Biodiversity Brooks, Brooks Biodiversity Unit 3 Exam

Nematode Parasitism

"Affecting most group" Roundworms Eye worms Dragon worms Elephantiasis Trickenela Heart Worm

Pseudocoelomata

"Aschelminthes"- sac worms, organs free floating Wormlike, parasites. Eutely: same # of cells in every individual, critical for development Parthenogenesis

Phylum Porifera (sponges)-inner body layers

"Choanocytes": cells that can trap particles and water into the cell. -Morphologically similar to the choanoflagellate.

Class Hexactinellida

"Glass sponges" Contain 6 rayed spicules made of silica (glass)

Phylum Cnidaria-General morphology

"Polyp"-sedentary (sessile) "Medusa"-mobile

Parazoans

"Poorly defined tissues"

Physalia

"Portuguese-man-of-war" "a floating, polymorphic colony" Modified medusa. Move with currents/wind. Man o war fish hang around in the tentacles

Phylum Brachiopoda 2

"Protostomia & Deuterostomia"

Phylum Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) 1

"Protostomia & Deuterostomia"

Phylum Phoronida 3

"Protostomia & Deuterostomia"

Phloem

(Phloem Down) Distributes the products of photosynthesis (sugary water) to plants tissues. Blue Contains: Sieve tube members (element) & Companion cells

Kingdom Animalia- Developmental stages

- Morula - Blastula w/ Blastocoel - Gastrula w/Blastopore - Archenteron (Gut) - Germ layers: Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm

Phylum Porifera (sponges)- General morphology

-Body layers - Outer: - Porocytes - Myocytes - Middle (Mesohyl) -Spicules - Spongin - Amoebocytes - Collencytes - Inner "Choanocytes"

Germ layers

= stem cells

Pseudocoelomate

An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm

Abiotic Fixation

Doesn't involve organisms Lightning converts nitrogen into other sources because N2 isn't a usable form Less important because lightning doesn't occur enough to be useful for plants

Leaf Structure

Epidermis, Mesophyll, and Vein (Vascular Bundle)

Extinct vs Extant

Extinct :no longer here (ex) Sea fern Extant: exists today Fossils found on sediments of mountains due to plate tectonics even though they lived in water, during Cambian period

Positively Phototropic

Growth in response to light

Protostome

If the blastopore becomes a mouth first Formed from Schizocoely development

Ground Tissue System

Includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support

Adaptations for Parasitism

Nearly every known organism has parasites . The strategy of " cheating ' " rather than finding food and habitat on one's own works if you have evolved the necessary characteristics discussed below

Class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Dominance?

Only Polyps

Phylum Mollusca Shell

Periostracum (protein covering that creates leathery look) Prismatic layer, Nacreous layer.

Mantle

Periostracum, Prismatic Layer, and Nacreous Layer are all produced by the?

Prismatic Layer

Perpendicular layer of calcium carbonate. Phylum Mollusca shell

cubomedusae

Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa Deadliest on planet earth

Spirocyst

Phylum Cnidaria Elongated thread for adhesion

Nematocyst

Phylum Cnidaria Most significant. thread with toxin everted

Protostomes

Phylum Mollusca Phylum Annelida

Class Sclerospongiae-rare sponge found in caves of coral reefs

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

Collencytes

Phylum Porifera (sponges)-middle body layer (nerve-like cells): useful for structure. look like neurons and believe to have a precursor to a nervous system

Class Anthozoa

Polyploid only Cellular mesoglea Cnidae in epidermis & gastrodermis Septa (mesenteries) in gut Reproduction -Sexual (Body is diecious or mono) -Asexual (Budding, fission - Longitudinal/transverse)

Outer body layers:

Porocytes:tubular cells which make up the pores of a sponge Myocytes: moving and contracting water, functions like muscle

The cork is produced when?

Secondary phloem

Morula

Solid ball of cells First stage of development in animals

Retractor muscles

These muscles contract and pull the clam towards the expanded foot, thus enabling the animal to move forward.

Metazoa

multicellular animals

Highly metabolic animals don't have an

open circulatory system

Fibers

secretions that reinforce the stem

Eucoelomata

"Protostomia & Deuterostomia" -Lophophorate animals: possess both protostome and deuterostome characteristics -Coelom formation varies -Blastopore fate varies -Ribosomes protostome-like i.Phylum Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) ii.Phylum Brachiopoda iii.Phylum Phoronida

Phylum Nemertea

"Ribbon" worms (flat) General characteristics -Proboscis (tenticles for feeding and defense) -Cephalized -Complete digestive tract (1st animal to have this) -Closed circulatory system (1st animal to have this) Feeding structures -Proboscis w/ stylet -Rhynchodeum: opening to the outside -Rhynchocoel: not true body cavity, opened body cavity Reproduction -Sexual -Asexual: fragmentation- chop it up, it can make a new self with no confusion on the placement of head & tail

Phylum Rotifera and Nematoda

"Roundworms" & Rotifers Abundant in soil, free-living & parasitic forms Unsegmented Longitudinal muscles & longitudinal whipping Cloaca: opening for the exit of two or more systems, one of them being digestive. Used for consolidation. Differentiates them from annelids, primitive structure

Class Cephalopoda

"Squids & Octopods" -Shell absent, reduced or spiraled. -Tentacles/arms w/ suckers. -Siphon -"Intelligence" -Eyes well developed -Closed circulation -Beak (w/poison) -Ink Gland -Chromatophores -Other cephalopods -Cuttlefish -Chambered Nautilus -Siphuncle

Pseudocoelomata

"aschelminthes" wormlike mostly parasites Eutely- fixed number of cells at maturity for a species Parthogenesis-egg development without fertilization phylum Nematoda phylum Rotifera

Phylum Mollusca, Class Scaphopoda

"tusk shells" burrowing

Plant Development

'... After germination" Upward growth -Epicotyl or Coleoptile -Phototropism Downward growth Radicle or Hypocotyl Gravitropism

Xylem

(Xylem Up) Distributes water from roots throughout Aimed towards stem Red Tells age of tree Contains: tracheids & vessel members

Sexual Reproduction

(mostly hermaphroditic) Hypodermic impregnation: penis fencing.

Class Anthozoa asexual

- Budding - Fission (longitudinal/transverse)

Cnidarian Classification

- Class Hydrozoa - Class Scyphozoa - Class Anthozoa

Epidermis contains what?

- Cuticle - Guard cells with Stomata

Sponge Reproduction sexual

- Dioecious: Separate sexes - Monoecious (hermaphrodites): Sperm and egg on one organism use the water column for fertilization

Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Polymorphism/colony

- Gastrozooid-tentacles for feeding - Gonozooid (gonangium): tentacles for reproduction - Dactylozooid: Entirely tentacles as weapons - Skeletozooid: sometimes Calcium carbonate and sometimes chitin

Phylum Ctenophora

- Medusa-like, w/o nematocysts (usually) - 8 comb rows, with 2 tentacles (usually) - Colloblasts-adhesion for prey - Two classes: Tentaculata (with tentacles) & Nuda(without tentacles) diploblastic

Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria)

- Medusoid or Polypoid<- -"Hydromedusae"-small - Polymorphism: - Gastrozooid-tentacles for feeding - Gonozooid (gonangium): tentacles for reproduction - Dactylozooid: Entirely tentacles as weapons - Skeletozooid: sometimes Calcium carbonate and sometimes chitin - Acellular mesoglea - Cnidae in epidermis - Obelia(genus) "a hydroid" - Hydra(genus) (atypical but well known hydrozoan)-only exists as a polyp and does not undergo metagenesis

Phylum Cnidaria-general characteristics

- Mouth w/tentacles - No anus, but has gut (incomplete GI tract): regurgitate their food - Cnidae - Diploblastic w/organs: Epidermis & gastrodermis

Kingdom Animalia

- Multicellular - Heterotrophs - Lack cell walls - Two major groups: - "Invertebrates" - "Vertebrates"

Mesophyll contains what?

- Parenchyma - Dicots have Palisade & Spongy Layers

Phylum Porifera (sponges)-outer body layers

- Porocytes: specialized pore cells - Myocytes: muscle-like cells

Asexual Reproduction

-Fission -Regeneration

Sponge Reproduction Asexual

-Regeneration: grow into more of itself -Budding: a piece can break away and regrow somewhere else -Gemmules: spore like structure, that allows them to survive the dry periods.

Class Bivalvia

-Shell: Umbo, Hinge ligament -Adductor muscles -Protractor vs Retractor -Mantle cavity -Siphon: Incurrent vs Excurrent -Digestive system -Bivalve diversity -Oysters & Pearl formation -Scallop: Eye spots -Giant clam -Shipworm -Freshwater -Glochidia larvae (mantle shaped like fish)

Phylum Porifera (sponges)-middle body layers

-Spicules: provide support - Spongin: protein compound that gives spongy feel - Amoebocytes: similar to stem cells that produce spicules and spongin - Collencytes(nerve-like cells): useful for structure. look like neurons and believe to have a precursor to a nervous system

Phylum Annelida

-Vermiform -Metamerism -Homonomous w/ metameres=segments -Setae=Chaetae -Parapodia -Closed circulation -Metanephridia

Two Major Groups of Kingdom Animalia

1. Invertebrates (no backbone) about 15-30 million 2. Vertebrates (chordates with backbones and spinal columns) about 50,000. 30,000 of the 50,000 are fishes There are animal species that haven't been described yet. 3 million have been described.

Developmental Stages

1. Morula 2. Blastula 3. Gastrulation 4. Gastrula 5. Germ Layers

Kingdom Animalia

1. Multicellular 2. Heterotrophs 3. Lack Cell Walls

Three Primary Meristems

1. Protoderm = Epidermis 2. Ground Meristem = Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma = undifferentiated or modified to store pith 3. Procambium = VB w/ xylem and phloem

coelum formation

2 distinct developmental origins: Schizocoely Enterocoely

Ontogeny

= development "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" Significant similarities among true appearance of vertebrate embryos due to evolution.

Meristems vs. Germ Cells

A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing. A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. Meristems are in plants and germ cells are in humans but in essence are essentially preforming the same function

Fluid movement in xylem

Adhesion: Attraction of 2 of different things; water molecules bind to cell wall This makes sure that the water doesn't go back down (capillary action) Cohesion: Attraction of two of the same things sticking together; water molecules bind to one another via hydrogen bonding which pulls water molecules upward through xylem, like beads on a string Evaporation: as water evaporates, it pulls on other water molecules that haven't been evaporated yet Osmosis: Occurs in roots (root pressure) Low solute concentration to high solute concentration Capillary Action: allows water to go up, just a little bit

Adaptations/Characteristics for Parasitism

Adhesive organ Sense organs reduced Digestive tract reduced/lost: (fed off host) Body wall protection: against chemicals in stomach that break them down Fecundity increased: reproductive output of different species, the ability to produce many different offspring Larval stages to facilitate passage from host to another

Blastopore

An opening which connects a portion of the body cavity to the outside environment Can become either the mouth or anus

germ layers

Animal version of meristematic tissue. Responsible for initial establishment and maintenance of animal systems (stem cells)

determinate growth

Animals with relatively early cell fate differentiation; ell masses at comparable stages can rarely develop into 2 complete animals. (arthropods)

indeterminate

Animals with relatively late cell fate differentiation; cell masses prior to this point might separate but still produce 2 complete twins (monozygotic twins)

Branch Parazoa

Animals without well-defined tissues. Side Branch

Used to aid a plant and tell weather in the past

Annual rings

Three body plans:

Asconoid: sac like, simple Syconoid: folded Leuconoid: most complex design

cell fate

At some stage in development most cells are programmed to differentiate. For example, skin cells will activate genes required for skin.

Root nodules & Symbiotic bacteria

Bacteria fix nitrogen and are housed in root nodules to supply "fertilizer," thus allowing the plant to thrive, even in soils that are nutrient poor. Nitrogenace- enzyme that breaks down the triple bond in nitrogen Microbes contain this enzyme and they're anaerobic. Mycorrhizae: most plants have an association between their roots and fungi in the soil. This association is critical in aiding water/mineral uptake by the plant.

Procambium

Becomes Vascular Cambium Makes xylem inward and phloem outward Grows in rings Gives rise to vascular tissues Forms advanced tissues

Phylum Mollusca closed Circulatory system

Blood travels in vessels almost exclusively. Typically associated with animals with extensive metabolic demands. (humans)

Phylum Mollusca open Circulatory system

Blood travels in vessels temporarily when it bathes the tissues directly. this direct interface of the blood with tissues is called the hemocoel. open systems are less efficient than closed. unless it can compensate. (insects)

are sponges dioecious or monoecious?

Both

Phylum Platyhelminthes Movement

Branch Eumetazoa Grade Bilateria "Acoelomata" -Adhesive glands -Releaser glands -Taxis ( Light & Current )

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Branch Eumetazoa Grade Bilateria "Acoelomata" Dorso - ventrally flattened - Cephalized - Triploblastic - Incomplete digestive system - Protonephridia ( Flame cells )

Phylum Platyhelminthes Reproduction

Branch Eumetazoa Grade Bilateria "Acoelomata" Sexual ( mostly hermaphroditie ) - Hypodermic impregnation (penis fencing) - Asexual - Fission - Regeneration

Phylum Nemertea

Branch Eumetazoa acoelomate ribbon worms, proboscis-weapon Cephalized Complete digestive tract closed circulatory system

Phylum Cnidaria

Branch Eumetazoa (true tissues) Grade Radiata two true tissue layers

Stele

Central cylinder with vascular tissues inside.

Ink Gland

Cephalopods can inject a cloud of ink from what structure in their body?

Blastocoel

Chamber (body cavity) of hollow area within a blastula

Trochophore Larva

Characteristic larval form found in many Mollusks, and in many other protostomes such as annelids.

Operculum

Chitinous lid or cover for when the snail pulls itself back in the shell, this cover fits in the shell opening or aperture perfectly.

Inner layer

Choanocytes: or collar cells, creates current that draws water in for filtration

Umbo

Class Bivalvia First, thus oldest, part of the shell.

Eye spots

Class Bivalvia Scallops have distinct, multiple eyes on the edge of the mantle allowing them to see pretty well.

Giant clam

Class Bivalvia These animals do not feed, but rather have zooxanthallae packed into the edge of the mantle tissue. Have symbionts which undergo photsynthesis.

Adductor muscles

Class Bivalvia These muscles force the shell to close. For "real" scallops, this is what we eat.

Protractor muscles

Class Bivalvia These muscles push the foot forward. Blood fills up the tip of the foot.

Mantle Cavity

Class Bivalvia This cavity is where water enters and exits via special modified mantle tissue called Incurrent and Excurrent siphons(tubes).

Hinge ligament

Class Bivalvia This ligament forces the shell to open under constant pressure.

Sponge Classification

Class Calcarea Class Hexactinellida: Glass sponges Class Demospongiae-most species Class Sclerospongiae-rare sponge found in caves of coral reefs

Cuttlefish

Class Cephalopoda Squid-like animal that has an internal shell commonly called the cuttlebone - although it is not actually bone.

Chambered Nautilus

Class Cephalopoda Squid-like animal that lives in a planospiral shell, which is partitioned internally into gas-filled chambers used for buoyancy. They are found in deep, dark, cold oceanic waters.

Siphuncle

Class Cephalopoda This tube of tissue that travels into each chamber of the Nautilus shell; responsible for producing gases used in maintaining neutral bouyancy.

Classification of Cnidaria

Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Anthozoa All classes have nematocysts, except Anthozoa has all 3 cnidae.

Obelia(genus)

Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) "a hydroid"

Hydra(genus)

Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) atypical but well known hydrozoan-only exists as a polyp and does not undergo metagenesis

Classification of Mollusca

Class Monoplacophora Class Polyplacophora Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Scaphopoda Class Cephalopoda

Classification of Platyhelminthes

Class Turbellaria Class Trematoda Class Cestoda

"Hermit crab" hydroid Dactylozooid lashing

Contains toxins (nematocysts) shaped like spiral. Only found on hermit crab shells occupied by the crab.When hermit crabs leave shell, dactylozooids disappear. Dactyl. communicates with crab through cephalization by stinging it to do things. Octopus is predator.

Gastrula

Develops from gastrulation that creates the cell layers Early multicellular embryo, composed of two or more germinal layers of cells from which the various organs later derive Fourth stage of development in animals

Sexual Reproduction

Dioecious: mostly all animals Monoecious: aka hermaphrodite. Almost all animals reproduce in the water.

Radial Symmetry

Diploblastic Can be cut in half anywhere along a central axis No head Little movement

Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Dominance?

Dominant form is Polyp

Class Scyphozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Dominance?

Dominant form is the medusa

Coral Bleaching

Elevated water temperatures cause zooxanthellae leaving the coral

Stem Structure

Epidermis, Cortex, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Vascular Tissues

Phylum Mollusca Coelom

Excretory system: -Kidney=Metanephridia=Coelomoduct=Gonoduct. -Circulatory system: Open vs Closed -Shell: Periostracum, Primastic layer, Nacreous layer.

Branch Eumetazoa

First "true" tissues Grade Radiata

Class Turbellaria

Free-living, small, mostly marine. Rhabdites aka nematocyte, very colorful

Phylum Mollusca

General Characteristics -Abundant, aquatic & terrestrial forms. Body plan: -Soft parts: Mantle (produce shell) , Head/Foot, Visceral Mass (holds organs). -Hard parts: Shell. H.A.M. = Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusk -Coelom Excretory system: -Kidney=Metanephridia=Coelomoduct=Gonoduct. -Circulatory system: Open vs Closed -Shell: Periostracum, Primastic layer, Nacreous layer. -Reproduction: Trochophore larva, Veliger larva.

Branch Eumetazoa

Grade Bilateria " Acoelomata " Three true tissue layers (triploblastic)

Parenchyma

Ground tissue that forms the bulk of the mesophyll Can be modified into collenchyma and sclerenchyma Thin and flexible cells Most common and versatile ground tissue Used for metabolic functions and storage of organic products

Blastula

Hollow ball of cells Blastocoel is in the center Second stage of development in animals

Secondary Growth

How a plant increases in girth (diameter) 1. Vascular Cambium 2. Cork Cambium 3. Wood 4. Bark 5. Lenticels 6. "Girdling Plants"

Largest organism on the planet

Humungous fungus

Deuterostome

If the blastopore become anus first Humans are deuterostomes Formed from Enterocoely development

Veliger Larva

In many Mollusks, the trochophore larva will transition into a?

Cleavage patterns

Initial mitotic division of zygote occurs rapidly with little cell growth. zygote is being chopped

Cnidae

Intracellular structure with everting thread or substance inside a capsule

Drawbacks w/ Transpiration Pull

It requires significant water loss from the plant. In dry conditions or arid environments, this water loss for vertical transport can be critical in plants Therefore, a replenishing water supply is vital for the roots Water loss in the tropics doesn't matter cause its always raining there. Water evaporation = shade

Mesoglea

Jelly like body layer on the jellyfish

Phylum Mollusca Coelom

Kidney=metanephridia=coelomoduct=gonoduct

Squids

Largest of all invertebrates. 60-90 feet long One of the more intelligent of all animals.

Periostracum

Leathery, protein layer on the outside of "some" shells.

Metagenesis

Life cycle of jellyfish NOT complex, NOT Alternation of Generations going from polyp to medusa form & vice versa

Movement

Live under rocks in streams or rivers -Adhesive glands: adheres to rock like super glue -Releaser glands: solvent that releases them from rock -Taxis: movement response using head and eyes Light: negatively phototaxis- strays away from light Current: positively current taxis - moves towards current to bring back home

Branch Eumatezoa

Main Branch of evolution. True tissue

Phylum Mollusca Shell

Mantle produces the shell Shell: Periostracum, Prismatic layer, Nacreous layer

Parasitism: Fecundity increased

Many parasites must rely on high reproductive output to ensure successful completion of complex life histories

Phylum Mollusca, Class polyplacophora

Many shells chitons (segmented into 8 sections)

Fluid movement in Phloem

Mass Flow: An active transport mechanism Source vs. Sink: Source: Sugars produced by the leaves Sink: Sugars produced by the rest of the plant. Gravity can assist in this downward movement, however getting the sugars into the cells of the Phloem requires energy

Schizocoely

Masses of mesoderm form in the blastocoel near the blastopore . Internal splits in these masses create cavities lined entirely by mesoderm ( i.e. , coelom )

Phylum Ctenophora

Medusa-like, w/o nematocysts (However, unless ingested) 8 comb rows, with 2 tentacles (usually) Colloblasts: radial symmetry, adhesion Two classes: Tentaculata (have tenticles) & Nuda (no tenticles) Comb Jellyfish: Highly predatory

Two Body Plans

Medusa: jellyfish shape. Can move to disperse gametes (either monoecious or dioecious). Diploid. Polyp: sea flower shape. Diploid

Class Hydrozoa

Medusoid or Polypoid -"Hydromedusae" small Polymorphism: multiple forms of hydroids -Gastrozooid -Gonozooid (gonangium) -Dactylozooid -Skeletozooid Acellular mesoglea Cnidae in epidermis (nematocyst) Hydra: Freshwater (atypical) Obelia "a hydroid"

Class Scyphozoa

Medusoid or Polypoid -"Scyphomedusae" large Cellular mesoglea: less organized cells, not close to tissues Cnidae in epidermis & gastrodermis Life cycle -Scyphistoma: young polyp -Strobilation: asexual reproduction -Ephyra: young, unique medusa -Planula: Unique larvae found within cnidarians. Swim around to find body and form polyp called scyphistoma, then engages in asex reproduction called strobilation to form young medusa called ephyrae which disperses gametes in gonad. Common "Jellyfish" Cubomedusa: deadliest animal on planet "Sea wasp" "Box jelly fish": not lethal

What is the jelly aspect of Phylum Cnidaria?

Mesoglea

Mesophyll

Middle leaf structures photosynthetic layer.

Pith

Middle of stem, large because it contains nutrients. Separated by a ring of vascular bundles. Replaced by xylem

Parasitism: Larval stages to facilitate passage from one host to another

Morphologically distinct larval forms are produced by many parasites to ensure that Intermediate Hosts ( or Vectors ) are infected to complete the parasite's life history

Phylum Mollusca, Class gastropoda

Most are this Snails digestive system close to feet Shell types: planispiral-coiling in one plane vs helicospiral-helix plane made of calcium carbonate Aperture-opening of shell Operculum-Shield/covering Shell-less forms: Nudibranch Torsion & visceral mass

Class Demospongiae

Most common and abundant sponge Leuconoid

Circulatory system: Open

Most mollusks have limited blood vessels. Thus, the blood interacts directly with the tissues - this defines the Hemocoel.

Digestive system

Most of the visceral mass is composed of digestive organs.

Torsion & Visceral Mass

Most snails will undergo a 180 degree twisting during embryonic development to bring their shell forward for easier balance and movement. Nudibranchs will also undergo torsion, but apparently because there is no shells will twist back to where they started. This return to the original position is called Detorsion.

Phylum Cnidaria

Mouth w/ tentacles No anus, but has gut Cnidae Diploblastic w/ organs: two true tissues; however, cnidarians have 3 body layers (ecto, endo, meso- NOT TISSUES) Incomplete digestive tract "Nerve net": nervous system not concentrated in the head, but rather spread out

Cnidae in Cnidaria

Nematocyst: Most significant. thread with toxin everted Spirocyst: Elongated thread for adhesion Ptychocyst: substance used to construct tube for borrowing sea anemones

Cnidae

Nematocysts: stinging structures. Protein toxin found in man o wars. Spriocysts: adhesive, only found on anthozoa Ptychocysts: tube construction found in one kind of sea anemone called tube sea anemone

Class Monoplacophora

Neopilina (genus) -Multiple gills, muscles, nephridia & gonads. Primitive group with a single, conical-shaped shell.

Cnidaria Nervous System

Nerve net Cnidarians have one of the earliest known nervous systems in the form of network of neurons with ganglia. However, cephalization (concentration of neurons creating the head or brain) does not occur.

Usable forms of nitrogen for plants

Nitrate NO3 Nitrite NO2 Ammonia NH3

Do sponges have a nervous system?

No

Do sponges have muscles?

No

Asymmetry

No symmetry Sponges

"Hermit Crab" Hydroid

Not a true crab because they actually live in the shells of dead snails hdroid lives on shells Dactylozooid lashing-defense Class Hydrozoa Phylum Cnidaria

radial symmetry

Numerous imaginary planes create numerous mirror images. 360-degree perspective. such animals typically have noncentralized nervous systems that are also distributed radially.

Parasitism: Sense organs reduced

Once the adult locates its Primary ( or Definitive ) Host , especially endoparasites , there is less need for a sophisticated , cephalized nervous system . So reduction in nervous system morphology is common .

Blue-ringed octopus (Poison in beak)

One of the dealiest animals on earth.

Palisade & Spongy layers

Palisade layer: where light dependent reactions occur, near the surface. Top part of the mesophyll in dicot plants. Spongy mesophyll or spongy parenchyma: soft lower layer. Has access to CO2 through stomata. Kelvin Cycle: where carbon fixation occurs, converting nonorganic CO2 into sugars.

Parasitism: Adhesive organ

Parasites can be classified as either an Ectoparasite ( outside the body ) or Endoparasite ( inside the body or cells ) . In either case , they must possess structures that allow them to adhere to their host

Class Trematoda

Parasitic "Flukes" Syncytium: body covering that protects them from chemicals Suckers: for attachment Complex life cycles w/ alternating hosts -Primary Host: aka Definitive Host- where adult parasite is formed - Intermediate Host: aka vector: accidentally transferred parasite or disease "Chinese Liver Fluke": under cooked meat

Class Cestoda

Parasitic "Tapeworms" Lack digestive tracts. Scolex (for attachment) & Proglottids (repeating body segments). Pork/Beef Tapeworms from poorly cooked meats

Types of Ground Tissue

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Oysters produce _____ when trying to cover foreign material within the shell.

Pearl

Class Anthozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Hydrozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Scyphozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

No anus, but has gut (incomplete GI tract): regurgitate their food

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Anthozoa

Phylum Cnidaria - Polypoid only - Cellular mesoglea - Cnidae in epidermis & gastrodermis - Septa (mesenteries) in gut - Reproduction - Sexual/asexual have all three cnidae

Sea anemones

Phylum Cnidaria Anthozoan

coral reefs

Phylum Cnidaria Anthozoan

Ahermatypic Corals (soft corals)

Phylum Cnidaria Anthozoan - Octocorals or gorgonians -sea pen -sea fan -sea whip

Hermatypic Corals (hard corals) w/ zooxanthellae

Phylum Cnidaria Anthozoan Scleractinians or Hexacorallia Coral bleaching

Physalia (genus)

Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa Portuguese-man-of war A floating, polymorphic colony

Class Scyphozoa

Phylum Cnidaria Medusoid or Polypoid (Medusa is dominant and releases gametes in this phase) "Scyphomedusae"-Large Cellular Mesoglea Cnidae in epidermis and gastrodermis common "jellyfish" Cubomedusa "sea wasp" aka "box jelly fish"

Anthozoan diversity

Phylum Cnidaria Sea anemones - Corals: - Hermatypic Corals (hard corals) w/ zooxanthellae - Scleractinians or Hexacorallia - Coral bleaching - Ahermatypic Corals (soft corals): - Octocorals or gorgonians -sea pen -sea fan -sea whip -coral reefs

Fire Coral

Phylum Cnidaria class: Hydrozoa

Ptychocyst

Phylum Cnidaria substance used to construct tube for borrowing sea anemones

Hermatypic Corals w/ Zooxanthellae

Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Live symbiotically with corals, sea anemones, giant clams, and other marine animals. provides food for the host via photosynthesis while the host provides suitable growth environments in shallow water locations for adequate sunlight.

Colloblasts

Phylum Ctenophora adhesion for prey

Class Polyplacophora

Phylum Mollusca "Chitons" Shell consists of 8 articulated plates. Poorly-developed head. -Articulated shell

Class Scaphopoda

Phylum Mollusca "Tusk Shells" -Burrowing

Class Gastropoda

Phylum Mollusca -Shell types: Planospiral (spiriling in one plane) vs Helicospiral (most snails) Operculum (shield covering made of chiton) & Shell aperture (opening in the shell) -Shell-less forms: Nudibranch (undergo torsion and then detorsion) & (has no shell, just filled with nematocysts) -Torsion & visceral mass

Shipworm

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia These wormlike clams, using chemical secretions, feed on wood.

Class Gastropoda Shell-less forms

Phylum Mollusca Nudibranch (undergo torsion and then detorsion) & (has no shell, just filled with nematocysts

Class Gastropoda Shell types

Phylum Mollusca Planospiral (spiriling in one plane) vs Helicospiral (most snails)

Neopilina

Phylum Mollusca Class Monoplacophora This species represents a group that links mollusks with the annelids. Has segmented gills, muscles, nephridia and gonads.

Nacreous Layer

Phylum Mollusca shell Horizontal layer of calcium carbonate

freshwater clam

Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia Glochidia larvae

Class Turbellaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes Free - living , small - Mostly marine - Rhabdites-used for defense

Class Trematoda

Phylum Platyhelminthes Parasitic " Flukes " - Syncytium: body wall protection - Suckers - Complex life cycles w / alternating hosts - Primary vs Intermediate hosts "Chinese liver fluke"- Raw fish

Class Calcarea

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

Class Demospongiae-most species

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

Class Hexactinellida: Glass sponges

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

Class Cestoda

Phylum platyhelminthes Parasitic " Tapeworms " - Lack digestive tracts -Scolex & Proglottids - Pork / Beef

Plants Architecture

Plant needs i. collection & conversion of solar energy -> leaves ii. positioning & support of leaves -> stems iii. anchorage & absorption -> rootsi v. transport -> vascular system

Plants Architecture

Plant needs i. collection & conversion of solar energy -> leaves ii. positioning & support of leaves -> stems iii. anchorage & absorption -> roots iv. transport -> vascular system

Meristematic Tissues

Plants version of germ cells

Enterocoely

Portions of the archenteron , which are endodermally derived ,form outpockets that eventually separate from the gut to form mesoderm with cavities lined entirely by mesoderm ( i.e. coelom ) .

Biotic Fixation

Process by which free nitrogen (N2) is extracted from the atmosphere and converted (fixed) into nitrogen compounds which are plant nutrients (fertilizer). In nature, this process is carried out by certain bacteria such as cyanobacteria

Fate of Blastopore

Protostomes vs Deuterostomes

Gastrulation

Pushing in of cells into the blastocoel Third stage of development in animals

Structures responsible for downward growth

Radicle and Hypocotyl Contain statoliths (little rocks) that can sense movement in bottom of cell, triggering the plant to grow towards the center of the earth (down)

Asexual Reproduction

Regeneration Budding (like propagation) Gemmules: packed highly spicule cover of amoebocytes. During unfavorable conditions (rain), activates gemmule to soften up to prevent desiccation and release stem cells. After gemmules have been released, sponge dies.

First organism to conquer land

Reptiles, by producing a self-enclosed egg (aka shell egg). (ex) birds

Guard Cells

Responsible for opening and closing stomata. Works together with stomata to regulate gas exchange. Prevents movement of water ACROSS surface

# 3 species abundancy

Roundworms

Vegetative Asexual Reproductive modes of flowering plants

Runner (stolon), strawberry Rhizome- underground stem (bermuda grass) Corm- modified stem Tuber- modified underground stem. Gives rise to new growth onion; Potato (however some potatoes are roots) Bulb- modified stem

Class Scyphozoa life cycle

Scyphistoma (young polyp) Strobilation (makes layers as they grow up) Ephyra (immature medusa) Planula (immature polyp, looks like multi celled paramecium)

Anthozoan Diversity

Sea anemones: protect hermit crabs; however when no predators present, hermit crabs eat sea anemone Corals: colony of sea anemone -Hermatypic Corals: gives coral its color. Tissues are transparent. - Dinoflagellates w/ Zooxanthellae: assist in removing calcium carbonate. Sensitive to rise in temperatures; can be ejected from coral causing bleaching due to global warming and carbon emissions. -Scleractinians (hard coral) or Hexacorallia (6 tenticles for each polyp) -Coral bleaching Ahermatypic Corals: do not form calcium carbonate houses -Octocorals or Gorgonians: 8 tenticles for each polyp -Sea pen -Sea fan -Sea whip Coral Reefs: colorful fish

Phylum Nemertea reproduction

Sexual and asexual (fragmentation)

Phylum Mollusca Hard parts

Shell. H.A.M. = Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusk

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move. Mostly on lower surfaces, sometimes on upper surfaces. Found on both surfaces. Allows for gas exchange.

Chromatophores

Special pigment-containing structures in cells, which can allow for rapid changes in color/patterns in many cephalopods.

Class Calcarea

Spicules made of calcium carbonate.

Middle layers (mesophyll)

Spicules: hard skeletal elements (provide support). Either composed of silicon dioxide or calcium carbonate Spongin: produces spongy composition, soft, makes up body wall Amoebocytes: give rise to all cells in sponges. Can transform themselves into any other cell in the sponge. All cells can revert back to amoebocytes. Collencytes: neuron-like cells

Asconoid

Sponge body plan Bag shape most simple

Phylum Porifera- General characteristics

Sponges - Sessile - Filter water through canal system - Mostly marine

Phylum Porifera

Sponges Parazoans-poorly defined tissues

Phylum Porifera

Sponges (can be monoecious or dioecious) Sessile- don't move around Filter water through canal system lined by flagellated collar or choanocyte cells Mostly marine Regenerative characteristics Body filled with spores Poorly defined tissues- Parazoan

sea anemone can?

Swim Summersault Crawl

(third) Gastrula with blastopore & Archenteron (gut)

The blastula will invaginate (a tubular structure grows inward) producing the primitive gut. The opening of the gut is the blastopore, which depending on the animal will either be the mouth or anus

Structure & Function of the Coelum

The coelom forms a protective , fluid - filled chamber for the internal organs . It also allows for these organs to move and grow at independent rates from the outer body tissues . In humans , and similar vertebrates , the cavity is partitioned into 3 areas with the coelomic membranes given distinct names : Abdominal with Peritoneum , Thoracic with Pleura & Cardiac with Pericardium . In each of these sub - chambers , the membranes are labeled Visceral if the membrane is directly lining an organ or Parietal if the membrane is lining the chamber wall . Mesenteries are where the two lining types combine

Transpiration Pull aka Cohesion/Adhesion Tension

The main motive force for transporting water up to the top of a plant (sometimes several hundred feet) As water evaporates from the leaf's surface the cohesive-adhesive properties of water pull water molecules from below establishing a water tension and pressure

Blastula with Blastocoel (second)

The morula will undergo a process in which the solid mass, hollows to form this stage. The cavity is called Blastocoel

Phylum Placozoa

The most primitive metazoan parazoan-lack true tissues

Blastopore

The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes

morula stage (first)

The zygote undergoes rapid cleavage divisions producing this stage of a solid mass of cells. radial symmetry

Nudibranch

These animals forgo the shell, but instead use the nematocysts from consumed cnidarians for their own defense.

Helicospiral

These shells are coiled to form a cone shaped, spiraled shell. Most snails.

Planospiral

These shells are coiled to form in a single plane, so that the coils can be seen from the side, but if turned 90 degrees, the coils are not obvious.

Vessel Members

Thick, hollow, wide tube, dead cells with large holes on end. Clearly visible

Tracheids

Thin, hollow, narrow tube, dead cells with perforated, tapered ends. Vestigial structure First kind of tube made Present in early vascular plants and present in angiosperms and gymnosperms (slow flow)

Parasitism: Body wall protection

Those endoparasites that live in either the digestive tract or the blood must produce cell membranes that prevent destruction by the chemicals and cells of the GI tract and immune systems

Parasitism: Digestive tract reduced / lost

Those endoparasites that live in the digestive tract may have reduced or no digestive tract of their own , as they are living in an environment of partially digested foods

Phylum Mollusca Soft parts

Tissue called Mantle (produce shell) , Head/Foot, Visceral Mass (holds organs).

Contain both Protostome and Deuterostome characteristics

Transitional Species Shells

Vein (Vascular bundle)

Transports materials throughout the leaf and contains the xylem and phloem. Separating the VB = damage.

Bilateral Symmetry

Triploblastic Can be divided down a central line but cannot be cut anywhere Cephalization: concentration of sensory structures in the head (ex) orchids, humans

Phylum Mollusca Reproduction

Trochophore larva larva has to undergo metamorphosis transitions into veliger larva

Phylum Mollusca reproduction

Trochophore larva, transitions Veliger larva.

Cnidarians have two tissue layers?

True Epidermis Gastrodermis

Cnidarians have three body layers?

True Epidermis Mesoglea Gastrodermis

Phylum Platyhelminthes Classes

Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

Siphon

Used to propel the animal quickly through the water column.

Phylum Mollusca Coelom

Very tiny Coelom Execratory system: Kidney=metanephridia=coelomoduct= gonoduct Circulatory system: Open-most mollusks vs closed-humans

Apoplastic vs. Symplastic pathway

Water enters through root epidermis and passes in the spaces "between" cortex cells apoplastically until reaching the endodermis. Casparian strips prevent water from passing between endodermal cells. Thus, water is forced through the cell membranes symplastically where it is filtered before reaching the vascular tissues within the stele = osmosis

Cuticle

Waxy waterproof covering of a plant. Produced by the epidermis and has wax to resist desiccation.

Girdling Plants

Weed-Whakers Cutting a HORIZONTAL band around the circumference of the plant, can be deadly because the vascular cambium, in which nutrients and water travel vertically, can be damaged.

Cortex

Yellow layer inside epidermis Separated by a ring of vascular bundles.

Kingdom Animalia-Multicellularity Advantages

a. Large size b. Mobility c. Stable internal environment (homeostasis) d. Relative independence from environment

Kingdom Animalia-Major Animal Features

a. Symmetry i. Radial-no head but have sensory structures ii. Bilateral b. Embryology i. Cleavage patterns Radial-positioned on top of each other vs Spiral-twisted positioning ii. Cell fate - Indeterminate vs - Determinate

Body Cavity Types

acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

Nematode Parasitism

affects most groups found in skin/eyes/muscle

Archenteron (Gut)

aka Primitive GI Track most animals have 2

invertabrate

an animal that does not have a backbone and comprises 95% of all animals

Acoelomate

an animal that lacks a coelom, or body cavity

#1 species abundance and diversity

arthropods

Almost all animals are

arthropods -> insects -> beetles Most abundant and diverse

Byproduct of gastrulation

blastopore

Largest animal that ever existed on this plant

blue whale weight (mass) that makes them big

Coelom

body cavity lined entirely by mesoderm

Pseudocoelom

body cavity lined partially by mesoderm

coelom

body cavity lined with mesoderm

Phylum Porifera (sponges)- body plans

body plans - Asconoid-body bag -Syconoid-body wall forms - Leuconoid-most complicated

Class Trematoda Syncytium

body wall protection

What can spicules be made of?

calcium carbonate or silica dioxide

Collenchyma

celery fibers for support

Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia

clams, oysters, mussels, scallops Shell: Umbo Hinge ligament-creates constant pressure for shell to open uses adductor muscles to pull the two pieces back together Protractor muscles to extend foot Retractor muscles to Siphon (tubes for bringing/taking out water/food): incurrent excurrent Digestive system scallops have eyespots Clams shipworm-live in wood freshwater clam-Glochidia larvae

Which 4 cell types is most active metabolically when fully functional?

companion cells

Cephalization

concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the head

# 2 species diversity macroscopically

coral reefs

Lenticels

cracks in the bark to facilitate gas exchange

Enterocoely

derived from outgrowth of archenteron; deuterostome feature

Schizocoely

derived from split in mesoderm; protostome feature

Parthenogenesis

development of egg without fertilization

Largest land animal

elephant

Most abundant skeleton

exoskeleton which tells the shape of the animal Problem: gets in the way of growth

Determinate Cell Fate

fate of cells determined early; separated early cells incapable of developing into entire organism; protostome feature determined @ 4 cell stage

Indeterminate Cell Fate

fate of cells determined relatively late; separated early cells can develop into entire organism; allows for 'twinning' or genetically identical individuals; deuterosome feature (ex) humans

1st organism to be cephalized and have excretory system

flatworms

Positive Gravitropism

grows in the direction of gravity via statolith sensors

Sclerenchyma

hard fibers & nodules responsible for support (ex) rope

Monocots

have no cortex

Sieve Tube Members

hollow, living cells with perforated cells

Secondary Compounds

how plants defend themselves from insects, creating medicine.

Embryology

i. Cleavage patterns: early cell divisions ii. Cell fate

Root Structure

i. Epidermis (permeable) with root hairs ii. Cortex iii. Endodermis with Casparian strips iv. Stele v. Apoplastic vs Symplastic pathways

Phylum Platyhelminthes

i. General characteristics -Dorso-ventrally flattened -Cephalized (1st to be cephalized) Radial -> Bilateral -Triploblastic & Acoelomate -Incomplete digestive system -Protonephridia (Flame cells): excretory system. Flicking of cilia makes them flame cells. (ex) flatworms

Exchange & Transport

i. Plants obtain gases, nutrients, minerals, & water via internal fluids ii. Gas exchange begins with the stomata; roots, lenticils iii. Internal transport = xylem & phloem

Larvae

is a juvenile that undergoes a metamorphosis (ex) butterfly, humans, magnet, caterpillar

Composition of Bark

is produced from phloem, cork cambium, or cork.

Epidermis in Trees

is replaced by bark or cork. Produced by the cork cambium (tissues that produce other tissues). Cork (dead) = phloem (alive) Cork cambium produces cork. Trees grow wider cause xylem will get clogged

What happens to the xylem?

it gets clogged

What happens to initial phloem?

it gets crushed

Sea lice

larvae stage of jellyfish (planula)

Most fishes are

laterally compressed

2 aspects of Photosynthesis

light dependent reactions light independent reactions

Class Sclerospongiae

limited species

Companion Cells

living cells that help keep sieve tube member cells alive. Production of sugars in Kelvin Cycle require transportation done by companion cells into phloem

Blastocoel is replaced by

mesoderm and coelm

name of middle body layer of sponge?

mesohyl

bilateral symmetry

mirror image left and right sides. Associated with centralization of sensory nervous of sensory structures producing a head (cephalization)

#2 species abundance and diversity

mollusks

Spiral Cleavage

new cells placed at juncture between previous cells; protostome feature

Radial Cleavage

new cells placed directly beside or on top of previous cells; deuterosome feature

Acooelomate

no cavity between body wall and organs "False Coelom"

Sclerids

nodules glued together to form shells of nuts.

Fire corals

not true coral. Can produce calcium carbonate. Take on different shapes. Cause injuries upon touch.

Phylum Mollusca, Class Monoplacophora

one shell very significant because have trochophore larva closely related to Annelids neopilina(genus)-only Mollusca extant that shows segmentation. living fossil-organism that hasn't changed much from the fossil record. Characteristics the same as ancestors. -multiple gills, muscles, nephridia, gonads

Epidermis

outermost cell layer of a plant body cutin: (wax) excreted by epidermis

Class Bivalvia diversity

oysters & peal formation

Rhynchocoel

phylum nemertea chamber that holds the proboscis

Rhynchodeum

phylum nemertea proboscis pore opening of the chamber that holds the proboscis

protonephridia

platyhelminthes Flame cells execratory system first kidney

vertibrate

possess backbone but have only about 50,000 to 60,000 species

Phylum Nemertea feeding structure

proboscis w/ stylet Rhynchodeum Rhynchocoel

Wood

produced by xylem. annual rings Heartwood: clogged xylem, little water transport. Located deeper into trunk, harder wood Sapwood: newer xylem, free flowing water transport. Phloem makes sap.

Eucoelomata

protostomia & Deuterostomia Lophophorate animals-horeshoe feeding structure coelom formation varies Blastopore fate varies Ribosome both Protostome and deuterostome: 1. phylum Bryozoa=Ectoprocta 2. phylum Brachiopoda 3. Phylum Phoronida

Lateral Meristem

responsible for increase in plant DIAMETER (girth)

Apical Meristems

responsible for increase in plant HEIGHT

1st organism to have a closed circulatory system and complete digestive tract

ribbon worms

Phylum Nematoda

roundworms abundant, free living and parasitic forms unsegmented longitudinal muscles & whipping cloaca-common opening for two or more system, one of which releases digestive material (anus)..humans don't have top 3 of species diversity

Phylum Mollusca

second largest group of animals Abundant, aquatic and terrestrial forms Body Plan: Soft parts- Mantle Head/foot Visceral mass-organs located Hard Parts: Shell H.A.M=Hypothetical ancestral mollusk

Helminthologist

someone who studies worms

Largest invertebrate

squid

Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda

squid, octopods squid-open water swimming octopus-lives at bottom in caves shell absent, reduced or spiraled tentacles/arms with suckers Siphon Intelligence eyes well developed closed circulation beak w/ venom chromatophores-change colors other cephalopods: -cuttlefish Chambered Nautilus- -siphuncle

life cycle of Cnidarians-metagenesis

superficially, this might resemble alternation of generations in plants. However, metagenesis does not involve two types of individuals with different ploidy. Instead, cnidarians typically (but not always) alternate between a diploid polyp and diploid medusa. Because medusae are more motile, they usually produce gametes via meiosis. The polyp is more sedentary or sessile, but typically reproduces asexually via mitosis.

Larvae similar in annelids and mollusks suggests

that they have a common ancestor

Phylum Placozoa

the most primitive metazoan (ex) sponges

Counterstaining

top part of fish dark , bottom part light. Giving most fish a silver color. Not found in coral reefs.

Metazoa

transition from an animal-like protists to multicellular (choanoflagellate) Advantages: 1. Large Size 2. Increased Mobility 3. Stable Internal Environment (Homeostasis) 4. Relative independence from environment

# 1 species diversity

tropical rain forests

Propagation

vegetative reproductive. Cut off a piece of plant off and it grows.

Phylum Cortada

vertebrates, fish, amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles

Caspian strips

wax, prevents water from growing in between cells

Mesoglea

when the middle body layer (which is not a tissue) glues the outer and inner layers. So its a middle layer of glue.

phylum Rotifera

wormlike Pseudocoelomata