Biodiversity Brooks, Brooks Biodiversity Unit 3 Exam
Nematode Parasitism
"Affecting most group" Roundworms Eye worms Dragon worms Elephantiasis Trickenela Heart Worm
Pseudocoelomata
"Aschelminthes"- sac worms, organs free floating Wormlike, parasites. Eutely: same # of cells in every individual, critical for development Parthenogenesis
Phylum Porifera (sponges)-inner body layers
"Choanocytes": cells that can trap particles and water into the cell. -Morphologically similar to the choanoflagellate.
Class Hexactinellida
"Glass sponges" Contain 6 rayed spicules made of silica (glass)
Phylum Cnidaria-General morphology
"Polyp"-sedentary (sessile) "Medusa"-mobile
Parazoans
"Poorly defined tissues"
Physalia
"Portuguese-man-of-war" "a floating, polymorphic colony" Modified medusa. Move with currents/wind. Man o war fish hang around in the tentacles
Phylum Brachiopoda 2
"Protostomia & Deuterostomia"
Phylum Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) 1
"Protostomia & Deuterostomia"
Phylum Phoronida 3
"Protostomia & Deuterostomia"
Phloem
(Phloem Down) Distributes the products of photosynthesis (sugary water) to plants tissues. Blue Contains: Sieve tube members (element) & Companion cells
Kingdom Animalia- Developmental stages
- Morula - Blastula w/ Blastocoel - Gastrula w/Blastopore - Archenteron (Gut) - Germ layers: Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
Phylum Porifera (sponges)- General morphology
-Body layers - Outer: - Porocytes - Myocytes - Middle (Mesohyl) -Spicules - Spongin - Amoebocytes - Collencytes - Inner "Choanocytes"
Germ layers
= stem cells
Pseudocoelomate
An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm
Abiotic Fixation
Doesn't involve organisms Lightning converts nitrogen into other sources because N2 isn't a usable form Less important because lightning doesn't occur enough to be useful for plants
Leaf Structure
Epidermis, Mesophyll, and Vein (Vascular Bundle)
Extinct vs Extant
Extinct :no longer here (ex) Sea fern Extant: exists today Fossils found on sediments of mountains due to plate tectonics even though they lived in water, during Cambian period
Positively Phototropic
Growth in response to light
Protostome
If the blastopore becomes a mouth first Formed from Schizocoely development
Ground Tissue System
Includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support
Adaptations for Parasitism
Nearly every known organism has parasites . The strategy of " cheating ' " rather than finding food and habitat on one's own works if you have evolved the necessary characteristics discussed below
Class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Dominance?
Only Polyps
Phylum Mollusca Shell
Periostracum (protein covering that creates leathery look) Prismatic layer, Nacreous layer.
Mantle
Periostracum, Prismatic Layer, and Nacreous Layer are all produced by the?
Prismatic Layer
Perpendicular layer of calcium carbonate. Phylum Mollusca shell
cubomedusae
Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa Deadliest on planet earth
Spirocyst
Phylum Cnidaria Elongated thread for adhesion
Nematocyst
Phylum Cnidaria Most significant. thread with toxin everted
Protostomes
Phylum Mollusca Phylum Annelida
Class Sclerospongiae-rare sponge found in caves of coral reefs
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Collencytes
Phylum Porifera (sponges)-middle body layer (nerve-like cells): useful for structure. look like neurons and believe to have a precursor to a nervous system
Class Anthozoa
Polyploid only Cellular mesoglea Cnidae in epidermis & gastrodermis Septa (mesenteries) in gut Reproduction -Sexual (Body is diecious or mono) -Asexual (Budding, fission - Longitudinal/transverse)
Outer body layers:
Porocytes:tubular cells which make up the pores of a sponge Myocytes: moving and contracting water, functions like muscle
The cork is produced when?
Secondary phloem
Morula
Solid ball of cells First stage of development in animals
Retractor muscles
These muscles contract and pull the clam towards the expanded foot, thus enabling the animal to move forward.
Metazoa
multicellular animals
Highly metabolic animals don't have an
open circulatory system
Fibers
secretions that reinforce the stem
Eucoelomata
"Protostomia & Deuterostomia" -Lophophorate animals: possess both protostome and deuterostome characteristics -Coelom formation varies -Blastopore fate varies -Ribosomes protostome-like i.Phylum Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) ii.Phylum Brachiopoda iii.Phylum Phoronida
Phylum Nemertea
"Ribbon" worms (flat) General characteristics -Proboscis (tenticles for feeding and defense) -Cephalized -Complete digestive tract (1st animal to have this) -Closed circulatory system (1st animal to have this) Feeding structures -Proboscis w/ stylet -Rhynchodeum: opening to the outside -Rhynchocoel: not true body cavity, opened body cavity Reproduction -Sexual -Asexual: fragmentation- chop it up, it can make a new self with no confusion on the placement of head & tail
Phylum Rotifera and Nematoda
"Roundworms" & Rotifers Abundant in soil, free-living & parasitic forms Unsegmented Longitudinal muscles & longitudinal whipping Cloaca: opening for the exit of two or more systems, one of them being digestive. Used for consolidation. Differentiates them from annelids, primitive structure
Class Cephalopoda
"Squids & Octopods" -Shell absent, reduced or spiraled. -Tentacles/arms w/ suckers. -Siphon -"Intelligence" -Eyes well developed -Closed circulation -Beak (w/poison) -Ink Gland -Chromatophores -Other cephalopods -Cuttlefish -Chambered Nautilus -Siphuncle
Pseudocoelomata
"aschelminthes" wormlike mostly parasites Eutely- fixed number of cells at maturity for a species Parthogenesis-egg development without fertilization phylum Nematoda phylum Rotifera
Phylum Mollusca, Class Scaphopoda
"tusk shells" burrowing
Plant Development
'... After germination" Upward growth -Epicotyl or Coleoptile -Phototropism Downward growth Radicle or Hypocotyl Gravitropism
Xylem
(Xylem Up) Distributes water from roots throughout Aimed towards stem Red Tells age of tree Contains: tracheids & vessel members
Sexual Reproduction
(mostly hermaphroditic) Hypodermic impregnation: penis fencing.
Class Anthozoa asexual
- Budding - Fission (longitudinal/transverse)
Cnidarian Classification
- Class Hydrozoa - Class Scyphozoa - Class Anthozoa
Epidermis contains what?
- Cuticle - Guard cells with Stomata
Sponge Reproduction sexual
- Dioecious: Separate sexes - Monoecious (hermaphrodites): Sperm and egg on one organism use the water column for fertilization
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Polymorphism/colony
- Gastrozooid-tentacles for feeding - Gonozooid (gonangium): tentacles for reproduction - Dactylozooid: Entirely tentacles as weapons - Skeletozooid: sometimes Calcium carbonate and sometimes chitin
Phylum Ctenophora
- Medusa-like, w/o nematocysts (usually) - 8 comb rows, with 2 tentacles (usually) - Colloblasts-adhesion for prey - Two classes: Tentaculata (with tentacles) & Nuda(without tentacles) diploblastic
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria)
- Medusoid or Polypoid<- -"Hydromedusae"-small - Polymorphism: - Gastrozooid-tentacles for feeding - Gonozooid (gonangium): tentacles for reproduction - Dactylozooid: Entirely tentacles as weapons - Skeletozooid: sometimes Calcium carbonate and sometimes chitin - Acellular mesoglea - Cnidae in epidermis - Obelia(genus) "a hydroid" - Hydra(genus) (atypical but well known hydrozoan)-only exists as a polyp and does not undergo metagenesis
Phylum Cnidaria-general characteristics
- Mouth w/tentacles - No anus, but has gut (incomplete GI tract): regurgitate their food - Cnidae - Diploblastic w/organs: Epidermis & gastrodermis
Kingdom Animalia
- Multicellular - Heterotrophs - Lack cell walls - Two major groups: - "Invertebrates" - "Vertebrates"
Mesophyll contains what?
- Parenchyma - Dicots have Palisade & Spongy Layers
Phylum Porifera (sponges)-outer body layers
- Porocytes: specialized pore cells - Myocytes: muscle-like cells
Asexual Reproduction
-Fission -Regeneration
Sponge Reproduction Asexual
-Regeneration: grow into more of itself -Budding: a piece can break away and regrow somewhere else -Gemmules: spore like structure, that allows them to survive the dry periods.
Class Bivalvia
-Shell: Umbo, Hinge ligament -Adductor muscles -Protractor vs Retractor -Mantle cavity -Siphon: Incurrent vs Excurrent -Digestive system -Bivalve diversity -Oysters & Pearl formation -Scallop: Eye spots -Giant clam -Shipworm -Freshwater -Glochidia larvae (mantle shaped like fish)
Phylum Porifera (sponges)-middle body layers
-Spicules: provide support - Spongin: protein compound that gives spongy feel - Amoebocytes: similar to stem cells that produce spicules and spongin - Collencytes(nerve-like cells): useful for structure. look like neurons and believe to have a precursor to a nervous system
Phylum Annelida
-Vermiform -Metamerism -Homonomous w/ metameres=segments -Setae=Chaetae -Parapodia -Closed circulation -Metanephridia
Two Major Groups of Kingdom Animalia
1. Invertebrates (no backbone) about 15-30 million 2. Vertebrates (chordates with backbones and spinal columns) about 50,000. 30,000 of the 50,000 are fishes There are animal species that haven't been described yet. 3 million have been described.
Developmental Stages
1. Morula 2. Blastula 3. Gastrulation 4. Gastrula 5. Germ Layers
Kingdom Animalia
1. Multicellular 2. Heterotrophs 3. Lack Cell Walls
Three Primary Meristems
1. Protoderm = Epidermis 2. Ground Meristem = Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma = undifferentiated or modified to store pith 3. Procambium = VB w/ xylem and phloem
coelum formation
2 distinct developmental origins: Schizocoely Enterocoely
Ontogeny
= development "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" Significant similarities among true appearance of vertebrate embryos due to evolution.
Meristems vs. Germ Cells
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing. A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. Meristems are in plants and germ cells are in humans but in essence are essentially preforming the same function
Fluid movement in xylem
Adhesion: Attraction of 2 of different things; water molecules bind to cell wall This makes sure that the water doesn't go back down (capillary action) Cohesion: Attraction of two of the same things sticking together; water molecules bind to one another via hydrogen bonding which pulls water molecules upward through xylem, like beads on a string Evaporation: as water evaporates, it pulls on other water molecules that haven't been evaporated yet Osmosis: Occurs in roots (root pressure) Low solute concentration to high solute concentration Capillary Action: allows water to go up, just a little bit
Adaptations/Characteristics for Parasitism
Adhesive organ Sense organs reduced Digestive tract reduced/lost: (fed off host) Body wall protection: against chemicals in stomach that break them down Fecundity increased: reproductive output of different species, the ability to produce many different offspring Larval stages to facilitate passage from host to another
Blastopore
An opening which connects a portion of the body cavity to the outside environment Can become either the mouth or anus
germ layers
Animal version of meristematic tissue. Responsible for initial establishment and maintenance of animal systems (stem cells)
determinate growth
Animals with relatively early cell fate differentiation; ell masses at comparable stages can rarely develop into 2 complete animals. (arthropods)
indeterminate
Animals with relatively late cell fate differentiation; cell masses prior to this point might separate but still produce 2 complete twins (monozygotic twins)
Branch Parazoa
Animals without well-defined tissues. Side Branch
Used to aid a plant and tell weather in the past
Annual rings
Three body plans:
Asconoid: sac like, simple Syconoid: folded Leuconoid: most complex design
cell fate
At some stage in development most cells are programmed to differentiate. For example, skin cells will activate genes required for skin.
Root nodules & Symbiotic bacteria
Bacteria fix nitrogen and are housed in root nodules to supply "fertilizer," thus allowing the plant to thrive, even in soils that are nutrient poor. Nitrogenace- enzyme that breaks down the triple bond in nitrogen Microbes contain this enzyme and they're anaerobic. Mycorrhizae: most plants have an association between their roots and fungi in the soil. This association is critical in aiding water/mineral uptake by the plant.
Procambium
Becomes Vascular Cambium Makes xylem inward and phloem outward Grows in rings Gives rise to vascular tissues Forms advanced tissues
Phylum Mollusca closed Circulatory system
Blood travels in vessels almost exclusively. Typically associated with animals with extensive metabolic demands. (humans)
Phylum Mollusca open Circulatory system
Blood travels in vessels temporarily when it bathes the tissues directly. this direct interface of the blood with tissues is called the hemocoel. open systems are less efficient than closed. unless it can compensate. (insects)
are sponges dioecious or monoecious?
Both
Phylum Platyhelminthes Movement
Branch Eumetazoa Grade Bilateria "Acoelomata" -Adhesive glands -Releaser glands -Taxis ( Light & Current )
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Branch Eumetazoa Grade Bilateria "Acoelomata" Dorso - ventrally flattened - Cephalized - Triploblastic - Incomplete digestive system - Protonephridia ( Flame cells )
Phylum Platyhelminthes Reproduction
Branch Eumetazoa Grade Bilateria "Acoelomata" Sexual ( mostly hermaphroditie ) - Hypodermic impregnation (penis fencing) - Asexual - Fission - Regeneration
Phylum Nemertea
Branch Eumetazoa acoelomate ribbon worms, proboscis-weapon Cephalized Complete digestive tract closed circulatory system
Phylum Cnidaria
Branch Eumetazoa (true tissues) Grade Radiata two true tissue layers
Stele
Central cylinder with vascular tissues inside.
Ink Gland
Cephalopods can inject a cloud of ink from what structure in their body?
Blastocoel
Chamber (body cavity) of hollow area within a blastula
Trochophore Larva
Characteristic larval form found in many Mollusks, and in many other protostomes such as annelids.
Operculum
Chitinous lid or cover for when the snail pulls itself back in the shell, this cover fits in the shell opening or aperture perfectly.
Inner layer
Choanocytes: or collar cells, creates current that draws water in for filtration
Umbo
Class Bivalvia First, thus oldest, part of the shell.
Eye spots
Class Bivalvia Scallops have distinct, multiple eyes on the edge of the mantle allowing them to see pretty well.
Giant clam
Class Bivalvia These animals do not feed, but rather have zooxanthallae packed into the edge of the mantle tissue. Have symbionts which undergo photsynthesis.
Adductor muscles
Class Bivalvia These muscles force the shell to close. For "real" scallops, this is what we eat.
Protractor muscles
Class Bivalvia These muscles push the foot forward. Blood fills up the tip of the foot.
Mantle Cavity
Class Bivalvia This cavity is where water enters and exits via special modified mantle tissue called Incurrent and Excurrent siphons(tubes).
Hinge ligament
Class Bivalvia This ligament forces the shell to open under constant pressure.
Sponge Classification
Class Calcarea Class Hexactinellida: Glass sponges Class Demospongiae-most species Class Sclerospongiae-rare sponge found in caves of coral reefs
Cuttlefish
Class Cephalopoda Squid-like animal that has an internal shell commonly called the cuttlebone - although it is not actually bone.
Chambered Nautilus
Class Cephalopoda Squid-like animal that lives in a planospiral shell, which is partitioned internally into gas-filled chambers used for buoyancy. They are found in deep, dark, cold oceanic waters.
Siphuncle
Class Cephalopoda This tube of tissue that travels into each chamber of the Nautilus shell; responsible for producing gases used in maintaining neutral bouyancy.
Classification of Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Anthozoa All classes have nematocysts, except Anthozoa has all 3 cnidae.
Obelia(genus)
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) "a hydroid"
Hydra(genus)
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) atypical but well known hydrozoan-only exists as a polyp and does not undergo metagenesis
Classification of Mollusca
Class Monoplacophora Class Polyplacophora Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Scaphopoda Class Cephalopoda
Classification of Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria Class Trematoda Class Cestoda
"Hermit crab" hydroid Dactylozooid lashing
Contains toxins (nematocysts) shaped like spiral. Only found on hermit crab shells occupied by the crab.When hermit crabs leave shell, dactylozooids disappear. Dactyl. communicates with crab through cephalization by stinging it to do things. Octopus is predator.
Gastrula
Develops from gastrulation that creates the cell layers Early multicellular embryo, composed of two or more germinal layers of cells from which the various organs later derive Fourth stage of development in animals
Sexual Reproduction
Dioecious: mostly all animals Monoecious: aka hermaphrodite. Almost all animals reproduce in the water.
Radial Symmetry
Diploblastic Can be cut in half anywhere along a central axis No head Little movement
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Dominance?
Dominant form is Polyp
Class Scyphozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Dominance?
Dominant form is the medusa
Coral Bleaching
Elevated water temperatures cause zooxanthellae leaving the coral
Stem Structure
Epidermis, Cortex, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Vascular Tissues
Phylum Mollusca Coelom
Excretory system: -Kidney=Metanephridia=Coelomoduct=Gonoduct. -Circulatory system: Open vs Closed -Shell: Periostracum, Primastic layer, Nacreous layer.
Branch Eumetazoa
First "true" tissues Grade Radiata
Class Turbellaria
Free-living, small, mostly marine. Rhabdites aka nematocyte, very colorful
Phylum Mollusca
General Characteristics -Abundant, aquatic & terrestrial forms. Body plan: -Soft parts: Mantle (produce shell) , Head/Foot, Visceral Mass (holds organs). -Hard parts: Shell. H.A.M. = Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusk -Coelom Excretory system: -Kidney=Metanephridia=Coelomoduct=Gonoduct. -Circulatory system: Open vs Closed -Shell: Periostracum, Primastic layer, Nacreous layer. -Reproduction: Trochophore larva, Veliger larva.
Branch Eumetazoa
Grade Bilateria " Acoelomata " Three true tissue layers (triploblastic)
Parenchyma
Ground tissue that forms the bulk of the mesophyll Can be modified into collenchyma and sclerenchyma Thin and flexible cells Most common and versatile ground tissue Used for metabolic functions and storage of organic products
Blastula
Hollow ball of cells Blastocoel is in the center Second stage of development in animals
Secondary Growth
How a plant increases in girth (diameter) 1. Vascular Cambium 2. Cork Cambium 3. Wood 4. Bark 5. Lenticels 6. "Girdling Plants"
Largest organism on the planet
Humungous fungus
Deuterostome
If the blastopore become anus first Humans are deuterostomes Formed from Enterocoely development
Veliger Larva
In many Mollusks, the trochophore larva will transition into a?
Cleavage patterns
Initial mitotic division of zygote occurs rapidly with little cell growth. zygote is being chopped
Cnidae
Intracellular structure with everting thread or substance inside a capsule
Drawbacks w/ Transpiration Pull
It requires significant water loss from the plant. In dry conditions or arid environments, this water loss for vertical transport can be critical in plants Therefore, a replenishing water supply is vital for the roots Water loss in the tropics doesn't matter cause its always raining there. Water evaporation = shade
Mesoglea
Jelly like body layer on the jellyfish
Phylum Mollusca Coelom
Kidney=metanephridia=coelomoduct=gonoduct
Squids
Largest of all invertebrates. 60-90 feet long One of the more intelligent of all animals.
Periostracum
Leathery, protein layer on the outside of "some" shells.
Metagenesis
Life cycle of jellyfish NOT complex, NOT Alternation of Generations going from polyp to medusa form & vice versa
Movement
Live under rocks in streams or rivers -Adhesive glands: adheres to rock like super glue -Releaser glands: solvent that releases them from rock -Taxis: movement response using head and eyes Light: negatively phototaxis- strays away from light Current: positively current taxis - moves towards current to bring back home
Branch Eumatezoa
Main Branch of evolution. True tissue
Phylum Mollusca Shell
Mantle produces the shell Shell: Periostracum, Prismatic layer, Nacreous layer
Parasitism: Fecundity increased
Many parasites must rely on high reproductive output to ensure successful completion of complex life histories
Phylum Mollusca, Class polyplacophora
Many shells chitons (segmented into 8 sections)
Fluid movement in Phloem
Mass Flow: An active transport mechanism Source vs. Sink: Source: Sugars produced by the leaves Sink: Sugars produced by the rest of the plant. Gravity can assist in this downward movement, however getting the sugars into the cells of the Phloem requires energy
Schizocoely
Masses of mesoderm form in the blastocoel near the blastopore . Internal splits in these masses create cavities lined entirely by mesoderm ( i.e. , coelom )
Phylum Ctenophora
Medusa-like, w/o nematocysts (However, unless ingested) 8 comb rows, with 2 tentacles (usually) Colloblasts: radial symmetry, adhesion Two classes: Tentaculata (have tenticles) & Nuda (no tenticles) Comb Jellyfish: Highly predatory
Two Body Plans
Medusa: jellyfish shape. Can move to disperse gametes (either monoecious or dioecious). Diploid. Polyp: sea flower shape. Diploid
Class Hydrozoa
Medusoid or Polypoid -"Hydromedusae" small Polymorphism: multiple forms of hydroids -Gastrozooid -Gonozooid (gonangium) -Dactylozooid -Skeletozooid Acellular mesoglea Cnidae in epidermis (nematocyst) Hydra: Freshwater (atypical) Obelia "a hydroid"
Class Scyphozoa
Medusoid or Polypoid -"Scyphomedusae" large Cellular mesoglea: less organized cells, not close to tissues Cnidae in epidermis & gastrodermis Life cycle -Scyphistoma: young polyp -Strobilation: asexual reproduction -Ephyra: young, unique medusa -Planula: Unique larvae found within cnidarians. Swim around to find body and form polyp called scyphistoma, then engages in asex reproduction called strobilation to form young medusa called ephyrae which disperses gametes in gonad. Common "Jellyfish" Cubomedusa: deadliest animal on planet "Sea wasp" "Box jelly fish": not lethal
What is the jelly aspect of Phylum Cnidaria?
Mesoglea
Mesophyll
Middle leaf structures photosynthetic layer.
Pith
Middle of stem, large because it contains nutrients. Separated by a ring of vascular bundles. Replaced by xylem
Parasitism: Larval stages to facilitate passage from one host to another
Morphologically distinct larval forms are produced by many parasites to ensure that Intermediate Hosts ( or Vectors ) are infected to complete the parasite's life history
Phylum Mollusca, Class gastropoda
Most are this Snails digestive system close to feet Shell types: planispiral-coiling in one plane vs helicospiral-helix plane made of calcium carbonate Aperture-opening of shell Operculum-Shield/covering Shell-less forms: Nudibranch Torsion & visceral mass
Class Demospongiae
Most common and abundant sponge Leuconoid
Circulatory system: Open
Most mollusks have limited blood vessels. Thus, the blood interacts directly with the tissues - this defines the Hemocoel.
Digestive system
Most of the visceral mass is composed of digestive organs.
Torsion & Visceral Mass
Most snails will undergo a 180 degree twisting during embryonic development to bring their shell forward for easier balance and movement. Nudibranchs will also undergo torsion, but apparently because there is no shells will twist back to where they started. This return to the original position is called Detorsion.
Phylum Cnidaria
Mouth w/ tentacles No anus, but has gut Cnidae Diploblastic w/ organs: two true tissues; however, cnidarians have 3 body layers (ecto, endo, meso- NOT TISSUES) Incomplete digestive tract "Nerve net": nervous system not concentrated in the head, but rather spread out
Cnidae in Cnidaria
Nematocyst: Most significant. thread with toxin everted Spirocyst: Elongated thread for adhesion Ptychocyst: substance used to construct tube for borrowing sea anemones
Cnidae
Nematocysts: stinging structures. Protein toxin found in man o wars. Spriocysts: adhesive, only found on anthozoa Ptychocysts: tube construction found in one kind of sea anemone called tube sea anemone
Class Monoplacophora
Neopilina (genus) -Multiple gills, muscles, nephridia & gonads. Primitive group with a single, conical-shaped shell.
Cnidaria Nervous System
Nerve net Cnidarians have one of the earliest known nervous systems in the form of network of neurons with ganglia. However, cephalization (concentration of neurons creating the head or brain) does not occur.
Usable forms of nitrogen for plants
Nitrate NO3 Nitrite NO2 Ammonia NH3
Do sponges have a nervous system?
No
Do sponges have muscles?
No
Asymmetry
No symmetry Sponges
"Hermit Crab" Hydroid
Not a true crab because they actually live in the shells of dead snails hdroid lives on shells Dactylozooid lashing-defense Class Hydrozoa Phylum Cnidaria
radial symmetry
Numerous imaginary planes create numerous mirror images. 360-degree perspective. such animals typically have noncentralized nervous systems that are also distributed radially.
Parasitism: Sense organs reduced
Once the adult locates its Primary ( or Definitive ) Host , especially endoparasites , there is less need for a sophisticated , cephalized nervous system . So reduction in nervous system morphology is common .
Blue-ringed octopus (Poison in beak)
One of the dealiest animals on earth.
Palisade & Spongy layers
Palisade layer: where light dependent reactions occur, near the surface. Top part of the mesophyll in dicot plants. Spongy mesophyll or spongy parenchyma: soft lower layer. Has access to CO2 through stomata. Kelvin Cycle: where carbon fixation occurs, converting nonorganic CO2 into sugars.
Parasitism: Adhesive organ
Parasites can be classified as either an Ectoparasite ( outside the body ) or Endoparasite ( inside the body or cells ) . In either case , they must possess structures that allow them to adhere to their host
Class Trematoda
Parasitic "Flukes" Syncytium: body covering that protects them from chemicals Suckers: for attachment Complex life cycles w/ alternating hosts -Primary Host: aka Definitive Host- where adult parasite is formed - Intermediate Host: aka vector: accidentally transferred parasite or disease "Chinese Liver Fluke": under cooked meat
Class Cestoda
Parasitic "Tapeworms" Lack digestive tracts. Scolex (for attachment) & Proglottids (repeating body segments). Pork/Beef Tapeworms from poorly cooked meats
Types of Ground Tissue
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Oysters produce _____ when trying to cover foreign material within the shell.
Pearl
Class Anthozoa
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Scyphozoa
Phylum Cnidaria
No anus, but has gut (incomplete GI tract): regurgitate their food
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Phylum Cnidaria - Polypoid only - Cellular mesoglea - Cnidae in epidermis & gastrodermis - Septa (mesenteries) in gut - Reproduction - Sexual/asexual have all three cnidae
Sea anemones
Phylum Cnidaria Anthozoan
coral reefs
Phylum Cnidaria Anthozoan
Ahermatypic Corals (soft corals)
Phylum Cnidaria Anthozoan - Octocorals or gorgonians -sea pen -sea fan -sea whip
Hermatypic Corals (hard corals) w/ zooxanthellae
Phylum Cnidaria Anthozoan Scleractinians or Hexacorallia Coral bleaching
Physalia (genus)
Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa Portuguese-man-of war A floating, polymorphic colony
Class Scyphozoa
Phylum Cnidaria Medusoid or Polypoid (Medusa is dominant and releases gametes in this phase) "Scyphomedusae"-Large Cellular Mesoglea Cnidae in epidermis and gastrodermis common "jellyfish" Cubomedusa "sea wasp" aka "box jelly fish"
Anthozoan diversity
Phylum Cnidaria Sea anemones - Corals: - Hermatypic Corals (hard corals) w/ zooxanthellae - Scleractinians or Hexacorallia - Coral bleaching - Ahermatypic Corals (soft corals): - Octocorals or gorgonians -sea pen -sea fan -sea whip -coral reefs
Fire Coral
Phylum Cnidaria class: Hydrozoa
Ptychocyst
Phylum Cnidaria substance used to construct tube for borrowing sea anemones
Hermatypic Corals w/ Zooxanthellae
Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Live symbiotically with corals, sea anemones, giant clams, and other marine animals. provides food for the host via photosynthesis while the host provides suitable growth environments in shallow water locations for adequate sunlight.
Colloblasts
Phylum Ctenophora adhesion for prey
Class Polyplacophora
Phylum Mollusca "Chitons" Shell consists of 8 articulated plates. Poorly-developed head. -Articulated shell
Class Scaphopoda
Phylum Mollusca "Tusk Shells" -Burrowing
Class Gastropoda
Phylum Mollusca -Shell types: Planospiral (spiriling in one plane) vs Helicospiral (most snails) Operculum (shield covering made of chiton) & Shell aperture (opening in the shell) -Shell-less forms: Nudibranch (undergo torsion and then detorsion) & (has no shell, just filled with nematocysts) -Torsion & visceral mass
Shipworm
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia These wormlike clams, using chemical secretions, feed on wood.
Class Gastropoda Shell-less forms
Phylum Mollusca Nudibranch (undergo torsion and then detorsion) & (has no shell, just filled with nematocysts
Class Gastropoda Shell types
Phylum Mollusca Planospiral (spiriling in one plane) vs Helicospiral (most snails)
Neopilina
Phylum Mollusca Class Monoplacophora This species represents a group that links mollusks with the annelids. Has segmented gills, muscles, nephridia and gonads.
Nacreous Layer
Phylum Mollusca shell Horizontal layer of calcium carbonate
freshwater clam
Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia Glochidia larvae
Class Turbellaria
Phylum Platyhelminthes Free - living , small - Mostly marine - Rhabdites-used for defense
Class Trematoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes Parasitic " Flukes " - Syncytium: body wall protection - Suckers - Complex life cycles w / alternating hosts - Primary vs Intermediate hosts "Chinese liver fluke"- Raw fish
Class Calcarea
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Class Demospongiae-most species
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Class Hexactinellida: Glass sponges
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Class Cestoda
Phylum platyhelminthes Parasitic " Tapeworms " - Lack digestive tracts -Scolex & Proglottids - Pork / Beef
Plants Architecture
Plant needs i. collection & conversion of solar energy -> leaves ii. positioning & support of leaves -> stems iii. anchorage & absorption -> rootsi v. transport -> vascular system
Plants Architecture
Plant needs i. collection & conversion of solar energy -> leaves ii. positioning & support of leaves -> stems iii. anchorage & absorption -> roots iv. transport -> vascular system
Meristematic Tissues
Plants version of germ cells
Enterocoely
Portions of the archenteron , which are endodermally derived ,form outpockets that eventually separate from the gut to form mesoderm with cavities lined entirely by mesoderm ( i.e. coelom ) .
Biotic Fixation
Process by which free nitrogen (N2) is extracted from the atmosphere and converted (fixed) into nitrogen compounds which are plant nutrients (fertilizer). In nature, this process is carried out by certain bacteria such as cyanobacteria
Fate of Blastopore
Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Gastrulation
Pushing in of cells into the blastocoel Third stage of development in animals
Structures responsible for downward growth
Radicle and Hypocotyl Contain statoliths (little rocks) that can sense movement in bottom of cell, triggering the plant to grow towards the center of the earth (down)
Asexual Reproduction
Regeneration Budding (like propagation) Gemmules: packed highly spicule cover of amoebocytes. During unfavorable conditions (rain), activates gemmule to soften up to prevent desiccation and release stem cells. After gemmules have been released, sponge dies.
First organism to conquer land
Reptiles, by producing a self-enclosed egg (aka shell egg). (ex) birds
Guard Cells
Responsible for opening and closing stomata. Works together with stomata to regulate gas exchange. Prevents movement of water ACROSS surface
# 3 species abundancy
Roundworms
Vegetative Asexual Reproductive modes of flowering plants
Runner (stolon), strawberry Rhizome- underground stem (bermuda grass) Corm- modified stem Tuber- modified underground stem. Gives rise to new growth onion; Potato (however some potatoes are roots) Bulb- modified stem
Class Scyphozoa life cycle
Scyphistoma (young polyp) Strobilation (makes layers as they grow up) Ephyra (immature medusa) Planula (immature polyp, looks like multi celled paramecium)
Anthozoan Diversity
Sea anemones: protect hermit crabs; however when no predators present, hermit crabs eat sea anemone Corals: colony of sea anemone -Hermatypic Corals: gives coral its color. Tissues are transparent. - Dinoflagellates w/ Zooxanthellae: assist in removing calcium carbonate. Sensitive to rise in temperatures; can be ejected from coral causing bleaching due to global warming and carbon emissions. -Scleractinians (hard coral) or Hexacorallia (6 tenticles for each polyp) -Coral bleaching Ahermatypic Corals: do not form calcium carbonate houses -Octocorals or Gorgonians: 8 tenticles for each polyp -Sea pen -Sea fan -Sea whip Coral Reefs: colorful fish
Phylum Nemertea reproduction
Sexual and asexual (fragmentation)
Phylum Mollusca Hard parts
Shell. H.A.M. = Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusk
Stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move. Mostly on lower surfaces, sometimes on upper surfaces. Found on both surfaces. Allows for gas exchange.
Chromatophores
Special pigment-containing structures in cells, which can allow for rapid changes in color/patterns in many cephalopods.
Class Calcarea
Spicules made of calcium carbonate.
Middle layers (mesophyll)
Spicules: hard skeletal elements (provide support). Either composed of silicon dioxide or calcium carbonate Spongin: produces spongy composition, soft, makes up body wall Amoebocytes: give rise to all cells in sponges. Can transform themselves into any other cell in the sponge. All cells can revert back to amoebocytes. Collencytes: neuron-like cells
Asconoid
Sponge body plan Bag shape most simple
Phylum Porifera- General characteristics
Sponges - Sessile - Filter water through canal system - Mostly marine
Phylum Porifera
Sponges Parazoans-poorly defined tissues
Phylum Porifera
Sponges (can be monoecious or dioecious) Sessile- don't move around Filter water through canal system lined by flagellated collar or choanocyte cells Mostly marine Regenerative characteristics Body filled with spores Poorly defined tissues- Parazoan
sea anemone can?
Swim Summersault Crawl
(third) Gastrula with blastopore & Archenteron (gut)
The blastula will invaginate (a tubular structure grows inward) producing the primitive gut. The opening of the gut is the blastopore, which depending on the animal will either be the mouth or anus
Structure & Function of the Coelum
The coelom forms a protective , fluid - filled chamber for the internal organs . It also allows for these organs to move and grow at independent rates from the outer body tissues . In humans , and similar vertebrates , the cavity is partitioned into 3 areas with the coelomic membranes given distinct names : Abdominal with Peritoneum , Thoracic with Pleura & Cardiac with Pericardium . In each of these sub - chambers , the membranes are labeled Visceral if the membrane is directly lining an organ or Parietal if the membrane is lining the chamber wall . Mesenteries are where the two lining types combine
Transpiration Pull aka Cohesion/Adhesion Tension
The main motive force for transporting water up to the top of a plant (sometimes several hundred feet) As water evaporates from the leaf's surface the cohesive-adhesive properties of water pull water molecules from below establishing a water tension and pressure
Blastula with Blastocoel (second)
The morula will undergo a process in which the solid mass, hollows to form this stage. The cavity is called Blastocoel
Phylum Placozoa
The most primitive metazoan parazoan-lack true tissues
Blastopore
The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes
morula stage (first)
The zygote undergoes rapid cleavage divisions producing this stage of a solid mass of cells. radial symmetry
Nudibranch
These animals forgo the shell, but instead use the nematocysts from consumed cnidarians for their own defense.
Helicospiral
These shells are coiled to form a cone shaped, spiraled shell. Most snails.
Planospiral
These shells are coiled to form in a single plane, so that the coils can be seen from the side, but if turned 90 degrees, the coils are not obvious.
Vessel Members
Thick, hollow, wide tube, dead cells with large holes on end. Clearly visible
Tracheids
Thin, hollow, narrow tube, dead cells with perforated, tapered ends. Vestigial structure First kind of tube made Present in early vascular plants and present in angiosperms and gymnosperms (slow flow)
Parasitism: Body wall protection
Those endoparasites that live in either the digestive tract or the blood must produce cell membranes that prevent destruction by the chemicals and cells of the GI tract and immune systems
Parasitism: Digestive tract reduced / lost
Those endoparasites that live in the digestive tract may have reduced or no digestive tract of their own , as they are living in an environment of partially digested foods
Phylum Mollusca Soft parts
Tissue called Mantle (produce shell) , Head/Foot, Visceral Mass (holds organs).
Contain both Protostome and Deuterostome characteristics
Transitional Species Shells
Vein (Vascular bundle)
Transports materials throughout the leaf and contains the xylem and phloem. Separating the VB = damage.
Bilateral Symmetry
Triploblastic Can be divided down a central line but cannot be cut anywhere Cephalization: concentration of sensory structures in the head (ex) orchids, humans
Phylum Mollusca Reproduction
Trochophore larva larva has to undergo metamorphosis transitions into veliger larva
Phylum Mollusca reproduction
Trochophore larva, transitions Veliger larva.
Cnidarians have two tissue layers?
True Epidermis Gastrodermis
Cnidarians have three body layers?
True Epidermis Mesoglea Gastrodermis
Phylum Platyhelminthes Classes
Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda
Siphon
Used to propel the animal quickly through the water column.
Phylum Mollusca Coelom
Very tiny Coelom Execratory system: Kidney=metanephridia=coelomoduct= gonoduct Circulatory system: Open-most mollusks vs closed-humans
Apoplastic vs. Symplastic pathway
Water enters through root epidermis and passes in the spaces "between" cortex cells apoplastically until reaching the endodermis. Casparian strips prevent water from passing between endodermal cells. Thus, water is forced through the cell membranes symplastically where it is filtered before reaching the vascular tissues within the stele = osmosis
Cuticle
Waxy waterproof covering of a plant. Produced by the epidermis and has wax to resist desiccation.
Girdling Plants
Weed-Whakers Cutting a HORIZONTAL band around the circumference of the plant, can be deadly because the vascular cambium, in which nutrients and water travel vertically, can be damaged.
Cortex
Yellow layer inside epidermis Separated by a ring of vascular bundles.
Kingdom Animalia-Multicellularity Advantages
a. Large size b. Mobility c. Stable internal environment (homeostasis) d. Relative independence from environment
Kingdom Animalia-Major Animal Features
a. Symmetry i. Radial-no head but have sensory structures ii. Bilateral b. Embryology i. Cleavage patterns Radial-positioned on top of each other vs Spiral-twisted positioning ii. Cell fate - Indeterminate vs - Determinate
Body Cavity Types
acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate
Nematode Parasitism
affects most groups found in skin/eyes/muscle
Archenteron (Gut)
aka Primitive GI Track most animals have 2
invertabrate
an animal that does not have a backbone and comprises 95% of all animals
Acoelomate
an animal that lacks a coelom, or body cavity
#1 species abundance and diversity
arthropods
Almost all animals are
arthropods -> insects -> beetles Most abundant and diverse
Byproduct of gastrulation
blastopore
Largest animal that ever existed on this plant
blue whale weight (mass) that makes them big
Coelom
body cavity lined entirely by mesoderm
Pseudocoelom
body cavity lined partially by mesoderm
coelom
body cavity lined with mesoderm
Phylum Porifera (sponges)- body plans
body plans - Asconoid-body bag -Syconoid-body wall forms - Leuconoid-most complicated
Class Trematoda Syncytium
body wall protection
What can spicules be made of?
calcium carbonate or silica dioxide
Collenchyma
celery fibers for support
Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia
clams, oysters, mussels, scallops Shell: Umbo Hinge ligament-creates constant pressure for shell to open uses adductor muscles to pull the two pieces back together Protractor muscles to extend foot Retractor muscles to Siphon (tubes for bringing/taking out water/food): incurrent excurrent Digestive system scallops have eyespots Clams shipworm-live in wood freshwater clam-Glochidia larvae
Which 4 cell types is most active metabolically when fully functional?
companion cells
Cephalization
concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the head
# 2 species diversity macroscopically
coral reefs
Lenticels
cracks in the bark to facilitate gas exchange
Enterocoely
derived from outgrowth of archenteron; deuterostome feature
Schizocoely
derived from split in mesoderm; protostome feature
Parthenogenesis
development of egg without fertilization
Largest land animal
elephant
Most abundant skeleton
exoskeleton which tells the shape of the animal Problem: gets in the way of growth
Determinate Cell Fate
fate of cells determined early; separated early cells incapable of developing into entire organism; protostome feature determined @ 4 cell stage
Indeterminate Cell Fate
fate of cells determined relatively late; separated early cells can develop into entire organism; allows for 'twinning' or genetically identical individuals; deuterosome feature (ex) humans
1st organism to be cephalized and have excretory system
flatworms
Positive Gravitropism
grows in the direction of gravity via statolith sensors
Sclerenchyma
hard fibers & nodules responsible for support (ex) rope
Monocots
have no cortex
Sieve Tube Members
hollow, living cells with perforated cells
Secondary Compounds
how plants defend themselves from insects, creating medicine.
Embryology
i. Cleavage patterns: early cell divisions ii. Cell fate
Root Structure
i. Epidermis (permeable) with root hairs ii. Cortex iii. Endodermis with Casparian strips iv. Stele v. Apoplastic vs Symplastic pathways
Phylum Platyhelminthes
i. General characteristics -Dorso-ventrally flattened -Cephalized (1st to be cephalized) Radial -> Bilateral -Triploblastic & Acoelomate -Incomplete digestive system -Protonephridia (Flame cells): excretory system. Flicking of cilia makes them flame cells. (ex) flatworms
Exchange & Transport
i. Plants obtain gases, nutrients, minerals, & water via internal fluids ii. Gas exchange begins with the stomata; roots, lenticils iii. Internal transport = xylem & phloem
Larvae
is a juvenile that undergoes a metamorphosis (ex) butterfly, humans, magnet, caterpillar
Composition of Bark
is produced from phloem, cork cambium, or cork.
Epidermis in Trees
is replaced by bark or cork. Produced by the cork cambium (tissues that produce other tissues). Cork (dead) = phloem (alive) Cork cambium produces cork. Trees grow wider cause xylem will get clogged
What happens to the xylem?
it gets clogged
What happens to initial phloem?
it gets crushed
Sea lice
larvae stage of jellyfish (planula)
Most fishes are
laterally compressed
2 aspects of Photosynthesis
light dependent reactions light independent reactions
Class Sclerospongiae
limited species
Companion Cells
living cells that help keep sieve tube member cells alive. Production of sugars in Kelvin Cycle require transportation done by companion cells into phloem
Blastocoel is replaced by
mesoderm and coelm
name of middle body layer of sponge?
mesohyl
bilateral symmetry
mirror image left and right sides. Associated with centralization of sensory nervous of sensory structures producing a head (cephalization)
#2 species abundance and diversity
mollusks
Spiral Cleavage
new cells placed at juncture between previous cells; protostome feature
Radial Cleavage
new cells placed directly beside or on top of previous cells; deuterosome feature
Acooelomate
no cavity between body wall and organs "False Coelom"
Sclerids
nodules glued together to form shells of nuts.
Fire corals
not true coral. Can produce calcium carbonate. Take on different shapes. Cause injuries upon touch.
Phylum Mollusca, Class Monoplacophora
one shell very significant because have trochophore larva closely related to Annelids neopilina(genus)-only Mollusca extant that shows segmentation. living fossil-organism that hasn't changed much from the fossil record. Characteristics the same as ancestors. -multiple gills, muscles, nephridia, gonads
Epidermis
outermost cell layer of a plant body cutin: (wax) excreted by epidermis
Class Bivalvia diversity
oysters & peal formation
Rhynchocoel
phylum nemertea chamber that holds the proboscis
Rhynchodeum
phylum nemertea proboscis pore opening of the chamber that holds the proboscis
protonephridia
platyhelminthes Flame cells execratory system first kidney
vertibrate
possess backbone but have only about 50,000 to 60,000 species
Phylum Nemertea feeding structure
proboscis w/ stylet Rhynchodeum Rhynchocoel
Wood
produced by xylem. annual rings Heartwood: clogged xylem, little water transport. Located deeper into trunk, harder wood Sapwood: newer xylem, free flowing water transport. Phloem makes sap.
Eucoelomata
protostomia & Deuterostomia Lophophorate animals-horeshoe feeding structure coelom formation varies Blastopore fate varies Ribosome both Protostome and deuterostome: 1. phylum Bryozoa=Ectoprocta 2. phylum Brachiopoda 3. Phylum Phoronida
Lateral Meristem
responsible for increase in plant DIAMETER (girth)
Apical Meristems
responsible for increase in plant HEIGHT
1st organism to have a closed circulatory system and complete digestive tract
ribbon worms
Phylum Nematoda
roundworms abundant, free living and parasitic forms unsegmented longitudinal muscles & whipping cloaca-common opening for two or more system, one of which releases digestive material (anus)..humans don't have top 3 of species diversity
Phylum Mollusca
second largest group of animals Abundant, aquatic and terrestrial forms Body Plan: Soft parts- Mantle Head/foot Visceral mass-organs located Hard Parts: Shell H.A.M=Hypothetical ancestral mollusk
Helminthologist
someone who studies worms
Largest invertebrate
squid
Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda
squid, octopods squid-open water swimming octopus-lives at bottom in caves shell absent, reduced or spiraled tentacles/arms with suckers Siphon Intelligence eyes well developed closed circulation beak w/ venom chromatophores-change colors other cephalopods: -cuttlefish Chambered Nautilus- -siphuncle
life cycle of Cnidarians-metagenesis
superficially, this might resemble alternation of generations in plants. However, metagenesis does not involve two types of individuals with different ploidy. Instead, cnidarians typically (but not always) alternate between a diploid polyp and diploid medusa. Because medusae are more motile, they usually produce gametes via meiosis. The polyp is more sedentary or sessile, but typically reproduces asexually via mitosis.
Larvae similar in annelids and mollusks suggests
that they have a common ancestor
Phylum Placozoa
the most primitive metazoan (ex) sponges
Counterstaining
top part of fish dark , bottom part light. Giving most fish a silver color. Not found in coral reefs.
Metazoa
transition from an animal-like protists to multicellular (choanoflagellate) Advantages: 1. Large Size 2. Increased Mobility 3. Stable Internal Environment (Homeostasis) 4. Relative independence from environment
# 1 species diversity
tropical rain forests
Propagation
vegetative reproductive. Cut off a piece of plant off and it grows.
Phylum Cortada
vertebrates, fish, amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles
Caspian strips
wax, prevents water from growing in between cells
Mesoglea
when the middle body layer (which is not a tissue) glues the outer and inner layers. So its a middle layer of glue.
phylum Rotifera
wormlike Pseudocoelomata
