Developmental Psych 3341 Michalski- Exam #1

ZEF/GEF

Z-zygote/germinal-G-0 to 2 weeks E-embryo-E-3 to 8 weeks F-fetus-F-3m to birth

andropause

a collection of symptoms, including fatigue and a decrease in libido, experienced by some middle-aged men and attributed to a gradual decline in testosterone levels.

Turner's syndrome

a female is born with a single X chromosome rather than two. ex. small, stubby, underdeveloped

Huntington's

a genetic disease caused by single, dominant gene that strikes in the middle age ti produce a deterioration f physical and mental abilities and premature death

PKU

a genetic disease in which a child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine and as it accumulates in the body it is covered into a harmful acid that attacks the nervous system

blastula/ blastocyte

a hollow ball of about 150 to 200 cells that develops in the fallopian tubes

Klinefelter's syndrome

a male is born with one or more extra X chromosomes. ex. long limbs, but end up developing feminine characteristics

kangaroo care

a method of caring for premature babies in which the infants are held skin-to-skin with a parent, usually the mother, for as many hours as possible every day

amniocentesis

a needle is inserted to the abdomen and amniotic fluid is withdrawn

morula

a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed.

karyotype

a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells.

placenta

a tissue fed by blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord

histone acetylation

acetyl groups attached to the histones can affect the accessibility of DNA

DNA methylation

addition of a methyl group (CH3) directly to a DNA's cytosine base

maternal miscarriage risk

adolescents and 35+ years

teratogens

agents(chemical/viral)that reach the fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

genotype

all of a person's actual genetic material

umbilical cord

area where the embryo can receive oxygen ad nutrients from the mother and eliminates co2 and metabolic wastes into the mother blood stream

germinal period

day 1: fertilization occurs w/in 24 hours of ovulation 2: single-celled zygote begins to divide 24-36 hours after ovulation 3-4:the mass has 16 cells and is called a morula. travels down tubes to uterus 5: a blastocyst forms 6-7: blastocyst attaches to wall of uterus 8-14: blastocyst becomes fully embedded in the uterus and has 250 cells Zygote during this period

hemophilia

deficiency int he body ability to clot

single gene

differences in a single gene

early childhood

end of infancy to age 5 or 6

epigenetics

ex. involves changes in structures associated with chromosomes but there is no change in the DNA sequence

menarche

first occurance of mensturation

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

inserting a catheter through the mothers vagina and cervix into the membrane that surrounds the fetus

PGD (preimplantation genetic diagnosis)

inserting a catheter through the mothers vagina and cervix into the membrane that surrounds the fetus

Cognitive development

involves gains, declines, and changes in reasoning, thinking, language, etc.

semenarche

is the beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty.

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

is the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old. SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often die in their cribs.

nicotine

low birth weight and high risk

cocaine

low birth weight and slight cognitive defects

thalidomide

missing or flipper limbs. given to help with nausea and morning sickness

syphilis

most damaging in the middle to late stages. blindness, deafness, brain damage and heat prob.

frontal lobe

motor cortex for voluntary control of skeletal muscles. Broca's area (speech) PFC- strategy, learning, attention, motor, smell, and risk

Lifelong

no age period predominates development

phenotype

observable and measurable characteristics of an individual, such as height, hair color, and intelligence.

conception

occurs when the genetic material of the sperm and egg unite to form a single cells zygote. Usually occurs in the fallopian tubes

recessive trait

only expressed if it is in both copies

dominant trait

only one of the 2 copies of a gene needs to code for the characteristic for the trait to be expressed in the phenotype

occipital lobe

vision

what reduces older adults risk of falling?

walking

Gotlieb's epigenetic theory

ways in which environmental influences alter the expression of genes

embryonic period

week 3: forms ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm week4: heart, lungs, and eyes form week5: ears, mouth and throat take shape. brain and heart differentiate into regions week6-7: embryo is 1 inch. heart has all 4 chambers and fingers are developed week8: most structures and organs are present. ovaries and testes are present

fetal period

week9:bone tissue emerges and fetus is formed weeks10-12:fingers, external gentitalia, and breathing weeks13-16:skeleton is becoming harder weeks17-22:fingernails, hair, teeth buds and eyelashes grow weeks23-25:12in long and 1lb. age of viability weeks26-32: fetus gains weight and brain grows weeks33-38: full-term pregnancy and more growth

anoxia

without oxygen

survival reflexes

• Have a clear adaptive value • Permanent: breathing, eye blinking, pupillary • Early: rooting, sucking, and swallowing

motor milestones

• Lifts head while lying on stomach: 2-3 months • Rolls over: 3-4 months • Sits with and without support: 6-8 months without • Crawling- 6-10 months • Walks holding on: 9-12 months • Walks well alone: 12-14 months • Walks up steps: 17-22 months • Kicks ball: 20-24 months • Pincer grasp: 9 months • Use household tools: 9 years

primitive reflexes

• No clear adaptive value. Evolutionary remnants • Babinski- toes fold out when the bottom of the foot is stroked • Grasping- grasps whatever touches their palm tightly. • Moro (startle) • Swimming and stepping • Extensor/flexor

telomere

"cap" at the end of a chromosome

pruning

"use it or lose it"

socioeconomic status

Classification of a person's position in society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

US poverty rate compared to other countries

Much greater than other industrialized countries.

Current athletes perform better than their predecessors? Do they reach their physical peak any sooner

No. It's virtually the same.

HIV/AIDS

can only be transmitted through the placenta, during birth, blood, or breast feeding. causes a weakened immune system

learning

caused by environmental influence nurture

Maturation

caused by genes nature

mitosis

cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself, two new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

proximodistal principle

center/trunk to extremities/toes

what are the percentages for genetic relatedness? child to parent, sibling, grandparent, identical and fraternal twins

child to parent: 50% sibling: 50% grandchild: 25% identical: 100% fraternal: 50%

conceptions of age

chronological age physiological age social age

What does a gene code for

codes for a protein

Gene

codes for a protein. Composed of DNA

DNA

complex molecule with a double helix shape that contains genetic information.

prenatal period

conception to birth

psychosocial/socioemotional development

concerns changes in feelings or emotions. also, gender, social cognition, moral, attachment, and family

poly-genetic

controlled or effected by more than one gene

active correlation

creating or seeking out things (choosing a major)

sickle cell anemia

red blood cells take on a single shape and become entangled and distribute less oxygen to the circulatory system than round blood cells do.

behavioral genetics

scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people or animals are responsible for differences in their physical and psychological traits

corpus callosum

separates the hemispheres of the brain

culture and motor development

some cultures stimulate motor development more

multidirectional

some dimensions expand or shrink throughout life.

meiosis

specialized form of cell division that occurs to form an egg and sperm (gamete)

fertilization

stage in reproduction when a egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote.

free radical theory

states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time

Radiation

stops neuron migration

multidisciplinary

studied across multiple disciplines. Ex: psychology, sociology, neuroscience, etc.

cellular clock theory

suggests that cells can divide a maximum number of about 100 times and that, as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing.

parietal lobe

tactile sensory: touch, joint position, pain, spacial ability, body image, contralateral neglect

folic acid

taking folic acid helps prevent anencephaly and spina bifida

Culture

the behavior, patterns, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

plasticity

the capacity for change

endoderm

the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development

amnion

the innermost membrane that encloses the embryo of a mammal, bird, or reptile

Stability vs change

the lifespan perspective emphasizes developmental change.

mesoderm

the middle layer of an embryo in early development

critical period

the optimal period for development of specific physical or cognitive capabilities that can either be positive or negative

Development

the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

dynamic systems approach

theory proposed by Ester Thelen that seeks to explain how infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting.

hormone stress theory

theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

chromosome

threadlike structures made up of DNA

medications

through IV rather than an epidural

incomplete dominance

trait is only expressed sometimes

Myrtle McGraw

twin study on development of motor skills with increased vs. decreased motor stimulation.

ultrasound

use of sound waves to scan the womb and create a visual image of the fetus

growth rate in the 1st year

1 oz a day, 1 in a month

Darwin's 3 main arguments

1. there is generic variation in species 2. some genes aid in adaptation more than others do 3. genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed to future generations more frequently than genes that do not

adolescence

10-12 years through 18-21 years

emerging adulthood

18-25 years

growth rate from 2-puberty

2-3 inches and 5-6 lbs per year

average weight/length at birth

20 inches long, 7-7.5 lbs

adult sleep

20% REM

early adulthood

20s-30s

How many pairs of chromosomes? Total?

23 pairs, 46 total

age of viability

23 weeks

6 month old's sleep

25-30% REM

average weight at age 2

27-30 lbs

Growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

3 goals of human development

paternal miscarriage risk

40+ years

middle adulthood

40-60 years

Newborns sleep

50% REM, sleep 70% of the day

middle and late childhood

6-11 years

When does implantation typically occur?

6-7 days

late adulthood

60s or 70s until death

when do children prefer a pencil to a crayon?

7 years

Average Life Expectancy

78 years

current life expectancy in the US

78 years

ethnicity

A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language.

frontal lobe in REM

Activation-Synthesis model of dreaming • Frontal lobes strive to make sense of random internal sensations= dreams • Activation-Synthesis model of dreaming

who determines the sex of the baby?

Father, sperm cells

Alcohol and FAS

Fetal alcohol syndrome (Fetal alcohol spectrum)

Process of sex determination

Genes on Y Chromosome cause undifferentiated tissue to develop into testicular tissue. -(7th week) 'Testes' secrete testosterone prenatally, causing male reproductive organs to form & inhibits female reproductive organs. Epididymis, vas deferens, Cowper's gland, prostate gland, seminal vesicles (all internal organs) -(7, 8, 9 month) A second surge of testosterone is converted by 5 alpha reductase into dihydrotestosterone which causes penis & scrotum to develop prenatally & testicles to descend (external sex organs) -Sex hormones alter brain structure: in males hypothalamus goes from cyclic to noncyclic Puberty: Surge of hormones promote secondary sex characteristics & sexual feelings

HCG

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the embryo after implantation. The presence of hCG is detected in some pregnancy tests

stages of sleep

Light sleep • irregular EEG waves, wake easily, HR and Breating slows. Hypnagogic sensations 2) Sleep spindles 3) Transition 4) Deep Sleep 5) REM Sleep

PGO spikes

PGO Spikes - PGO: Pontine - Geniculate - Occipital Originate in brainstem area (pons) Activates visual cortex & motor cortex Inhibits motor neurons in spinal cord Stimulates rapid eye movements Causes theta rhythm in hippocampus Theta waves function as signal enhancer

when does memory consolidation occur

REM

cerebellum

The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

gender

The characteristics of people as male or female.

functional age

The combination of the different conceptions of age.

Life-span

The maximum years a person can live

Life expectancy

The number of years the average person will live

Allele

Various forms of the particular gene (may be several) Different phenotypes coded for by the gene

Lifespan perspective

View of development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual. Involving growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. Constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.

wear and tear theory

Wear and tear theories of biological aging propose that aging in humans and other animals is simply the result of universal deteriorative processes that operate in any organized system. ... They all suffer from corrosion and mechanical wear.

multidimensional

biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.

Infancy

birth to 18-24 months

brain weight

birth- 25% 2 years- 75% 5 years- 90%

muscular dystrophy

body attacks itself and causes muscle weakness

co-dominance

both genes are expressed all of the time

sex-linked

found on the X or Y chromosomes

dizygotic twins

fraternal

passive correlation

general home environment

orthogenic princliple

general/global to specific

evocative correlation

generate responses from others (crying baby generate people to not play with them while happy babies are played with often)

crossing over

genes switch spots on the same chromosome, but onto the other side so it creates genetic variety when it divides.

What did the Human Genome Project map?

genetic variations linked to possible disorders

rubella

german measles. most dangerous during 1st three months. defects of nervous system, eyes and heart

whose adolescent growth spurt is 1st?

girls

APGAR test

given at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. checks for HR, respiratory, muscle flex, color and reflex. max score is a 10.

parturition vs. postpartum

giving birth vs. after giving birth.

What leads to resilient children?

good intellectual functioning appealing, easygoing, sociable high self esteem and self confidence talents faith positive parenting bonds to caring adults outside the family connections to positive organizations attending affective schools

carrier

has only one copy of the gene allele for a recessive trait -does not express a trait but can pass it onto offspring

ectoderm

he outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development

cephaocaudal principle

head to tail ex. lifts head before walking

temporal lobe

hearing, speech comprehension, memory, fear, and organization

Monozygotic twins

identical

chromosomal abnormalities

in which a child receives too many or too few chromosomes

Physical development

includes changes in the body, motor development, and the effects of aging

Down's syndrome

pair 21 does not separate properly

mutation

permanently altered segment of DNA

What are the three domains of development?

physical, cognitive, psychosocial/socioemotional

prenatal vs. perinatal

prenatal is before birth while perinatal is during and immediately after birth

organogenesis

production of organs in an animal or plant

mitochondrial theory

proposes that accumulation of damage to mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leads to aging of humans and animals.

3 general functions of reflexes

• Positive: automated responses, neonatal survival, adult automation • Diagnostic: appears on time, disappears on time. Should disappear, but overridden or integrated into voluntary motor pattern. I still present, may developmental delays, abnormalities, or head injuries. • Negative: may interfere with motor function if still present. (Ex: extensor thrust reflex. Pushing down with feet, uncontrolled extension of leg, extends trunk)

neuron development

• Proliferation: make new neurons. 6-17 weeks • Migration: area of the brain and layer (1-6). Weeks 8-15 • Aggregation/organization: those with like function group together • Synaptogenesis: forming functional connections. Increases rapidly after birth. Young children may have more synapses after birth. • Differentiation: specialize structure and functionally. o Which neurotransmitter will it produce? What type of glial cells?

basic reflex arc

• S: sensory • A: afferent- incoming sensory • M: motor • E: efferent- outgoing motor • Afferent<->interneuron<-> efferent • Signal coming from the brain. • Stimulus trigger and motor response

specializations of each hemisphere

• left: L's o sequential, step-by-step processing o laughter (happy side of the brain) o logic, thinking- reasons o language- speech o lists o controls right hand o processes images from the right visual field • right: o simultaneous processing o emotional o faces o mute o pictures/spatial o controls the left hand o processes images from the left visual field

nevrvous system development

• neural plate: initial step. Will fold to become the neural tube. Ectodermal cells differentiate into neural plate. • neural tube: neural plate folds to create this tube. The tube folds as it grows to create the brain. Forms the CNS • neural crest cells: forms to create the PNS • CNS- forms from the neural tube • PNS: formed from neural crest cells.

sticky mitten experiment

•Children manipulated objects earlier than the control group. Infants that were taught to use them showed improvements in reaching behavior after just two weeks.

Rosenzweig and Greenough's exeriments

•Enriching a rat's environment had a positive affect on its residual brain size

anencaphaly

•Failure of anterior tube closure. Fatal

spina bifida

•Failure of posterior tube closer

changes in reaching and grasping

•Initially the palmar grasp (grasp with whole hand), then the pincer grasp near the end of the first year (grasp with the thumb and the forefinger).

lateralization

•specialization of each hemisphere create symmetry