Art Appreciation - Three-Dimensional Media:Craft

Define the term, utilitarian. How can something be both utilitarian and fine art?

If a piece of art is considered utilitarian, then it has a purpose or use. Although it may have a purpose, it may still be beautiful and the process necessary to create the piece can be respects and admired. If this is the case, a piece can be considered both utilitarian and fine art.

____________ is a process, also known as inlay, in which spaces are cut into wood and filled with wood shapes of a different color

Intarsia

The ___________ was a stage of prehistoric development in which iron was predominantly used to make tools and weapons

Iron Age

A handicraft ___________

Is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function

Which of the following is true of iron?

It can exist in many alloys, usually with a carbon base

Which of the following is not true of silver?

It is a copper alloy, usually mixed tin as the main additive

Metal armor has ______________

Largely influenced the power possessed by nations

Handicraft

Made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function. Handicrafts have a purpose beyond decoration, such as to wear, or to be used as a tool.

How has metal been used by civilizations to gain power?

Metal has always been the primary material used by civilizations to make weapons. The amount of metal possessed by a nation can greatly influence how a nation is viewed, feared, and respected by surrounding nations. Metal can be used to create strong weaponry for war, or can serve as a form wealth

Define metal. Identify the four primary types of metal

Metal is an element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity. The four main types of metal are gold, bronze, silver, and iron

Early in history, ____________ was created not only for ornamental purposes, but also as a way of connecting to gods and receiving their protection

Metal jewelry

Explain the difference between milling and welding

Milling is a form of cutting where by a metal is made into to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling leaving a finished part matching a set of specifications. Welding is a fabrication process which joins two pieces of material. This can be done by either melting the pieces together, or by using pressure in conjunction with heat, or by itself

Silica is a chemical compound _________________

Most commonly found in sand or quartz

The Arts and Crafts Movement occurred mainly in _____________

The U.S. and England

The ______(1)_______ were skillful artisans with ceramics. They developed their own form of ceramics known as ______(2)_______ over 10,000 years ago

(1) Chinese; (2) porcelain

_____(1) _____ are made by heating sand silica until it melts into a liquid state. The melted glass can then either be shaped by _____(2) _____ the liquid glass or by pouring the melted glass into a mold. The shape and size of the finished piece depends on the tools and method used by the artist

(1) Glass crafts; (2) blowing

The Arts and Crafts Movement was largely fueled by the _____(1)_____, in which everything was mass produced. More and more artists wanted to return to _____(2)_____ objects that were unique

(1) Industrial Revolution; (2) hand-crafted

A ______(1)______ is used to spin the clay while the ceramicist shapes it into a form, where as a ______(2)______ is used to fire, or heat the clay

(1) Potters wheel; (2) kiln

Weaving _____________

1. Is a textile art where two sets of yarn are interlaced with each other to form a fabric or cloth. 2. Uses yarn which is drawn under and over parallel warp yarns to form fabric. 3. Involves lengthwise yarns through which the weft is woven.

Explain the processes used in forming metals. Name one occupation in history that has used forming in metalworking

A collection of processes in which metal is arranged into a desired shape. Most commonly with forming metal, the metal is heated until it reaches liquid form, and is shaped. It will then harden and remain in the shape created. Forming can also include casting, which involving shaping the metal using a hammer or some other form of pressure. Forming has been most commonly used by blacksmiths for centuries

What is a handicraft? Examine the image above. Is it an example of functional piece art or fine art? Explain your answer.

A handicraft is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function. It is an example of a functional piece of art. Although it is beautifully made and artistic, it served a purpose for the ancient Greeks. It could have carried water, grain, or another substance.

Explain the difference between a piece of art and a craft.

A piece of art is a creative, visual expression of an idea in some form. A craft is the physical effort and skill used in the creative process.

What is a meander pattern? Which two civilizations mainly used this technique?

A piece of ceramics that has a meander pattern, has an outside rim designed with geometric patterns consisting of horizontal and vertical lines. This technique/style was mainly used by the Romans and the Chinese.

What equipment is necessary for creating ceramic? Describe each piece and how it is used.

A potter first of all need clay to begin making any creating. A potters wheel is then used in a process known as "throwing" a pot, in which a spinning wheel spins clay at different speeds to create a desired shape for a piece of pottery. A kiln is a type of oven used to fire or heat the clay.

What is "slip"? What was it primarily used for by the Greeks?

A slip is the clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. This paint was used to decorate the ceramics.

A precious metal is ______________

An highly valuable element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity

Compare and contrast bronze and iron

Answers may vary, but should be similar to the following: Bronze includes a wide range of copper alloy metals, usually with tin as the main additive. Bronze is a durable metal and is widely used for casting, or pouring melted metal into a mold. Iron is a lustrous, silver, soft metal, taken mostly from iron ore hematite. Like bronze, iron can exist in many alloys. Iron alloys however are usually carbon based rather than copper based

Describe the physical qualities and importance of gold

Answers may vary, but should be similar to the following: Gold is a highly sought after dense, malleable, shiny, and soft precious metal that has been used as a form of currency for many centuries. It is the most valuable precious metal. It is aesthetically and intrinsically pleasing and has religious or symbolic meaning in many cultures

Define metalworking. Provide a brief history of metalworking

Answers may vary, but should be similar to the following: Metalworking is the craft of using metal to create different parts, or assemble them together, or larger structures. Metalworking began in the Stone Age. The ancient people knew of seven metals, which were used to fashion tools for hunting, protection, and survival. Metalworking reached new heights during the Bronze Age, which began around 2700 BCE. Later came the Iron Age in the 12th century BC

Determine what each is an example of, and any other information you can recall from the lesson or from your own knowledge of art and ceramics.

Answers may vary, but should be similar to the following: Picture 1: It is an example of red figure painting. This technique was mainly used by the Greeks. Picture 2: It is an example of a porcelain vassal. It was created by the Chinese, who developed porcelain over 10,000 years ago. Picture 3: It is an example of a pottery wheel. A pottery wheel is used to spin the clay while the ceramicist shapes it into a form.

Describe the physical attributes and historical importance of silver

Answers may vary, but should be similar to the following: Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest conductivity of any element. Silver is very ductile and malleable, slightly harder than gold. It can be flattened through hammering or another type of pressure. It can be used to make ornaments, jewelry, and utensils. It has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals

What factors can influence the properties of glass, which include its ability to transmit, reflect, or absorb light, or to be transparent?

Answers may vary, but should be similar to the following: The properties can be influenced by many factors. The most common are the shape of the object, the lighting where the object is located, the environment (colors, shapes, density of other objects, etc.), and the viewing angle of the observer.

What are three examples of fibers?

Answers may vary, but should include at least 3 examples: Fibers can come from plants, such as reeds or cotton, from animals, such as wool from sheep, or can be made, which create what's called synthetic fibers, such as nylon.

Both of the above pieces are examples of art. Compare and contrast these works of art.

Answers will vary, but may include the following: The piece on the left is a tapestry. It was created using fibers of some type, and displays both artistic skill and creativity. The piece on the right is an example of glass art. It also shows skill and creativity. Both are therefore examples of art. They could also both serve as functional pieces. The tapestry (left) could be used as a blanket or covering for a wall or floor, and the glass vase (right) could hold water or a flowers perhaps.

What was the main goals and characteristics of the arts and crafts movement in architecture?

Architecture sought a spiritual connection with the surrounding environment, both natural and man-made. Architecture was unique, but did have common attributes. These attributes included warms colored woods, many windows so that light would come pouring in, rustic furnishings, and unfinished qualities.

__________ is a creative expression of an idea in some form

Art

This is an example of which technique using fiber?

Basketry

Define and detail the following: - black figure painting - red figure painting

Black figure painting: The original technique, used by the Greeks for creating forms/silhouettes using black paint on terracotta clay. Before firing, they would paint on a black slip (profiles only), and then fire it several times. Red figure painting: This method replaced black figure painting. It was considered superior because more detail could be added. Red figure painting is the reverse of the black figure technique. The paintings were applied to the shaped but unfired vessels after they had dried to a leathery, near-brittle texture.

_____________ is a durable metal and is widely used for casting, which is a process by which melted metal is poured into a mold

Bronze

Earthenware is a(n) _________________

Common material used for pottery and decorative objects. It has to be fired and glazed because it is so brittle and porous in its natural form.

Art

Creative expression of an idea in some form. Art can manifest itself in many ways; from poetry, to paintings, or even performance art.

Create a brief timeline for the history of ceramics. Include dates, civilizations, and types in your answer.

Earliest known ceramics: Ancient Greeks made pots for functional use. The Greeks would paint them with elaborate decorations during the 6th and 5th century BC. Circa 2500 BC: Bronze Age bowls and other ceramics 1000 BC (3000 years ago): Chinese ceramics 700-800 AD: Mayan vases and other ceramics

Name and describe the different types of ceramics.

Earthenware: This type of ceramic is very porous and brittle, so it has to be fired and glazed. Because it is porous however, it is also able to soak up bright colors and produce bold ceramic pieces. Stoneware: This type of ceramic is waterproof, smooth, and has a higher firing temperature than earthenware when out in a kiln. Porcelain: This type of ceramic is one of the most durable types, and is commonly used for purposes such as dinnerware, bathroom toilets and sinks, and dentistry (fillings for cavities). It also has a high firing temperature, is translucent, and no-conductive after firing.

Which type of art was considered "women's work" rather than a craft until recent history?

Embroidery

Why were weaving and embroidery not accepted forms of art until recently?

Embroidery and weaving were both regarded as women's work, rather than a form of art. Only after factories were established during the Industrial Revolution and textiles were mass produced, did embroidery and weaving become globally accepted as forms of art.

Explain the difference between weaving and embroidery.

Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn. Weaving is the process of making cloth through interlacing the threads on a loom.

A craft ______________

Emphasizes the physical effort and skill in the creative process

Craft

Emphasizes the physical effort and skill in the creative process.

Define the term, fiber. Name the four techniques of art that use fiber.

Fiber is a flexible material that are continuous filaments or elongated pieces, similar to threads. The four techniques that use fiber are weaving, sewing, basketry, and handmade paper.

Ceramics were first created _______________

For functional uses such as, holding water or to carry grains

____________ was a well-known architect of the Arts and Crafts Movement

Frank Lloyd Wright

Provide an example of a famous architect who participated in the Arts and Crafts Movement and his goals.

Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most famous architectures of the Arts and Crafts Movement. He wanted to create buildings (mainly houses) that were unique in every way, and that also fit with the local character and environment.

What is glass art?

Glass art is a form of art which uses glass in a creative way. It is also a form of art that relies heavily on light to enhance its appeal and beauty.

All of the following are types of artistic techniques that use fibers, except which?

Glass blowing

Define the following terms: - glazed - amphora - terracotta

Glazed: A thin, shiny glass-like coating used to color pottery. Amphora: A two handled storage jar with a long neck, narrower than its body. Terracotta: A hard red brown earthenware used for pottery and building construction.

___________ is not only the most valuable precious metal, but it is also both aesthetically and intrinsically pleasing, and retains religious or symbolic meaning in many cultures

Gold

The _____________ were among the first to use ceramics, and paint them with elaborate decorations during the 6th and 5th century BC

Greeks

This is an example of a _____________ because it not only shows skills and beauty, but was also created to hold or transport something

Piece of functional art

Which type of clay has a high firing temperature, is translucent, and is commonly used to make dinnerware and in dentistry?

Porcelain

Weaving

Process of making cloth through interlacing the threads on a loom. The three basic weaving techniques include the plain , the satin, and the twill weave.

This image is an example which technique in ceramics?

Red figure painting

Prisms made of glass will ________ light and create colored rainbows on a wall, as is shown in the image above

Refract

Embroidery is an example of which type of fiber craft?

Sewing

Name and define the main component of many commonly used types of glass.

Silica is the main component usually found in glass. Silica is a chemical compound most commonly found in sand or quartz.

___________ is clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. It was used primarily by the Greeks to decorate and "glue" pieces together

Slip

Explain the circumstances that led to the Arts and Crafts Movement.

The Arts and Crafts Movement was largely fueled by the industrial revolution, in which everything was mass produced. More and more artists wanted to return to hand-made objects that were unique.

In glass art, what are the four main properties it can have? Explain each.

The four main properties/abilities of glass are: transparent, reflective, transmit, and absorb. Transparent: A property of glass which permits light to pass through. Reflective: A property of glass which casts light back. Transmit: Allowing some light filters through. Absorb: Taking in light.

What is the image above an example of? What might have been its purpose(s)? How has this type of metalworking changed in both style and meaning, and how does it still serve the same purpose(s)?

The image above is an example of an ancient piece of jewelry. Jewelry was not only for aesthetic purposes in ancient times, but also for spiritual reasons. In ancient times, many people believed that wearing jewelry allowed a person to be spiritually connected to the gods. Today jewelry can still be a form of spiritual connection (Ex: Christian cross, Star of David, etc.), but most people see them as a reminder rather than a way of connecting or a from of protection. Jewelry for the most part is now ornamental

What does the picture above show? What purpose(s) do they have? How does wood grain relate to these pieces of cultural art?

The picture above shows Native totem poles. Totem poles are intricate wood pieces with carvings of animals and shapes important within a culture. The wood grain in totem poles helps to mimic the texture of fur of the animals that are carved.

What is the above picture an example of? Define this form of glass art and its purpose(s).

The picture is an example of a stained glass window. Stained glass is glass that has been colored using metallic salts. Stained glass has been used throughout history for both aesthetic and functional purposes, including bringing in light and displaying biblical stories and images in churches.

Name this statue. What type(s) of metal and metalworking were used to create this statue?

The statue is the Statue of Liberty. This statue is made of a sheeting of pure copper with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf

Name and differentiate between the components types of weaving.

The two components of weaving are warp and weft. The warp is the lengthwise yarns through which the weft is woven. The weft is the yarn which is drawn under and over parallel warp yarns to form fabric.

What is the picture above an example of? How was this piece, and others similar, made

This picture shows a glass craft. It was made by heating sand silica until it melts into a liquid state. The melted glass can then either be shaped by blowing the liquid (glass blowing) or by pouring the melted glass into a mold. The shape and size of the finished piece depends on the tools and method used by the artist.

What type of craft was use to create the piece shown above? Examine the piece shown and describe what you see and feel. What was the artist's intention when he made this piece?

This piece was created by a glass-craftsman and is an example of glass art. The piece is skillfully done, and eye catching because you can't help but look at it and wonder how the artist managed to create the final product. The piece is packed with emotional meaning largely because you can see and imagine the detail, skill, and passion the artist would have had to possess to create the piece. The artist intended to emphasize the process to the viewer more than the final piece.

The artist's purpose for this piece of glass art was _____________

To show the process and skill, along with the meaning of the artwork

Stained glass can be useful for ____________________

Transmitting light and displaying colorful images

If a piece of glass permits light to pass through, then it is considered __________

Transparent

Utilitarian

Utilitarian art is most concerned with the function of the object, functional art

The __________ is the lengthwise yarns which are arranged in right angles next to each other

Warp

The process of making cloth through interlacing the threads on a loom is called ___________

Weaving

The fabrication method that joins together materials, usually metal, is known as _________

Welding

Where did the arts and crafts movement take place? In what areas of art was the arts and crafts movement found? What principle did the movement emphasize?

Where did the arts and crafts movement take place? In what areas of art was the arts and crafts movement found? What principle did the movement emphasize?

By using different types of ___________, artists can enhance the aesthetic appearance and design of a design, whether it be carved, cut-out, or fashioned

Wood grain

When does the use of wood, for functional and artistic use, date back to? How can wood be used by artists?

Wood is another medium dating back to ancient times. It can be carved, cut out, or fashioned into objects such as furniture, crosses, or dishware.