BIO182 CH25

What is the adaptation that accounts for the unparalleled success of the angiosperms?

*FLOWERS*

Approximately how many species of ferns are there?

12,000

Approximately how many species of flowering plants are there?

300,000

What ploidy level is the food source found in angiosperm seeds?

3n (endosperm)

How many cells big is the male gametophyte of gymnosperms?

4

Alternation of generations

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae

What are the 3 phyla of gymnosperms?

Cycads, Gingko, and Conifers

How many cells make up the female gametophyte generation of angiosperm plants?

Four haploid cells

What are the two major groups of seed plants?

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

What ploidy level is the food source found in gymnosperm seeds?

Haploid (n)

Gametophyte

Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism

What is the difference between homosporous and heterosporous plants? In what group of plants was heterospory first seen?

Homosporous-only one type of spore produced Heterosporous-two types of spores produced Heterospory was first seen in the ferns

Be able to explain the characteristics (and parts) of the ovule

Micropyle-where pollen enters Integument Egg Pollen tubes Nucellus

What is the male gametophyte in seed plants called? How is it disbursed?

Microspore and they're disbursed by pollen

Sporophyte

Actual plant (2n)

What do plants use as strategies of animal pollination? What are some major classes of pollinators?

Attractants such as visuals and smells Bees, Butterflies, Moths, Birds, Bats, Water, and Wind

What are the 4 major groups of plants and what were the major highlights of evolution that distinguished each group?

Bryophytes-alternation of heteromorphic generations, sporophyte and gametophyte look different, first land plants Ferns-first vascular plants Gymnosperms-loss of motility, have pollen, naked seed Angiosperms-flowering, seeded vessel

What are the two ways that bryophytes reproduce asexually?

By fragmentation-a piece of the thali or "leaf" breaks off and forms a new gametophyte individual Via gemmae-small multicellular bodies that give rise to new gametophytes. Often produced inside gemmae cups

What does it mean if a flower is complete? Incomplete?

Complete-flowers have four whorls Incomplete-missing a whorl

What are the 3 main phyla of bryophytes? How many species are found in each of the 3 main phyla?

Liverworts (5200 species) Mosses (13000) Hornworts (300)

What are the 2 living phyla of SVPs?

Lycopodiophyta-club mosses, resurrection plant, quillworts Monilophyta-ferns and fern allies, like whisk ferns and horsetails

What are the male and female reproductive structures of a flower called?

Male-stamen, anther, filament Female-pistil, stigma, style, ovary

Fruit

Mature ovary and their function is seed dispersal

What does gymnosperm mean?

Naked seed

What does it mean if a flower is perfect? Imperfect?

Perfect-bisexual, both male and female Imperfect-missing one of them

What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries food (sugars, nutrients & hormones)? In what direction does it move? Under what type of pressure?

Phloem; down under hydrostatic pressure

What is the pattern associated with gametophyte vs. sporophyte dominance as plants continued to evolve?

Plant continues to evolve sporophyte becoming dominant

What is double fertilization in angiosperms?

Pollen produces two sperm cells and one sperm turns into a zygote and the other is an endosperm used for nutrition

Flower

Reproductive structure of an angiosperm

What were the additional adaptations that gymnosperms had that ferns lacked?

Seeds, loss of motility in sperm, creation of an ovule

What are the 4 whorls of a flower? Be able to explain the function of each of the whorls

Sepals(outermost whorl)-protective covering for the unopened flower bud Petals(next whorl in)-attract animal pollinators; brightly colored Stamen(male reproductive organ)-most important part is the anther that release pollen grains Carpel(female reproductive organ)-most important part is the ovary that hold the ovule

What is a gametangia? In what group of plants was it first seen?

Specialized organ or cell in which gametes are formed in algae, ferns, and some other plants First seen in bryophytes

What was the terrestrial adaptation seen in ferns that bryophytes lack?

Vascular tissue that helped them not have to stay close to the ground for water

What does angiosperm mean?

Vesseled seed

How is the vascular tissue of gymnosperms organized?

Xylem to the inside and the phloem on the outside

What were the two key terrestrial adaptations seen in Bryophytes that made the movement onto land possible?

Spore walls which was waxy and resisted drying and decay and the gametangia

Why is the class Sphagnidae (the Peat moss) important ecologically?

Stores very large amounts of carbon that's not readily decayed by microorganisms

Seed

Structure in which the embryo (young sporophyte) is shed from the parent plant, enclosed within a resistant coat, together with a supply of food that aids its establishment

When there was a mass extinction that resulted in the downfall of many SVP species, was during the Carboniferous period. Why does this period get its name and how are the SVPs involved?

The SVPs evolved into large trees and the smaller herbaceous plants were becoming extinct. Giant forests formed coal deposits of today

What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries water? In what direction does it move? Under what type of pressure?

Xylem; up to the root under negative pressure