Developmental Psych 3341 Michalski- Exam #1
ZEF/GEF
Z-zygote/germinal-G-0 to 2 weeks E-embryo-E-3 to 8 weeks F-fetus-F-3m to birth
andropause
a collection of symptoms, including fatigue and a decrease in libido, experienced by some middle-aged men and attributed to a gradual decline in testosterone levels.
Turner's syndrome
a female is born with a single X chromosome rather than two. ex. small, stubby, underdeveloped
Huntington's
a genetic disease caused by single, dominant gene that strikes in the middle age ti produce a deterioration f physical and mental abilities and premature death
PKU
a genetic disease in which a child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine and as it accumulates in the body it is covered into a harmful acid that attacks the nervous system
blastula/ blastocyte
a hollow ball of about 150 to 200 cells that develops in the fallopian tubes
Klinefelter's syndrome
a male is born with one or more extra X chromosomes. ex. long limbs, but end up developing feminine characteristics
kangaroo care
a method of caring for premature babies in which the infants are held skin-to-skin with a parent, usually the mother, for as many hours as possible every day
amniocentesis
a needle is inserted to the abdomen and amniotic fluid is withdrawn
morula
a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed.
karyotype
a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells.
placenta
a tissue fed by blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord
histone acetylation
acetyl groups attached to the histones can affect the accessibility of DNA
DNA methylation
addition of a methyl group (CH3) directly to a DNA's cytosine base
maternal miscarriage risk
adolescents and 35+ years
teratogens
agents(chemical/viral)that reach the fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
genotype
all of a person's actual genetic material
umbilical cord
area where the embryo can receive oxygen ad nutrients from the mother and eliminates co2 and metabolic wastes into the mother blood stream
germinal period
day 1: fertilization occurs w/in 24 hours of ovulation 2: single-celled zygote begins to divide 24-36 hours after ovulation 3-4:the mass has 16 cells and is called a morula. travels down tubes to uterus 5: a blastocyst forms 6-7: blastocyst attaches to wall of uterus 8-14: blastocyst becomes fully embedded in the uterus and has 250 cells Zygote during this period
hemophilia
deficiency int he body ability to clot
single gene
differences in a single gene
early childhood
end of infancy to age 5 or 6
epigenetics
ex. involves changes in structures associated with chromosomes but there is no change in the DNA sequence
menarche
first occurance of mensturation
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
inserting a catheter through the mothers vagina and cervix into the membrane that surrounds the fetus
PGD (preimplantation genetic diagnosis)
inserting a catheter through the mothers vagina and cervix into the membrane that surrounds the fetus
Cognitive development
involves gains, declines, and changes in reasoning, thinking, language, etc.
semenarche
is the beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty.
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
is the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old. SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often die in their cribs.
nicotine
low birth weight and high risk
cocaine
low birth weight and slight cognitive defects
thalidomide
missing or flipper limbs. given to help with nausea and morning sickness
syphilis
most damaging in the middle to late stages. blindness, deafness, brain damage and heat prob.
frontal lobe
motor cortex for voluntary control of skeletal muscles. Broca's area (speech) PFC- strategy, learning, attention, motor, smell, and risk
Lifelong
no age period predominates development
phenotype
observable and measurable characteristics of an individual, such as height, hair color, and intelligence.
conception
occurs when the genetic material of the sperm and egg unite to form a single cells zygote. Usually occurs in the fallopian tubes
recessive trait
only expressed if it is in both copies
dominant trait
only one of the 2 copies of a gene needs to code for the characteristic for the trait to be expressed in the phenotype
occipital lobe
vision
what reduces older adults risk of falling?
walking
Gotlieb's epigenetic theory
ways in which environmental influences alter the expression of genes
embryonic period
week 3: forms ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm week4: heart, lungs, and eyes form week5: ears, mouth and throat take shape. brain and heart differentiate into regions week6-7: embryo is 1 inch. heart has all 4 chambers and fingers are developed week8: most structures and organs are present. ovaries and testes are present
fetal period
week9:bone tissue emerges and fetus is formed weeks10-12:fingers, external gentitalia, and breathing weeks13-16:skeleton is becoming harder weeks17-22:fingernails, hair, teeth buds and eyelashes grow weeks23-25:12in long and 1lb. age of viability weeks26-32: fetus gains weight and brain grows weeks33-38: full-term pregnancy and more growth
anoxia
without oxygen
survival reflexes
• Have a clear adaptive value • Permanent: breathing, eye blinking, pupillary • Early: rooting, sucking, and swallowing
motor milestones
• Lifts head while lying on stomach: 2-3 months • Rolls over: 3-4 months • Sits with and without support: 6-8 months without • Crawling- 6-10 months • Walks holding on: 9-12 months • Walks well alone: 12-14 months • Walks up steps: 17-22 months • Kicks ball: 20-24 months • Pincer grasp: 9 months • Use household tools: 9 years
primitive reflexes
• No clear adaptive value. Evolutionary remnants • Babinski- toes fold out when the bottom of the foot is stroked • Grasping- grasps whatever touches their palm tightly. • Moro (startle) • Swimming and stepping • Extensor/flexor
telomere
"cap" at the end of a chromosome
pruning
"use it or lose it"
socioeconomic status
Classification of a person's position in society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
US poverty rate compared to other countries
Much greater than other industrialized countries.
Current athletes perform better than their predecessors? Do they reach their physical peak any sooner
No. It's virtually the same.
HIV/AIDS
can only be transmitted through the placenta, during birth, blood, or breast feeding. causes a weakened immune system
learning
caused by environmental influence nurture
Maturation
caused by genes nature
mitosis
cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself, two new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.
proximodistal principle
center/trunk to extremities/toes
what are the percentages for genetic relatedness? child to parent, sibling, grandparent, identical and fraternal twins
child to parent: 50% sibling: 50% grandchild: 25% identical: 100% fraternal: 50%
conceptions of age
chronological age physiological age social age
What does a gene code for
codes for a protein
Gene
codes for a protein. Composed of DNA
DNA
complex molecule with a double helix shape that contains genetic information.
prenatal period
conception to birth
psychosocial/socioemotional development
concerns changes in feelings or emotions. also, gender, social cognition, moral, attachment, and family
poly-genetic
controlled or effected by more than one gene
active correlation
creating or seeking out things (choosing a major)
sickle cell anemia
red blood cells take on a single shape and become entangled and distribute less oxygen to the circulatory system than round blood cells do.
behavioral genetics
scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people or animals are responsible for differences in their physical and psychological traits
corpus callosum
separates the hemispheres of the brain
culture and motor development
some cultures stimulate motor development more
multidirectional
some dimensions expand or shrink throughout life.
meiosis
specialized form of cell division that occurs to form an egg and sperm (gamete)
fertilization
stage in reproduction when a egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote.
free radical theory
states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time
Radiation
stops neuron migration
multidisciplinary
studied across multiple disciplines. Ex: psychology, sociology, neuroscience, etc.
cellular clock theory
suggests that cells can divide a maximum number of about 100 times and that, as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing.
parietal lobe
tactile sensory: touch, joint position, pain, spacial ability, body image, contralateral neglect
folic acid
taking folic acid helps prevent anencephaly and spina bifida
Culture
the behavior, patterns, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
plasticity
the capacity for change
endoderm
the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development
amnion
the innermost membrane that encloses the embryo of a mammal, bird, or reptile
Stability vs change
the lifespan perspective emphasizes developmental change.
mesoderm
the middle layer of an embryo in early development
critical period
the optimal period for development of specific physical or cognitive capabilities that can either be positive or negative
Development
the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
dynamic systems approach
theory proposed by Ester Thelen that seeks to explain how infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting.
hormone stress theory
theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.
chromosome
threadlike structures made up of DNA
medications
through IV rather than an epidural
incomplete dominance
trait is only expressed sometimes
Myrtle McGraw
twin study on development of motor skills with increased vs. decreased motor stimulation.
ultrasound
use of sound waves to scan the womb and create a visual image of the fetus
growth rate in the 1st year
1 oz a day, 1 in a month
Darwin's 3 main arguments
1. there is generic variation in species 2. some genes aid in adaptation more than others do 3. genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed to future generations more frequently than genes that do not
adolescence
10-12 years through 18-21 years
emerging adulthood
18-25 years
growth rate from 2-puberty
2-3 inches and 5-6 lbs per year
average weight/length at birth
20 inches long, 7-7.5 lbs
adult sleep
20% REM
early adulthood
20s-30s
How many pairs of chromosomes? Total?
23 pairs, 46 total
age of viability
23 weeks
6 month old's sleep
25-30% REM
average weight at age 2
27-30 lbs
Growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
3 goals of human development
paternal miscarriage risk
40+ years
middle adulthood
40-60 years
Newborns sleep
50% REM, sleep 70% of the day
middle and late childhood
6-11 years
When does implantation typically occur?
6-7 days
late adulthood
60s or 70s until death
when do children prefer a pencil to a crayon?
7 years
Average Life Expectancy
78 years
current life expectancy in the US
78 years
ethnicity
A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language.
frontal lobe in REM
Activation-Synthesis model of dreaming • Frontal lobes strive to make sense of random internal sensations= dreams • Activation-Synthesis model of dreaming
who determines the sex of the baby?
Father, sperm cells
Alcohol and FAS
Fetal alcohol syndrome (Fetal alcohol spectrum)
Process of sex determination
Genes on Y Chromosome cause undifferentiated tissue to develop into testicular tissue. -(7th week) 'Testes' secrete testosterone prenatally, causing male reproductive organs to form & inhibits female reproductive organs. Epididymis, vas deferens, Cowper's gland, prostate gland, seminal vesicles (all internal organs) -(7, 8, 9 month) A second surge of testosterone is converted by 5 alpha reductase into dihydrotestosterone which causes penis & scrotum to develop prenatally & testicles to descend (external sex organs) -Sex hormones alter brain structure: in males hypothalamus goes from cyclic to noncyclic Puberty: Surge of hormones promote secondary sex characteristics & sexual feelings
HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the embryo after implantation. The presence of hCG is detected in some pregnancy tests
stages of sleep
Light sleep • irregular EEG waves, wake easily, HR and Breating slows. Hypnagogic sensations 2) Sleep spindles 3) Transition 4) Deep Sleep 5) REM Sleep
PGO spikes
PGO Spikes - PGO: Pontine - Geniculate - Occipital Originate in brainstem area (pons) Activates visual cortex & motor cortex Inhibits motor neurons in spinal cord Stimulates rapid eye movements Causes theta rhythm in hippocampus Theta waves function as signal enhancer
when does memory consolidation occur
REM
cerebellum
The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
gender
The characteristics of people as male or female.
functional age
The combination of the different conceptions of age.
Life-span
The maximum years a person can live
Life expectancy
The number of years the average person will live
Allele
Various forms of the particular gene (may be several) Different phenotypes coded for by the gene
Lifespan perspective
View of development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual. Involving growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. Constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.
wear and tear theory
Wear and tear theories of biological aging propose that aging in humans and other animals is simply the result of universal deteriorative processes that operate in any organized system. ... They all suffer from corrosion and mechanical wear.
multidimensional
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.
Infancy
birth to 18-24 months
brain weight
birth- 25% 2 years- 75% 5 years- 90%
muscular dystrophy
body attacks itself and causes muscle weakness
co-dominance
both genes are expressed all of the time
sex-linked
found on the X or Y chromosomes
dizygotic twins
fraternal
passive correlation
general home environment
orthogenic princliple
general/global to specific
evocative correlation
generate responses from others (crying baby generate people to not play with them while happy babies are played with often)
crossing over
genes switch spots on the same chromosome, but onto the other side so it creates genetic variety when it divides.
What did the Human Genome Project map?
genetic variations linked to possible disorders
rubella
german measles. most dangerous during 1st three months. defects of nervous system, eyes and heart
whose adolescent growth spurt is 1st?
girls
APGAR test
given at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. checks for HR, respiratory, muscle flex, color and reflex. max score is a 10.
parturition vs. postpartum
giving birth vs. after giving birth.
What leads to resilient children?
good intellectual functioning appealing, easygoing, sociable high self esteem and self confidence talents faith positive parenting bonds to caring adults outside the family connections to positive organizations attending affective schools
carrier
has only one copy of the gene allele for a recessive trait -does not express a trait but can pass it onto offspring
ectoderm
he outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development
cephaocaudal principle
head to tail ex. lifts head before walking
temporal lobe
hearing, speech comprehension, memory, fear, and organization
Monozygotic twins
identical
chromosomal abnormalities
in which a child receives too many or too few chromosomes
Physical development
includes changes in the body, motor development, and the effects of aging
Down's syndrome
pair 21 does not separate properly
mutation
permanently altered segment of DNA
What are the three domains of development?
physical, cognitive, psychosocial/socioemotional
prenatal vs. perinatal
prenatal is before birth while perinatal is during and immediately after birth
organogenesis
production of organs in an animal or plant
mitochondrial theory
proposes that accumulation of damage to mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leads to aging of humans and animals.
3 general functions of reflexes
• Positive: automated responses, neonatal survival, adult automation • Diagnostic: appears on time, disappears on time. Should disappear, but overridden or integrated into voluntary motor pattern. I still present, may developmental delays, abnormalities, or head injuries. • Negative: may interfere with motor function if still present. (Ex: extensor thrust reflex. Pushing down with feet, uncontrolled extension of leg, extends trunk)
neuron development
• Proliferation: make new neurons. 6-17 weeks • Migration: area of the brain and layer (1-6). Weeks 8-15 • Aggregation/organization: those with like function group together • Synaptogenesis: forming functional connections. Increases rapidly after birth. Young children may have more synapses after birth. • Differentiation: specialize structure and functionally. o Which neurotransmitter will it produce? What type of glial cells?
basic reflex arc
• S: sensory • A: afferent- incoming sensory • M: motor • E: efferent- outgoing motor • Afferent<->interneuron<-> efferent • Signal coming from the brain. • Stimulus trigger and motor response
specializations of each hemisphere
• left: L's o sequential, step-by-step processing o laughter (happy side of the brain) o logic, thinking- reasons o language- speech o lists o controls right hand o processes images from the right visual field • right: o simultaneous processing o emotional o faces o mute o pictures/spatial o controls the left hand o processes images from the left visual field
nevrvous system development
• neural plate: initial step. Will fold to become the neural tube. Ectodermal cells differentiate into neural plate. • neural tube: neural plate folds to create this tube. The tube folds as it grows to create the brain. Forms the CNS • neural crest cells: forms to create the PNS • CNS- forms from the neural tube • PNS: formed from neural crest cells.
sticky mitten experiment
•Children manipulated objects earlier than the control group. Infants that were taught to use them showed improvements in reaching behavior after just two weeks.
Rosenzweig and Greenough's exeriments
•Enriching a rat's environment had a positive affect on its residual brain size
anencaphaly
•Failure of anterior tube closure. Fatal
spina bifida
•Failure of posterior tube closer
changes in reaching and grasping
•Initially the palmar grasp (grasp with whole hand), then the pincer grasp near the end of the first year (grasp with the thumb and the forefinger).
lateralization
•specialization of each hemisphere create symmetry