biol 106L final 75 min 50q week

Class Polyplacophora

(Chitons)•Suction like muscular foot, adheres to rock and feeds on algae•completely marine•8-plated shell covers it'sflat body

Class Bivalvia

(clams, mussels, & oysters) •mostly marine (some freshwater bivalves are) •body covered by hinged shell of two valves •head greatly reduced (no radula) •foot wedged-shaped

Class Cephalopoda

(octopi, squids, nautili, & cuttlefish)•Head well-developed w/ single lens (camera) eyes•Foot modified into tentacles and arms•Shell can be reduced (squids), internal (cuttlefish), present (nautili), or absent (octopi)•Completely marine

Triploblastic

-Adult structures derive from all three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm •flatworms

Diploblastic

-Adult structures derive from only two germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm•sponges and cnidarians

Chytridiomycosisdisease

-Caused by the fungusB. dendrobatidis -Affects outer layers of skin -Thickens and sloughs off -Not able to breathe, hydrate, osmo regulate, or thermoregulate -Major decline of yellow-legged frogs -Global amphibian decline

Subphylum Hexopoda: Class Insecta (Phylum arthropodia)

-Dominant animal on earth! -Uniramous(not forked) appendages -3 tagmata -3 possible developmental modes: -Ametabolous-born as mini-adults -Hemimetabolous-born lacking some adult structures, but develop them with each molt -Holometabolous-larva is unlike adult; larva undergoes a pupal stage -There are over 1,000,000,000,000,000,000(a quintillion) individuals on Earth -The world holds 300 pounds of insects for every pound of humans

Class Oligochaeta (Phylum Annelida)

-Earthworms and relatives -No parapodia -Few setae -Hermaphroditic -Ecologically important

Phylum Annelida

-Have bilateral symmetry -Are protostomes -Are triploblastic -Have tube-like digestive tract with mouth AND anus -Have a body cavity -Coelom is separated by septa -Closed circulatory system -Three classes we will learn about: -Class 'Polychaeta' (marine segmented worms) -Class Oligochaeta(earthworms and relatives) -Class Hirudinea(leeches)

Phylum Nemotoda

-Have bilateral symmetry -Are protostomes -Are triploblastic -Have tube-like digestive tract with mouth AND anus -Have a body cavity -Free-living + parasitic varieties -Most have separate male and female sexes -Some have hermaphrodites and males -Many are detritivores -Ecdysozoa: -Grouping of organisms characterized by ecdysis(shedding of exoskeleton)

Class Hirudinea (Phylum Annelida)

-Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats -Majority are predatory, not parasitic -Do not have setae -Medicinal leech: Hirudomedicinalis -Hirudin: anticoagulant from leeches; used during surgeries

Lichens

-Made of a symbiotic relationship between algae/cyanobacteria and two fungi-Asexual reproduction through fragmentation-Biological indicator of air quality

Arthropods

-Most abundant and diverse animals on Earth -Insects: over 1 million species are described -With more to be described -Very ancient animals-first appeared ~375 million years ago -Easy model organisms to study genetics, ecology, and evolution -Short life cycle -High reproduction rate -Observable traits (phenotypes) -Ecosystem engineers: any organism that creates, significantly modifies, maintains or destroys a habitat -These organisms can have a large impact on the species richness and landscape-level heterogeneity of an area (e.g. leafcutter ants) We are able to eat the fruits and vegetables we do now due to our reliance on arthropods (thanks bees) -They serve as a good source of protein -As we move away from using cattle and pork as sources of protein, more sustainable options will become crickets and mealworms in the future

Class 'Polychaeta' (phylum annelida)

-Mostly marine -Largest class of Annelids -Some free-living, some sedentary -Ex: Nereis -Pygidium: rear segment -Parapodia: flat structure on each side of body segment -Setae/chaetae: bristles projecting from parapodia; used for movement and sometimes respiration!

Phylum Platyhelminthes

-Organ level of organization, no organ systems Cnidarians and flatworms have simple digestive tracts-Saclike pouch with a single opening that functions as both a mouth and an anus Bilateral symmetry (Platyhelminthes) Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic flatworms with cephalization and true organs •Phylum is divided into 4 classes -Class 'Turbellaria'(free-living flatworms) -Class Monogenea(ectoparasiticflukes) -Class Trematoda(endoparasitic flukes) -Class Cestoda(tapeworms)

Phylum: Porifera

-Sponges are the least complex animals -Cellular level of organization, no tissues Sponges have no digestive tract-Each cell is responsible for obtaining its food Asymmetry(Porifera) Sessile, aquatic organisms that form large colonies •Skeleton of most sponges consists of crystalline spicules composed of calcium carbonate or silica •Some sponges are supported by a network of a fibrous protein called spongin •All sponges have specialized cells called choanocytes, each with a flagellum and a collar -Flagellum move water through the sponge and collar gathers food Osculum:where the water exits the body. It is the one large opening where the waste goes. Ostia:the pores that reside in the body wall. Choanocytes:specialized cells for filter feeding. Their flagellum helps move water through the body and the collar that surrounds the flagellum helps collect food. Spongocoel: the large cavity at the center of the sponge.

Phylum Cnidaria

-Tissue level of organization, no organs Cnidarians and flatworms have simple digestive tracts-Saclike pouch with a single opening that functions as both a mouth and an anus Radial symmetry (Cnidaria) Includes about 10,000 species (all aquatic) •Phylum is divided into 3 classes :-Class Hydrozoa(Hydraand relatives) -Class Scyphozoa(sea jellies) -Class Anthozoa(anemones and corals) Composed of two cell layers, an outer epidermis (derived from ectoderm) and an inner gastrodermis (derived from endoderm), between these layers is the mesoglea (Gastrovasularcavity = coelenteron) •Mesoglea hydrostatic skeleton that muscles can work against.Rigid and flexible. •There isn't a brain, but instead a nerve net! Polyp (Hybroid) -sessile phase Medusa -swimming phase Cnidarians have stinging cells called cnidocytes•Used to capture prey and in defense•Each cnidocyte encloses a fluid-filled nematocyst, bears a trigger-like cnidocil

Arthropod Body Plan

1.Exoskeleton made of chitin -Sclerites -the hardened plates that protect the body -Ecdysis (page 325) -the molting (shedding) of the exoskeleton (like C. elegans!) 2.Segmentation & tagmatization -Body divided into segments, or metameres with specific roles -Segments can be fused into groups called tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen in insects) •Body appendages & movement -arthropod = "jointed leg" -Muscles are within the skeleton •Nervous system & sense organs -Cephalization -Antennae, simple eyes (ocelli), compound eye Arthropods undergo ecdysis (page 325) -the molting (shedding) of the exoskeleton (like C. elegans!)

Insect Orders

1.Order Coleoptera -beetles 2.Order Lepidoptera -butterflies and moths 3.Order Diptera -Flies, mosquitoes 4.Order Hymenoptera -bees, ants, wasps 5.Order Hemiptera -true bugs 6.Order Dermaptera -earwigs 7.Order Odonata -dragonflies and damselflies 8.Order Orthoptera -grasshoppers, katydids, crickets 9.Order Mantodea -mantids (ex: praying mantis) 10.Order Blattaria -cockroaches and termites 11.Order Neuroptera -lacewings and antlions 12.Order Siphonaptera -fleas

Batesian mimicry

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators. Mimics the warning signals of a harmful species

Class Trematoda-flukes (phylum platyhelminthes)

All are parasites called flukes•Important human parasites -Clonorchissinensis: Human liver fluke -Schistosoma: Blood flukes

Subphylum Cephalochordata(Lancelets) (Phylum Chordata )

Amphioxus (common name for lancelet)If you were looking at a wet mount of an Amphioxus (lancelet) under the microscope, this is what you would see! The animal's body is slender and fish-like but without limbs or a brain. The mouth opens into a large pharynx, the walls of which are composed of many diagonally arranged cartilaginous gill bars between which are the pharyngeal slit.The primary function of the pharynx is to collect food. It also serves as a respiratory organ, but for such small organisms that live in moving water, respiration through the skin is probably sufficient.

Tetrapods

Anamniotes: •Class AmphibiaAmniotes: •Class Mammalia •Class Reptilia •Class Aves Tiktaalik-intermediate between fish and amphibians Terms to Understand: Anamniotes: no shell over eggs and need water/moisture to lay eggs Amniotes: have shell on eggs and lay eggs on land; amniotic membranes surrounding the developing embryo

Yeast Experiment

At what temperature does yeast bud best? -Before starting the lab report, you might consider watching the "Yeast budding experiment with Robyn" video on Canvas -Before you look at the data, what are your hypotheses? -"I predict yeast will bud the most at __°C"-Data and instructions are on Canvas-Calculate the percentage of budding -Ratio of budding cells to single cells -Ex: 10 budding cells out of 100 total cells = 10/100 = 10% budding -To compare the three treatments, graph the means and associated error bars. Look at assignment details on Canvas for further instruction.

Crypsis in insects

Colors and patterns that allow an organism to blend in with the surrounding environment

Echinoderm Body Plan

Echinoderms have a large coelom and has a water-vascular system.The water-vascular system is the the animal's circulatory system, but also allows tube feet to move, collect food, and respiration. The water-vascular system is unique to echinoderms

Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria)

Ex: Hydra, Obelia, siphonophores•Solitary or colonial (siphonophores), most marine, some freshwater•Hydras attach to underwater plants or stones•Feed on zooplankton, worms, snails, and tadpoles•May move by locomotion, or use currents to float

Germ Layers

Germ layers are the primary layers of cells that form during embryo development →all adult structures come from these initial layers! When is zygote enters the eight cell stage a cleavage begins to form Within the blastula and the formation of a dome like sheep is called Gastrulation Protostome: blastopore becomes mouth (ex. Insects, earthworms) Dueterostome: blastopore becomes anus (ex. Humans, sea stars)The archenteron (cavity) develops into the adult digestive tract, and the blastopore either the mouth or anus

C. eleganson drugs experiment

Homo sapiens and C. elegansshare a common ancestor •This ancestor would have: -Been triploblastic -Had tube-like digestive tract -Had a head-end and tail-end -Had a central nervous system •We know the effects of certain drugs on humans -Alcohol: slows down -Caffeine: speeds up •Will these drugs have a similar effect on C. elegans? •If so, it is likely that these drugs would have had the same effect on our common ancestor?

Class Reptilia

Includes: Turtle, lizards, tuataras, snakes, and alligators •Epidermal scales, prevents desiccation •Adapted to lay eggs on land (vs. Amphibians, who have to lay eggs in wet environments or in water) Poikilothermic (sometimes) & Ectothermic •All reptiles on this slide besides the Tuataras can be found in North America This is not a lizard! It's a Tuatara. Only found in New Zealand

Class Cephalospidomorphi-lamprey (phylum Chordata )

Lamprey feed by attaching to the side of a fish and suck out blood ●Some species are anadromous -juveniles are born in freshwater, but then go out to the ocean, and only return to breed and die...Can you think of another type of organism that has this lifestyle? SALMON!

Dissection questions

Let's just go over the anatomy of animals We dissected

Subphylum Myriapoda (Phylum arthropod )

Multiple appendages on almost every segment -Class Chilopoda -centipedes -Predatory (eat other arthropods) -Venomous -Class Diplopoda -millipedes -Feed on decaying vegetation (great composters!) -Many secrete chemicals when threatened-Ex: Hydrogen cyanide

Zombie bugs

Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitizes formicine ants, invading host tissue and controlling the host's nervous system in order to reproduce, ultimately killing the host

Subphylum 'Crustacea (Phylum arthropod)

Paraphyletic-excludes insects -Mostly marine -Biramous: forked (two-branched) appendages Class Malacostraca -crabs, lobsters, shrimp, isopods, amphipods Class Cirripedia -barnacles Larval stages similar to other arthropods Class Branchiopoda -fairy shrimp, brine shrimp, water fleas Classes Copepoda (marine copepods) and Ostracoda (freshwater ostracods)

Class Actinopterygii-ray-finned fish (phylum Chordata )

Pharyngeal gill slits of a fishbecomes gills!•Ray-finned fishes are much more species-rich and abundant than any of the other fish classeswith ~24,000 species Characteristics of teleost fish Operculum: bony covering that protects gillscy cloid scales-overlapping scales; grow as the fish grows (you can actually agea fish based on its scales!) and cannot be replaced if lost/damaged Look at this baby sea bass "breathe"! Swim bladderhelps fish stay buoyant in the water

Class Mammalia

Synapomorphies: •Homeothermic &Endothermic •Produces hair •Young fed by milk via mammary glands •Most often demonstrates parental care 1)Notochord of a mammal: It becomes bone. Part of the vertebral column 2)Pharyngeal gill slits of a mammal:develops into the Eustachian tube, canal that regulates the pressure of the inner ear.

Class Cestoda ( tapeworms ) Phylum Platyhelminthes

Tapeworms -ribbon-like flatworms •Parasitize vertebrates, usually the intestines, require multiple hosts •Head has a scolex with suckers and hooks for anchoring •Body sections called proglottids bud off in a chain

Development of a zygote

The cavity that forms in the gastrula is called the archenteron, and the opening of the cavity is called the blastoporeThe archenteron develops into the adult digestive tract, and the blastopore either the mouth or anus

coprinopsis

There will be a question about its life cycle

Venomous Versus poisonous

This means that the tocsin is injected into you poisonous means When you ingest via through the skin or eat the toxins

Subphylum Urochordata (phylum Chordata )

Tunicates and sea squirts (3000 species described) •Urochordates are commonly called either tunicates or sea squirts. Salpsare also in this group. •Pharyngeal gill slits of a tunicate: Feeding apparatus, secondarily has role in respiration •The larvae are tadpole-like and motile, with all four chordate characteristics on display. •In adults, the notochord and nerve cord disappear. Tunicate Larvae •The organism has a rotund body and a long, narrow, muscular tail •Note that the notochord is restricted to the tail and does not extend into the body region; the name of the subphylum reflects this feature (uro, tail; chordata, pertaining to a notochord). •Now look at the body and find a darkly pigmented spot, the sensory vesicle, consisting of a light-sensitive ocellus and a balancing organ called an otolith. •Just anterior to the sensory vesicle identify the incurrent siphon, the opening though which water and particulate matter enter the animal. The siphon connects internally to a sieve-like pharynx, the wall of which is permeated by many gill slits. As water passes through the mouth, food particles are trapped within the pharynx but the water itself flows through the slits to exit the body through an excurrent siphon. •Find the excurrent siphon just posterior to the sensory vesicle. adult tunicate ●Note the thick, very tough outer covering, or tunic, that encloses the animal; it is because of this structure that these organisms are called "tunicates." A major component of the tunic is cellulose, a polysaccharide more commonly made by plants than animals. ●Both larval and adult tunicates are filter feeders, the pharynx serving as the filter.

Müllerian mimicry

Two or more poisonous or venomous species have come to mimic each other's warning signals (often common predator)

Questions about a taxonomy or phylogeny of animals

You need to know class phylum When in doubt the domain is eukarya The eukaryotic lineage is opisthokonta

Coelom

body cavity

Psuedocoelomate

cavity is between mesoderm and endoderm (ex. Nemotoda, Rotifera)

Tagmata

fused body segments

Coelomate

have a true coelom; cavity is surrounded by mesoderm (ex. Annelida)

Class Scyphozoa (Phylum Cnidaria)

includes most large jellyfish, all are marine•Dominant life form is the medusa•Aurelia-moon jelly•Ephyrae-stack of baby medusa that are released as the mature

Acoelomate

no body cavity ex. Platyhelminthes)

Class Gastropoda (Phylum: Mollusca)

snails, slugs, limpets, & cowries only successful group of mollusks to invade land•half of its body rotates 180 degrees to where the anus meets near the mouth, known as torsion•cephalization obvious•muscular foot is large & flat → used for crawling•cowrie shells used to make puka shell necklaces

Sexual Selection

•A type of natural selection that involves mate choice •The more attractive the opposite sex is, the more likely they will mate, and the traits that made them attractive is passed down to offspring, then the cycle continues •Their attractiveness can be a demonstration of their fitness like health or prowess, or other times it's not (e.g.peacocks who can't fly away from predators because tail feathers are too elaborate and deer who are hunted for big game)

Phylum Glomeromycota

•All members are obligate endosymbionts with plants •Arbuscular mycorrhizae-fungi penetrate plant cell walls •A fungal network called the "Wood Wide Web"

Phylum Chordata

•Bilateral symmetry •Notochord •Pharyngeal gill slits •Post-anal tail

Phylum: Mollusca

•Characteristics •Cephalization w/ radula •Muscular foot used for locomotion •Dorsal visceral mass enclosing vital organs •Mantle, a fold of tissue that surrounds the visceral mass •Calcareous shell, which may be reduced or lost altogether •have trochophore larvae •Second most diverse phylum (arthropods are first) •radula: rasp-like tongue used for scraping (bivalves only ones that do not have this) •4 distinctive parts: -well developed head bearing major sensory organs -muscular foot -visceral mass -mantle -secretes shell (if present) •vital organs include digestive, circulatory, excretory, & reproductive 4 classes: Class Gastropoda:snails, slugs, limpets, & cowries •Class Bivalvia:clams, mussels, oysters, & scallops •Class Cephalopoda:octopi, squid, nautili, & cuttlefish •Class Polyplacophora:chitons

Class Aves

•Endothermic and Homeothermic •Feathers (modified scales) •More closely related to Crocodilians •Your friendly neighborhood modern dinosaur birds

Class Chondrichthyes-cartilaginous fish (phylum Chordata )

•Includes rays, skates, sharks, chimeras•This class has skeletons formed of cartilage versus bone! shark skin Same with the epidermal scales of reptiles, this group has placoid scales, which means that the scales are replaced when lost or damagedFeels like sandpaper!

fungi

•Lineage Opisthokonta •Decomposers and parasites •Mycorrhizal relationships •Neither plants nor animals -Do not photosynthesize (like plants), but do not feed through a mouth (like animals) 5 Phyla •'Chytridiomycota' •'Zygomycota' •Glomeromycota •Basidiomycota •Ascomycota

Guppies and Mate Choice

•Males with showy tails are healthier and can possibly give more reproductive success. -Think about a male with a showy tail in an environment with a predator -The showy tail gives a disadvantage to the male from escaping predators, but if the male is able to still maintain a showy tail without getting eaten, they are seen asa "fit" mate for the female (lead to more offspring) •Females that are larger can carry more offspring because body size is correlated with # of offspring. So males may choose the larger female because she will lead to more offspring

Phylum 'Zygomycota'

•Meiosis occurs in zygospores after hyphae meet and nuclei fuse •Bread mold: Rhizopus •Common on organic matter

Class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidaria)

•Most advanced cnidarians•Anemones and corals

Class Amphibia

•Most basal, ancestral form of living tetrapods •Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, caecilians •Porous skin covered in mucous •Requires moisture to properly respirate •Almostevery life stage involves being on land and in water •No shell on eggs, must be laid in water

Class 'Tubellaria' (phylum Platyhelminthes)

•Mostly marine, some freshwater (they have been found inlocal waterways in the San Fernando Valley), some in tropical rainforests•Example: Dugesia('planarians')-Gut has only a single opening-Feed on dead animal matter and animals caught in their slime-Acoelomatebody arrangement -region between body wall and gut is filled with tissues and organs of mesodermal origin-Eliminate metabolic wastes and regulate water balance via flame cells -Simultaneous hermaphrodites (cosexual

Phylum 'Chytridiomycota'•

•Parasitic in frogs, other amphibians •Causes Chytridiomycosis disease •Common in freshwater and moist soil •Only fungi with flagella •Can reproduce sexually or asexually

Phylum Echinodermata

•Pentaradial symmetry: All body parts repeated 5x •Endoskeleton of CaCO3 •Water vascular system •Tube Feet Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Crinoidea

Phylum Basidiomycota

•The "Club Fungi" •Sexual reproduction by means of basidia and basidio spores •Complex lifecycle•Resembles the alternation of generations of plants •Highly destructive plant diseases •Can be extremely toxic, but many are edible (portobello, crimini) •All mushrooms are edible...once. Get it?NEVER pick and eat wild mushrooms unless they've been identified by an expert!

Phylum Ascomycota

•The sac fungi •Most are colonial •Some are unicellular •Sexual reproduction through ascospores •Asexual spores: Conidia •Ex. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Sarcoscypha

Subphylum Chelicerata (phylum Arthropods)

•Two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen •Chelicerae: claws or fangs for feeding or defense •Pedipalps: sensory or locomotion Two classes: 1.Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs) 2.Class Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks) =Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, and Harvestmen•Order Aranaea (spiders)-35,000 species•Order Scorpiones (scorpions)

Subphylum Vertebrata (phylum Chordata )

•Vertebrates have a vertebral column, or backbone, that serves as the primary support for the body. The vertebral column is composed of several repeated units called vertebrae. As development progresses, the vertebral column forms around the notochord, thereby incorporating it into their structure. •The vertebrae form a protective bony encasement around the nerve cord •The basal lineage of the Vertebrata are fish that lack jaws, appendages, and bones and lack a formal vertebrae. These obscure fishes points out the evolutionary accumulation of characters that we characterize the Vertebrata