BIOL 1010

All of the following are found in plant cells except a ________. central vacuole Flagella mitochondria

Flagella

________ are used only to move entire cells. Cilia Flagella Cilia and flagella

Flagella

The ________ distributes proteins and lipids made within cells from the receiving face to the releasing face. Golgi apparatus smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

________ are most active during cell division. Intermediate filaments Microfilaments Microtubules

Microtubules

________ are predominantly responsible for breaking down fatty acids and amino acids. Ribosomes Peroxisomes Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

________ are small organelles responsible for detoxifying many poisons that enter the body. Glyoxysomes Mitochondria Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

________ are small organelles responsible for detoxifying many poisons that enter the body. Glyoxysomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria

Peroxisomes

________ is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule. Phosphorylation Chemiosmosis Dephosphorylation

Phosphorylation

________ is the process of a cell taking in needed molecules from the extracellular fluid. Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Entropy is ________. a measure of the energy gained by a system a measure of the order in a system a measure of the disorder in a system

a measure of the disorder in a system

All cells share what four common components:

a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

Part of the light-independent reactions is known as ________ because it converts inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbohydrates. reduction Regeneration fixation

fixation

The surface of the plasma membrane is ________ due to the ________. hydrophobic; phospholipids hydrophilic; phospholipids fluid; cholesterol

hydrophilic; phospholipids

A solution is ________ when there is low osmolarity outside a cell and overall water moves into the cell. isotonic hypertonic hypotonic

hypotonic

Keratin is a type of ________ found in hair and nails. intermediate filaments microfilaments microtubules

intermediate filaments

Lactic acid generated by fermentation in muscles ________. gets excreted in urine causes muscle soreness is sent to the liver for conversion back into pyruvic acid

is sent to the liver for conversion back into pyruvic acid

The ________ is a structure unique to animal cells. lysosome ribosome mitochondrion

lysosome

Mitochondria are responsible for ________. breaking down fatty acids and amino acids making ATP to power cellular reactions initiating protein synthesis

making ATP to power cellular reactions

Material enters and leaves the nucleus using ________ in the nuclear envelope. pores channels gates

pores

Integral proteins ________. are found on only one side of the plasma membrane do not necessarily span all or part of the membrane span all or part of the membrane

span all or part of the membrane

Eukaryotic cells use vesicles to ________. support the cell and give it shape store and transport cellular substances modify proteins

store and transport cellular substances

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a major role in the ________. modifying proteins transport of proteins and lipids synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids

synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids

The endomembrane system works together in the ________ of lipids and proteins. synthesis, modification, packaging, and transport modification, packaging, and transport synthesis, packaging, and transport

synthesis, modification, packaging, and transport

The direct products from the citric acid cycle are ________. final products of cellular respiration formed from the direct consumption of oxygen temporary electron storage compounds

temporary electron storage compounds

The majority of the ATP produced by cellular respiration comes from ________. glycolysis the electron transport chain the citric acid cycle

the electron transport chain

What structures does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not have? What structures does an animal cell have that a plant cell does not have?

Plant cells have plasmodesmata, a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and plastids. Animal cells have lysosomes and centrosomes.

how many species of living organisms on earth today?

1.9 million

During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs? ATP is made. Fructose is split in two. ATP is used up.

ATP is made.

________ requires transporter proteins. Active transport Passive transport Facilitated transport

Active transport

What evidence is there that mitochondria were incorporated into the ancestral eukaryotic cell before chloroplasts?

All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but not all eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts.

Why does the cis face of the Golgi not face the plasma membrane?

Because that face receives chemicals from the ER, which is toward the center of the cell.

________ is used to move ions across a membrane. Facilitated transport Osmosis Passive transport

Facilitated transport

________ is used to move ions across a membrane. Osmosis Facilitated transport Passive transport

Facilitated transport

Eukaryote cells

Cells with nuclei surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores. This is the single characteristic that is both necessary and sufficient to define an organism as a eukaryote. All extant eukaryotes have cells with nuclei. Mitochondria. Some extant eukaryotes have very reduced remnants of mitochondria in their cells, whereas other members of their lineages have "typical" mitochondria. A cytoskeleton containing the structural and motility components called actin microfilaments and microtubules. All extant eukaryotes have these cytoskeletal elements. Flagella and cilia, organelles associated with cell motility. Some extant eukaryotes lack flagella and/or cilia, but they are descended from ancestors that possessed them. Chromosomes, each consisting of a linear DNA molecule coiled around basic (alkaline) proteins called histones. The few eukaryotes with chromosomes lacking histones clearly evolved from ancestors that had them. Mitosis, a process of nuclear division wherein replicated chromosomes are divided and separated using elements of the cytoskeleton. Mitosis is universally present in eukaryotes. Sex, a process of genetic recombination unique to eukaryotes in which diploid nuclei at one stage of the life cycle undergo meiosis to yield haploid nuclei and subsequent karyogamy, a stage where two haploid nuclei fuse together to create a diploid zygote nucleus. Some have cell walls. It might be reasonable to conclude that the last common ancestor could make cell walls during some stage of its life cycle. However, not enough is known about eukaryotes' cell walls and their development to know how much homology exists among them. Homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures in different organisms (a similarity that stems from evolution). If the last common ancestor could make cell walls, it is clear that this ability must have been lost in many groups (most obviously animal cells).

How are cilia different from flagella? Cilia are short and may be one cilium or a few cilia while flagella are long and numerous. Cilia are short and numerous but flagella are long and may be one flagellum or a few flagella. Cilia are long and may be one cilium or a few cilia while flagella are short and numerous.

Cilia are short and numerous but flagella are long and may be one flagellum or a few flagella.

________ is a major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Ions Cytosol Glucose

Cytosol

Which of the following is a property of endergonic reactions? Endergonic reactions are also referred to as spontaneous reactions Endergonic reactions have a negative change in free energy Endergonic reaction take in free energy

Endergonic reaction take in free energy

What are the characteristics of eukaryotes that distinguish them from prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes have at least one nucleus.

Choose the best explanation of why the cell membrane is a "fluid mosaic." It is composed of chemically and physically similar parts that move freely in and out of the phospholipid bilayer. It is composed of distinct parts that flow continuously between it and the cytoplasm. It is composed of physically and chemically different parts that move throughout and around the phospholipid bilayer.

It is composed of physically and chemically different parts that move throughout and around the phospholipid bilayer.

Choose the best explanation of why the cell membrane is a "fluid mosaic." It is composed of chemically and physically similar parts that move freely in and out of the phospholipid bilayer. It is composed of physically and chemically different parts that move throughout and around the phospholipid bilayer. It is composed of distinct parts that flow continuously between it and the cytoplasm.

It is composed of physically and chemically different parts that move throughout and around the phospholipid bilayer.

This oval shaped organelle is responsible for making ATP to power cellular reactions. Mitochondrion Chloroplast Ribosome

Mitochondrion

What are the two different types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic For example, both animal and plant cells are classified as eukaryotic cells, whereas all the many bacterial cells are classified as prokaryotic.

This cellular structure plays a key role in protein synthesis. Nuclear membrane Golgi apparatus Ribosome

Ribosome

________ are composed of protein and RNA. Peroxisomes Mitochondria Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Which of the below results from photosynthesis? Sugar chains Carbon dioxide Simple sugars

Simple sugars

Which of the reactions below is an anabolic one? Burning a piece of wood Synthesizing DNA Digesting a sugar molecule

Synthesizing DNA

________ occurs in the matrix of mitochondria. The citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis

The citric acid cycle

_______ reactions of photosynthesis generate NADPH and ATP to carry solar energy. The light-independent Both the light-dependent and -independent The light-dependent

The light-dependent

Which of the following facts supports the endosymbiotic theory? Prokaryotes and eukaryotes can have symbiotic relationships. The structure of mitochondrial DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar organelles.

The structure of mitochondrial DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA

Which of the following is true about microtubules? They are involved in the process of cytokinesis but they are not the most active during cell division. They are most active, and visible, during cell division. They have a purely structural function.

They are most active, and visible, during cell division.

Which of the following is true about microtubules? They have a purely structural function. They are involved in the process of cytokinesis but they are not the most active during cell division. They are most active, and visible, during cell division.

They are most active, and visible, during cell division.

________ are membrane-bound sacs with a variety of functions in cells. Vacuoles Vesicles Ribosomes

Vesicles

The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase generates ________ during fermentation. yogurt alcohol carbon dioxide

alcohol

The unified cell theory states that ________. all living things are composed of more than one cell and arise from other cells all living things are composed of the basic unit of life (a cell) and new cells arise from other cells cells are the basic unit of life, make up all living things, and arise spontaneously.

all living things are composed of the basic unit of life (a cell) and new cells arise from other cells

The lysosome is found in ________. both plant and animal cells plant cells animal cells

animal cells

Cells in your ________ contain the most mitochondria. brain biceps lung

biceps

Cytosol is a major component of the cytoplasm in ________. prokaryotes both prokaryotes and eukaryotes eukaryotes

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Which type of cells contain DNA? both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells only eukaryotic cells only prokaryotic cells

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Peroxisomes are predominantly responsible for ________. breaking down fatty acids and amino acids synthesizing sugars capturing free hydrogen peroxide in cells

breaking down fatty acids and amino acids

In order to pass through the ________, some materials require a specialized structure, like a protein channel. nuclear membrane cell membrane ribosome

cell membrane

The ________ is an low energy way for a plant cell to expand. primary vesicle chloroplast central vacuole

central vacuole

The ________ is a structure unique to animal cells that functions in cell division. centrosome lysosome mitochondrion

centrosome

What is the cause of Pompe Disease?

characterized by excess accumulation of glycogen in muscle cells

In autotrophic eukaryotes, the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place is called the ________. mesophyll chlorophyll chloroplast

chloroplast

The presence of ________ regulates the fluidity of a membrane in animal cells. cholesterol proteins phospholipids

cholesterol

Select the answer that best describes a plasma membrane. single layer of molecules with two fatty acid chain and a phosphate containing group controls the passage of water, ions, oxygen, waste, and organic molecules controls the passage of solid materials only

controls the passage of water, ions, oxygen, waste, and organic molecules

Mitochondria are divided into functional areas known as ________. cristae and mitochondrial matrix matrix and membrane mitoplasm and cristae

cristae and mitochondrial matrix

Mitochondria are divided into functional areas known as ________. mitoplasm and cristae cristae and mitochondrial matrix matrix and membrane

cristae and mitochondrial matrix

Active transport must function continuously because ________. facilitated transport opposes active transport diffusion is constantly moving solutes to areas of low concentration diffusion is constantly moving solutes to areas of high concentration

diffusion is constantly moving solutes to areas of low concentration

An ________ arises from an ion's combined concentration gradient and electrical charge. cellular gradient electrochemical pressure electrochemical gradient

electrochemical gradient

The ________ works together in the synthesis, modification, packaging, and transport of lipids and proteins. endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum organelle membrane path

endomembrane system

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have characteristics that support the idea of ________.

endosymbiosis in eukaryotic evolution

The fact that the structure of mitochondrial DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA supports the ________. endosymbiotic theory unified cell theory co-evolution theory

endosymbiotic theory

The cytoplasm in eukaryotes includes ________. everything inside the plasma membrane everything inside the nuclear envelope everything between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

everything between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

Synaptic vesicles are used for ________ of neurotransmitters. endocytosis exocytosis phagocytosis

exocytosis

Vesicles are ________ with a variety of functions in cells. a water-based solutions rigid coverings membrane-bound sacs

membrane-bound sacs

Flagella are used to ________. move substances along the surface of cells move entire cells move substances and entire cells.

move entire cells

Which of the following is not a uniform feature of cellular life? cell membrane nucleus ribosomes

nucleus

The ________ is separated from the rest of the cell by a ________ nuclear membrane. nucleus; double layer nucleus; single layer nucleoid; double layer

nucleus; double layer

Kinetic energy is the energy ________. of objects in motion of objects in motion added to the energy stored in a stationary object stored in a stationary object

of objects in motion

Enzymes are typically specific to ________. any substrate they encounter one substrate a handful of substrates

one substrate

A multicellular organism is a(n) ________ system because ________. closed; it is contained within a cell membrane open; it exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings closed; it only exchanges energy with its surroundings open; it is contained within a cell membrane

open; it exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings

Lysosomes function as part of the endomembrane system involved in ________. protein synthesis pathogen destruction cell division

pathogen destruction

In ________ eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place in the ________. photoautotrophic; chloroplast heterotrophic; chlorophyll photoautotrophic; chlorophyll

photoautotrophic; chloroplast

All cells have a ________, a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. plasma membrane extracellular matrix cell wall

plasma membrane

What is the cause of Leigh Disease?

progressive disorder of lesions (dead or dying cells) in the brain

Cytoplasm has a ________ consistency in most cell types.

semi-solid

The main function of plasma membranes is to ________. ensure the cell properly communicates with stimuli separate the internal environment of the cell from the environment physically protect the cell

separate the internal environment of the cell from the environment

The ________ a wavelength of light, the more energy it carries. shorter brighter longer

shorter

The overall reaction for photosynthesis is ________. the continuation of cellular respiration harmful to the planet due to its waste products the reverse of cellular respiration

the reverse of cellular respiration

The catabolism of galactose produces ________ ATP molecules compared to glucose. the same number of more fewer

the same number of

According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, ________. the total amount of energy in the universe is constant the energy in the universe is in a constant state of flux the total amount of energy in the universe is gradually decreasing

the total amount of energy in the universe is constant

Overall cell size is restricted by the need to ________. hide from predators find enough nutrients to survive transport materials inside the cell

transport materials inside the cell

Microscopes facilitated the development of the ________ theory, which states ________. unified cell; all living things are composed of the basic unit of life (a cell) and new cells arise from other cells cellular origin; all living things are composed of one or more cells and arise from other cells Schwann; cells are the basic unit of life, make up all living things, and give rise to new cells

unified cell; all living things are composed of the basic unit of life (a cell) and new cells arise from other cells

Sexual reproduction is ________. found in all major types of lifeforms unique to prokaryotes unique to eukaryotes

unique to eukaryotes

The membrane of a ________ may fuse with other cellular membranes. mitochondrion vacuole vesivle

vesivle

What is the cause of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy?

wasting and weakness in muscles of the shoulders, upper arms, and calf muscles