

pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a

stigma

The earliest evidence of life on Earth is 3.5-billion-year-old fossils of ----- which were built up by ancient photosynthetic prokaryotes.

stromalites

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____.

surroundings

Ecologists represent life table data graphically in a __________.

survivorship curve

Which option best describes Type II survivorship curves?

survivorship is constant over the lifespan

The gas-filled sac found in many fishes is called a ---

swim bladder

liverwort

symbiotic relationships with fungi helped early nonvascular plants colonize land

The hypothesis of the origin of life suggest that the first stage was the

synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides

What can be said about Earth's carrying capacity for humans?

technology has allowed us to keep increasing Earth's carrying capacity

what can be said about Earth's carrying capacity for humans?

technology has allowed us to keep increasing earths carrying capacity

prezygotic barriers

temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

cnidarians have---

tentacles with stinging cells

what three major events stimulated an increase in the size of the human population

the advent of agriculture, industrial revolution, discovery of vaccines and antibiotics

The population of American bison used to number in the millions of animals. Hunting and other problems greatly decreased the number of bison to about 1,000 animals. Today, the numbers are recovering to estimates of more than 200,000 animals. This crash in the population of bison and recent recovery is an example of __________.

the bottleneck effect

Which of the following is an example of natural selection that has been seen in our lifetime?

the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Imagine that a new population of humans is established on a new planet from ten randomly selected people in your biology class. Over thousands of years, the descendants of those ten people reproduce and prosper, but do not reflect well the diversity of humans on Earth. This change in the diversity of people on the new planet is an example of _____.

the founder effect

The bacteria initially persist in the predatory cell because:

the predatory cell is unable to digest the bacteria

paedomorphosis

the retention of juvenile features in the adult

genetic drift is based on

the role of chance

molecular systematics

the use DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships is called

bioremediateion

the use of living organisms to detoxify pollutants

a mutation occurs when

there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene

why are most food chains limited to 3-5 trophic levels?

there is sufficient energy to support more trophic levels

Bacteria and archaea are similar how?

they are both prokaryotes

What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?

they decompose organic material

streptococcus, for tooth decay, outcompetes other members of tooth biofilm by

thriving in a high-sugar environment

All animals except sponges have ---, groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

tissues

vascular tissue (plants)

transports water, sugar, and minerals throughout plant body

Species with nucleotide sequences that match closely share a common ancestor. (t or f)

true

True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells

true

All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the - of life

unity

A(n) --- is an animal that has a backbone in addition to displaying the four features of all chordates.

vertebrate

While peering through the microscope, a classmate of yours said, "I know that this thing is supposed to be a ciliate, a flagellate, or an amoeba, but I can't figure out which." You replied, "That's easy, __________."

watch how it moves

stabilizing selection (graph)

when the bell curve gets narrower and taller

disruptive selection (graph)

when the bell curve makes a mountain with a valley, two humps

directional selection (graph)

when the bell curve shifts left or right from dashed outline

in human gamete production there is an average of....crossover events per chromosome pair

2-3

population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area (smallest unit of evolution)

ecological hierarchy (largest to smallest)

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

The use of harmful microorganisms as weapons is called _____

bioterrorism

One key adaptation of animals was the evolution of a(n) ---, a fluid-filled gap between the outer wall of the body and the outer wall of the digestive system.

body cavity

how do fungi typically reproduce?

by spores

convergent evolution

can produce similarities in body form when similar environments and natural selection have favored similar adaptations.

Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect?

capsule

All living organisms can be divided into four nutritional classes based on how they obtain which two resources?

carbon and energy

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.

charophyceans

Bacteria that live around deep-sea hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in the seawater. These bacteria are _____.

chemoautotrophs

Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____

chlamydias

After a long period of coevolution, the photosynthetic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the:

chloroplast

A fish that has a flexible skeleton made of cartilage is known as a ---

chondrichthyan.

The phylum --- contains animals that share four specific anatomical features, including a hollow nerve cord and a tail

chordate

Clay particles may have played an important role in the origin of life because __________.

clay particles are a suitable surface for the formation of polymers from monomers

molecular homolgy

closely related species have DNA sequences that are similar

--- exhibit two radial body forms, the polyp and the medusa, and use stinging cells to capture prey.

cnidarians

homology is evidence of...

common ancestry

a scientist is studying how sea slugs respond to predators, which hierarchical level of ecology does this represent?

community

In 1859, Charles Darwin wrote, "The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree... As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications." At the base of the evolutionary tree of all life is __________.

an organism that is a common ancestor to all living organisms

adaptations of angiosperms

animal transportation, wind dispersal, animal ingestion

how are animals different from fungi?

animals obtain food by ingestion, and fungi obtain food by absorption

--- also known as segmented worms, have a closed circulatory system.

annelids

in flowering plants, meiosis is an...produces spores that develop into the male gametophytes

anther

in moss, ... produce sperm

antheridia

in angiosperms, the male gametocyte develops wihtin

anthers

What primate group is most closely related to hominids?

apes

In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.

archegonia...egg

Members of the phylum Mollusca _____.

are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell

While on a biological expedition, you discover a new species with the following characteristics: it has an exoskeleton, exhibits bilateral symmetry, and has jointed appendages. What phylum does this newly discovered organism belong to?

arthropoda

the biological species concept cannot be applied to ...

bacteria

What are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution?

bacteria and archaea

three domains of life

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

what body plan feature of animals allows an organism to concentrate sensory structures and a brain in the direction it travels?

bilateral symmetry

prokaryotes reproduce by means of

binary fission

Which of the following is the study of the geographic distribution of species on Earth?

biogeography


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