BIOETHICS

What makes an individual capable of making moral decisions? 1) By understanding his motives 2) By understanding the consequences of his actions 3) By being deterred and frightened of the penalties incurred on him for his action 4) By understanding the means adopted to execute action

1, 2 and 4

Which of the following behavior is a violation of professional Ethics'? 1) A physician who refers patients to a specialist in return for monetary favours 2) A scientist who exaggerates the importance of his discoveries to encourage investors in his biotech company 3) A lawyer who lies to the Judge 4) The reporter who spreads fake news. Which of the following is correct?

1, 2, 3, and 4

What are the purposes of a code of ethics? 1)It can be used to express a professional society's members' mutual responsibility to uphold those ethical standards and values. 2)It can help foster an environment in which ethical behavior is the norm3) It can serve as a guide or reminder in specific situations4) A code can be a valuable academic and educational legacy for an organization. Which of the following are correct?

1,2,3 and 4

What is a tragic dilemma?

A situation in which a good person's life will be ruined, no matter what she does.

Which of the following is TRUE about end-of-life care? A) It is one aspect of palliative care. B) It is synonymous with palliative care. C) It is defined by a specified time period. D) It does not include a focus on the family.

A) It is one aspect of palliative care.

What is the legal protection of a patient's right to personal autonomy?

Advanced directives

Hanna is struggling with the fact that she has terminal brain cancer. She is showing many of the responses to death that Elizabeth Kubler-Ross suggested to describe the process. Her family is saddened by the frustration she often shows in questions such as, "why are you not helping me?" The stage Hanna is definitely grappling with is:

Anger

Beauchamp and Childress clarify the four medical ethics concepts that are shared between Values Based Medicine and ethical principles.

Autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice

Mr. Shah has been diagnosed with cancer. As many people in India, he goes to the temple and says that if he gets healed he will fast for 5 days, support the poor girls, do offerings to the temple, etc. He says that he needs to be alive to mark his grandson's first birthday. According to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross to which stage does Mr. Shah belong?

Bargaining

You're a male doctor, and a female patient shows up in sexy clothes at your clinic. She approaches the doctor closely and begins asking personal questions in a seductive tone. What would be the best course of action?

Call in a nurse

Proponents of active voluntary euthanasia believe that the right to die

Does not compel others

What is the relationship between duty and virtue, according to virtue ethics?

Duty is defined as what a virtuous person would do.

What do people seek above all else, according to Aristotle

Eudaimonia

The view of death that says a person should be considered dead when the higher brain operations responsible for consciousness permanently shut down is called

Higher brain death

If a patient is not given the chance to raise questions about a treatment prior to the start of the procedure, which patient right is being violated?

Informed consent

The most important consideration regarding the information in informed consent is

It be understood by the patient

The principle of Double Effect ethically means

It is acceptable to knowingly cause harm in pursuit of some good.

What notion should be at the heart of ethical theory, according to virtue ethics

Moral character

Our beneficent obligations are limited by fair distribution. What other people's basic needs should be met before we offer them any luxuries?

Nourishment, shelter, clothing

The benefits we are required to offer as healthcare practitioners are specified in part by ethical standards.

Our relationship, role, and agreements

The philosophy of learning more about and managing pain to ease suffering and encourage independence and autonomy of dying patients is known as:

Palliative Care

Allowing someone to die by not doing anything that would prolong life is called

Passive euthanasia

Withholding or removing life-sustaining measures without the consent of the patient is known as

Passive nonvoluntary euthanasia

The ethical principles don't approve restrictions put or guide what information must be shared in obtaining informed consent because

Patients have right to know all the details of their illnesses, management and possible outcomes

Opinion polls show that on the issue of physician-assisted suicide

People are divided

A patient taking his or her own life with the aid of a physician is known as

Physician-assisted suicide

The Rational Choice Principle and the Bio-ethical Principle are two concepts that primarily direct.

Physicians

The "reasonable professional" standard of health care is specified by

Practice standards, education, institutional policies, federal and state statutes

Scientific research on whether laws legalizing euthanasia or assisted suicide lead to unjustified killing is

Scant

One of the core concepts of bioethics is autonomy

Self-governance

In cases with "double effects," the surgical or medical intervention will have both negative and positive outcomes. How do you deal with such situations ethically?

The action does not go directly against the dignity of the patient

You were on call and received a family involved in an RTA; the husband was in a coma, GCS 5, with a wide right fronto parietal epidural hematoma; the boy, 18 years old, had a minor head injury, GCS 12, with no neurological deficit but confusion; and the wife had a pneumothorax, was in excruciating pain and out of breath but was completely conscious and neurologically intact. Who should sign the consent if you intend to send the patient to the operating room?

Two consultants and medical directors after informing the wife and son

Utilitarianism is a philosophy of ethics that states:

Whatever does the most good for the most number of people is best.

Confidentiality can be breeched in a variety of ways.

When a patient authorizes to do so

When is it possible for confidentiality to be violated?

When a patient authorizes to do so

Kubler-Ross proposed stages of dying, the last of which is

acceptance

Instructions that signify health care procedures to initiate or delay, or that appoint someone who will serve as a proxy in making those decisions in the event that we lose decision-making ability is termed:

advanced directives

Having the right to make choices on matters that concern our own lives and to make decisions about personal goals is called:

autonomy

This system views of Ethical conduct is derived from a source outside oneself, such as faith. a. Situational Ethics b. Legalism c. Relativism d. Hedonism e. Asceticism f. Utilitarianism g. Rationalism

b. Legalism

This principle prioritizes those who are the first to arrive. a. The principle of random selection b. The principle of first come, first serve basis c. The principle of general neediness d. The principle of saving no one

b. The principle of first come, first serve basis

Confidentiality privilege belongs to

belongs to the patient

Utilitarianism has one procedure, namely determining which action

best maximizes well-being

Which of the following ethical principles is appropriate for use of the media? a. The Golden Rule: do unto others as you would have them do unto you. b. The Golden Mean: finding a middle way is better than an extreme. c. The categorical imperative: rules or laws should only be used that would apply to everyone at all times. c. All of the above can be used.

c. All of the above can be used.

Which of the following would not be considered ethical in public relations? a. Lying by omission or giving a misleading impression b. Protecting the privacy rights of clients. c. Hiring an assassin to silence opponents. d. Safeguarding a client's confidential information. e. Any of the above

c. Hiring an assassin to silence opponents.

Which of the following is NOT an implication of Kant's categorical imperative a. One must act to treat every person as an end and never as a means only b. Our moral judgments should rest on reasons that apply to all other persons who are similarly situated c. Humans cannot morally be treated as research subjects because this treats them as means rather than only as ends. d. I ought never to act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim become a universal law

c. Humans cannot morally be treated as research subjects because this treats them as means rather than only as ends.

Which of the following is not a moral rule derived from the principle of respect for patient autonomy? a. Protect confidential information b. Tell the truth c. Never, in any circumstance, override the express wishes of the patient d. When asked, help other make important decisions

c. Never, in any circumstance, override the express wishes of the patient

Which of the following claims regarding marital sexual harassment is correct? a. it is the result of miscommunication between partners b. it occurs primarily in stable marriages c. it is associated with abuse d. it is an uncommon phenomenon

c. it is associated with abuse

The ethical implications of the relationship between clinical science and clinical medical practice are examined. Which of the following statements most accurately describes it? a. Research has been tightly regulated because a particular research may put a patient at risk for the benefit of others b. Medical practice is focusing on the patient's own best interests and relies and considering benefit/risk ratio, so it is not very tightly regulated c. There is distinction between research and medical practice. d. Patient has to consent for any surgical or medical step of management or for accepting to be enrolled in research d. All of the above

d. All of the above

A health care proxy: a. cannot authorize a surrogate to actively administer drugs to kill the patient. b. will permit the withholding of treatment. c. may be a shield from a homicide charge. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

You operated on a 46-year-old patient for the removal of a huge ICH, the patient remained in a coma, the patient was arrested and died in the ICU three days later, and you were there. Patient's wife approached you in the hospital corridor as you have been leaving the ICU, asking about her husband. So, what are your options? a. Inform her that her husband just passed away. b. Ask her to bring members of her family and meet you later. c. Refer her to the ICU staff to ask them. d. Calm her and ask a nurse or other female doctor to join you to a private room to inform her about the death of her husband e. Calm her and inform her immediately and take her to the ICU to see the body of her husband

d. Calm her and ask a nurse or other female doctor to join you to a private room to inform her about the death of her husband

This set of system might argue that sexual impulses, like hunger or thirst, are morally neutral. a. Situational Ethics b. Legalism c. Relativism d. Hedonism e. Asceticism f. Utilitarianism g. Rationalism

d. Hedonism

Some claim that directly intending a patient's death could be acceptable since, to the patient, death a. May be a great harm b. May be what the family wishes c. May release physicians from responsibility d. May not be a harm

d. May not be a harm

Meaningful consent requires that the patient be properly informed about treatment or surgery or any intervention procedure. Ethically cannot be accepted in all of these cases; but a. Signed as part of hospital routine documents during admission b. Patient's intellectual deficiencies c. Not matching therapeutic Privilege of the treating doctor d. Physician's Code, and patient's autonomy are respected e. Signed during, panic, confused or anger situation.

d. Physician's Code, and patient's autonomy are respected

Glioblastoma was discovered in a 62-year-old man's thalamus tumor biopsy. You saw his brother in the hall when you entered the OR, and he begged you not to tell his father because knowing would kill him even faster. Later that day, a family meeting to discuss the prognosis has already been scheduled. What is the right course of action for the doctor in this situation? a. The doctor should honor the request of the family member who is protecting his beloved brother from the bad news b. The doctor should tell the brother that withholding information is not permitted under any circumstance. c. Patient should withhold informing the patient about the seriousness of the Glioblastoma because of the grave diagnosis. d. The doctor should ask the patient how he wants to handle the information in front of the rest of the family, and allow for some family discussion time e. Doctor may understand the patient has the right to know all the details and worst scenario and inform him

d. The doctor should ask the patient how he wants to handle the information in front of the rest of the family, and allow for some family discussion time

In which situation does a patient not have a right to make their own treatment decisions, or have a legal guardian make one for them? a. Never; patients, or their legal guardians, always have the right to make their own treatment decisions b. When the patient's initial decision may do more medical harm than good c. When the physician is better educated than the patient d. When the patient is intoxicated or has suffered a brain injury

d. When the patient is intoxicated or has suffered a brain injury

The stage of dying proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in which people often think, "Oh no, this can't be happening to me," is

denial

For one, all of the medical ethics guidelines apply. a. Non-Maleficence b. Beneficence c. Autonomy d. Justice e. Confidentiality

e. Confidentiality

good death or easy death

euthanasia

Moral action achieves the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people. a. Situational Ethics b. Legalism c. Relativism d. Hedonism e. Asceticism f. Utilitarianism g. Rationalism

f. Utilitarianism

Sexual preferences should be based on logic and reason rather than blind obedience. a. Situational Ethics b. Legalism c. Relativism d. Hedonism e. Asceticism f. Utilitarianism g. Rationalism

g. Rationalism

Hospices focus on relieving pain and maintaining a patient's quality of life, practices known as _____ care.

palliative

The decision to remove Terri Schiavo's feeding tube, thus allowing her to die of dehydration, is a case of:

passive euthanasia

According to the utilitarian, right actions are those that

result in greater overall well-being for the people involved than any other possible action

In ethics, the principle of justice is

that the health resources must be distributed according to the principals of equity

The goal of utilitarian actions is _____.

well-being