Biochem-Adipose Tissue
what is thermogenin like (drug)
2,4, DNP
When using glycogen for anearbic muscle contraction, how much ATP per glucose
3! way less than 32 from TCA. How to make sense. Type IIb fibers have tons more glycoytic enzymes. and faster too.
How does AMP affect glycolysis/glycogen
AMP stimulates PFK-1. This leads to inc ca++ which leads to glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen breakdown.
what is AMPK
AMP-dependant kinase. activated in response to lower energy state.
what does leptin activate
AMPK
danger of white adipose tissue
Abdominal. Insulin is less effective in this area. So more FA released (less regrabbed), and have elavated VLDL in the blood.
type II, aerobic or anaerobic muslce contraction
Anaerobic.
Creatine Kinase and Creatine Phosphate
Creatine phos gives ADP a P to make ATP.
main fn of adipose tissue
Energy storage as TAG droplets. Also hormone production! 83% of our energy!
Type IIb atp hydolysis, contraction speed, glycolysis, oxidation, glycogen storage, color, capillaries
Fast ATP hydrolysis, fast contraction speed, high glycolytic capac, low oxidative capac, high gly stores, white color, little blood.
Type IIa atp hydolysis, contraction speed, glycolysis, oxidation, glycogen storage, color, capillaries
Fast ATP hydrolysis, fast contraction speed, moderate glycolysis, moderate oxidation, good glycogen stores, RED, even though type IIa white! Ok blood supply.
Make a Tag in an adipocyte...full rxn
G3P with acyltransferase puts 2 acyls on to make a Phosphatidate. Phosphatase makes 1,2 DAG. Acyltransferase puts another acyl on to get the TAG.
so excercising, glucagon on, glucose in blood, but how to take it up
GLUT4 is off cause no insulin, but AMP overides. High AMP signals through AMP-protein kinase. Moves Glut4 to membrane.
two precursors of TAG synthesis
Glycerol-3-P and Fatty Acids.
what enzyme active at excercise
HSL
what leads to glucose being taken into adipocytes
High insulin leads to GLUT4 (insulin responsive) transporter. RL-step!
so during starving or stress, what enzyme releases free FA's
Hormone Sensitive Lipase
what enzyme breajs down TAGs
Hormone sensitive Lipase
main hormone originated from adipose
Leptin- obestiy gene
how to make G3P in the liver
Liver has GLYCEROL KINASE. Glycerol to G3P by this enzyme. Uses ATP obv.
heart's energy in itself
None. No glycogen or lipid stores. its alwyas depedant on vascular supply.
during muscle excercise, what does muscle uptake
O2 and FA's
NS and TAGs
Sympa nerve endings in adipocytes release
Diabetes and TAGs
Type I. no glucose receptors, so body think its starcing. depends on FA's and ketone bodies for energy.
How to activate HSL
active when phosphorylated. think epi and glucagon.
is heart aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic
what does leptin do
appetitde suppression.
So HSL breaks up the TAG in adipose tissue, what are the componants and where do they go
broken down to 3 FA's which go to blood, bind to albumin and then go to various tissues. Then there is glycerol which is useless in the adipocyte cause there is no Glycerol kinase, so it cannot be put into GNG. It goes to the liver where GK is present, and can go into GNG>
brown vs white adipose
brown has more mito and more fat droplets. brown as UCP-1.
Lactate to liver goes to what cycle
cori cyle
where do fatty acids come from
diet. in chylomicrons. Also liver makes VLDL's which have fatty acids.
Adipose as an endocrine glands: excess adipose
excess adipose predisposes to Metabolic Syndrome. No reponse to insulin.
what does leptin induce
expression of UCP-2. One of these uncoupler proteins. Makes holes on inner mito membrane. H+ passes through and produced heat without ATP. TCA on though and burns energy.
White muscle fibers quick story
fast twitch. No Oxygen needed, more glucose reliance. divided into IIa and IIb. This is type II
How to make G3P in adipocytes
from glycolysis. DHAP to G3P uses NADH.
excercise/starving and heart
heart doesn;t care
Brown adipose tissue fn
heat production.
where are leptin receptors
hypothalmus
so give the cascade of events for a adipose tissue to make a TAG
insulin in blood. glut 4 to adipose membrane. glucose into adipocyte. turned to DHAP then G3P then into TAG. At same time, lipoprotein lipase is upregulated on the inside of the capillary. VLDL or chylomicrons come along with APOCII on it. APOCII binds LPL, and LPL starts eating up micron/vldl and releases FA's. FA activated in adipose tissue and combined to make a TAG. So TAGs are made from from two sources, all intitated by insulin.
how does brown adipose tissue work
it has Thermogenin (UCP-1). Its an oxphos uncoupler.
leptin to AMPK
leptin leads to AMPK. Leptin tries to burn energy when we get too fat. opposite of AMPK
What hormone makes TAGs
lipoprotein lipase
where does Glycerol-3-P come from (tissues)
liver or adipose
liver vs adipocyte, which does more FA synthesis
liver!
Adipose as endoctine: lack of adipose
loss and dysregulation fo TAG and FA levels. totally off.
Muscle activity and TAGS
need energy, so release
is leptin the answer
no. obese people often have normal or high leptin.
Link insulin and obesity
obese people have altered adipokine profile. (altered hormones from adipose). this leads to insulin resistance. HSL is on even though insulin is there. Pancreas puts out even more insulin. Hyperlipidemia and Hyperinsulinemia and eventual insulin resistance!
rxn of thermogenin
proton gradient uncoupling leads to high ETC and lots of heat. H+ can pass through (heat) without making ATP. TCA still going on tho, burns energy.
white adipose tissue and FA mobilization circulation
releases free FA's but claims a bunch back!
Type I atp hydolysis, contraction speed, glycolysis, oxidation, glycogen storage, color, capillaries
slow atp hydrolysis. slow contraction speed. low glycolysis, high oxidation, little glycogen storage. RED. good blood supply
Red muscle fibers quick story
slow twitch. Type I. More O2. High Mito.
Anerobic muslce contraction details
uses glycolysis for ATP. Anaerobic. Lactate produced! lets glycolysis keep going. Lactate into blood. This is the fast, excercise muscle.
when do we make TAGS
well fed state. High glucose and chylomicrons. give the glycerol.