BIOL 1307 Final Review
How many genotypically different gametes could be produced, assuming independent assortment, by an organism with genotype AAbbccDDEE?
1
Absolute required characteristics of life
1. Capable of converting molecules from the environment into new biological molecules 2. Share a common set of chemical parts 3. Extract energy from the environment 4. Are dependent upon small, intricate interactions 5. Evolves in gradual changes over at least one generation of time (within a population)
Name 3 types of post-transcriptional modifications
1. Intron splicing 2. The addition of a 5' cap 3. the addition of a 3' polyadenylated tail
Which of these molecules are building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides?
2, 7, and 8
An organism has a diploid number of 6. How many chromosomes are present in the following cells: A gamete with monosomy of chromosome 2?
3
An organism has a diploid number of 6. How many chromosomes are present in the following cells: a normal gamete?
3
I have a really sharp, fine needle that I can pass across membranes. With this needle, I am able to manipulate ("touch") the thylakoid of a chloroplast. If I start inserting the needle from outside of the plant cell, at least how many membranes must I cross to get from the outside of the cell to the thylakoid?
3
Which is the transcription product of the DNA sequence 5'-TGCCA-3'?
3'-ACGGU-5'
A human cell in G1 of the cell cycle has 23 pairs of chromosomes. The number of daughter chromosomes in a cell in metaphase II of meiosis is
46
At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: 3' CCTAGGCTGCAATCC 5' An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following represents the prime sequence?
5' ACGUUAGG 3'
In which direction are all new nucleic acids synthesized?
5' to 3'
An organism has a diploid number of 6. How many chromosomes are present in the following cells: a skin cell?
6
An organism has a diploid number of 6. How many chromosomes are present in the following cells: a sperm cell at meiotic anaphase II?
6
What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be covalently bonded in a molecule containing two carbon atoms?
6
Which of the following pairs of molecules could be joined together by a peptide bond in a dehydration reaction?
7 and 8
Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?
8%
In the illustration above, which component is a protein fiber of the extracellular matrix?
A
What is this molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and is found in plasma membranes?
A phospholipid
All 117 of their children had red berries. Show the Punnett square for Glenn's cross described above.
CC x cc = Cc 100% heterozygous
Which statement about cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) or cyclin is false?
Cyclin is made continuously during the cell cycle
In the illustration above, which component is a peripheral protein?
D
In the late 1950s, Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results in the figure above would be expected after one round of DNA replication in the presence of 14N?
D
Suppose you are provided with an actively dividing culture of E. coli bacteria to which radioactive thymine has been added. What would happen if a cell replicates once in the presence of this radioactive base?
DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive
Name the last enzyme to function in replication
DNA ligase
DNA contains the template needed to copy itself, but it has no catalytic activity in cells. What catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the DNA polymer being formed?
DNA polymerase
The lagging strand is characterized by a series of short segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) that will be joined together to form a finished lagging strand. The experiments that led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments gave evidence for which of the following ideas?
DNA polymerase is a directional enzyme that synthesizes leading and lagging strands during replication
Central Dogma of Biology
DNA-replication-DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-polypeptide (protein)
When is a peptide bond formed during the process of translation?
During the elongation phase just after the tRNA charged with an amino acid binds to the A site on the ribosome
In the illustration above, which component is cholesterol?
E
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
ER -> Golgi -> vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Hierarchy of life from most complex to least complex
Ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle
You have discovered an enzyme that can catalyze two different chemical reactions. Which of the following is most likely to be correct?
Either the enzyme has two distinct active sites or the reactants involved in the two reactions are very similar in size and shape.
Which of the following is the most appropriate order for stages in the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis
Which of the following statements describes chromatin?
Heterochromatin is highly condensed, whereas euchromatin is less compact
Which of the following is (are) true of natural selection?
It requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involves differential reproductive success.
Simone crosses a true-breeding long (LL), blue (BB) snake with a true-breeding short (SS), red (RR) snake, and then crosses one of the resulting F1 individuals with another. Which of the following gametic genotype is it possible for one of the F1 snakes to produce if the two genes are linked on the same chromosome and crossing over never occurs?
LLRR
Which statement about RNA is false?
Messenger RNAs are produced on ribosomes.
In E. coli, there is a mutation in a gene called dnaB that alters the helicase that normally acts at the origin. Which of the following would you expect as a result of this mutation?
No replication fork will be formed
In E. coli, which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand in the 3 prime to 5 prime direction?
None of the above (primase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase III, helicase)
Of the enzymes listed below, which functions first in transcription?
RNA polymerase
Which statement summarizes the process of transcription in cells?
The base sequence in a segment of DNA corresponding to a gene is used as a template to form the complementary sequence in a segment of RNA
Evolution
The inherited change in a population, that occurs often as natural selection acts upon preexisting variation.
How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypothesis typically address more specific issues.
In Simone's snakes, the F1 generation includes 32 babies. Assuming no linkage, which of the following is the most reasonable expectation of the choices given?
There will be 18 long, red snakes in that generation
You find yourself standing next to a beautiful rose bush. Which of the following do you and the rose NOT have in common?
You both have cells with walls.
If it IS true that you are a function of your proteins, how can it be that you inherit genes? After all, genes are proteins!
Your genome carries the information for what proteins you produce. Therefore, you are based upon the proteins you create and thereby the genes you have. Because the genes you inherit are the instructions to protein synthesis, you are a function of those instructions, and thereby also a function of your proteins.
The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?
a hydrogen bond
What does the combinations of these structures form?
a nucleotide
What is this molecule?
a saturated fatty acid
Which of the following statements describes a eukaryotic chromosome?
a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins
Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's _______.
activation energy
Given the periodic table, which of the following would a neutral fluorine atom do to complete its valence shell?
add 1 electron
Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would _____.
always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and sometimes affect its biological activity.
If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, you create _____.
an isotope
An organism has a cell wall. It isn't a(n)
animal
Programmed cell death is how we define
apoptosis
Which of the following is not stated by the "central dogma?"
cells come only from pre-existing cells
What do we call the region of a chromosome where sister chromatids bind to each other?
centromere
The difference between a comparative and _____ experiment is that the latter tends to manipulate one or more of the factors being tested.
controlled
A reciprocal exchange between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes is called
crossing over
A class of compounds that binds to and activates kinases to cause cells to divide is called
cyclins
In prokaryotic cells, transcription happens in the ______ and translation happens in the ______.
cytoplasm, cytoplasm
A cross between two individuals results in a ratio of 9:3:3:1 for four phenotypes. This is most likely a/an
dihybrid cross
A cell is in anaphase of meiosis II. It is most likely
diploid
Ribozymes are RNA molecules that have enzymatic activity. This conflicts with the belief of early molecular biologists that
each enzyme is a polypeptide
The "semiconservative" model of DNA replication says that
each of the 2 pre-existing strands of DNA are saved as templates for the formation of new strands
Experiments are often designed so that they have the potential to ______ a hypothesis.
falsify
In animal cells, ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through
gap junctions
Eukaryotic telomers replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome. This is a consequence of which of the following?
gaps left at the 5 prime end of the lagging strand
Sexual reproduction is beneficial for a population because it increases
genetic variation
Biological evolution of life on Earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to multicellular eukaryotic organisms, ______.
has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, by expending Earth's energy resources and causing an increase in the entropy of the planet.
In E. Coli, to repair a thymine dimer by nucleotide excision repair, is which order do the necessary enzymes act?
helicase, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase
If a person were to try to determine whether a particular allele was dominant to another for a gene, that person might be best served by observing the phenotype of the
heterozygote
A reaction in which a reactant combines with water, resulting in the reactant being broken down into two molecules is an example of a(n) _______ reaction.
hydrolytic
In a pedigree showing the inheritance pattern of a condition caused by a recessive allele it is common to see the condition
in one sex more than others
Where is it reasonable to assume that proteins might be produced in a eukaryotic cell other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER?
in the mitochondria
The molecule illustrated in the accompanying figure _____.
is an unsaturated fatty acid
Transcription in prokaryotic cells
is initiated at a promoter and uses only one strand of DNA (the template strand) to synthesize a complementary RNA strand.
Anaphase of mitosis
is the phase when sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
If two genes are located near each other on the same chromosome, they have a high potential to be
linked
On what molecule is a codon?
mRNA
Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the
mitochondria
Which of the following contributes to maternal cytoplasmic inheritance?
mitochondria
Glenn works with a species of plant known as Glenn's Dale. Glenn was of the opinion that berry color in the species was completely controlled by a single gene (C), and that there were two alleles for that gene, C and c. Glenn crossed homozygous red berried plants with homozygous white berried plants. What do we call that type of cross?
monohybrid
Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?
near universality of the genetic code
When a product of a "system" or process reduces the rate at which the original process progresses, this is a case of
negative feedback
The number of "morgans" describing the approximate distance between 2 genes is equivalent to the frequency of _____ types in the generation resulting from a testcross of an F1.
non-parental
In eukaryotic cells, transcription happens in the ______ and translation happens in the ______.
nucleus, ribosomes (rough ER or cytoplasm)
Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine and cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine. This arrangement _____.
permits complementary base pairing
A multicellular organism has a cell wall. Of those listed below, it is most likely a(n)
plant
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule are held together by
polar covalent bonds
You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved?
primary structure
A diploid cell has twice as much DNA as the normal complement in G1, but the "normal" number of chromosomes. In which stage is the cell?
prophase I
Homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over during ______ of meiosis.
prophase I of meiosis
Translation occurs in the
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes)
Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?
single-stranded DNA binding proteins
What seperate from each other during the anaphase of mitosis?
sister chromatids
Why was the original "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis modified to "one gene-one polypeptide"?
some enzymes are made up of more than one polypeptide
Proteorhodopsin consists of a single polypeptide chain. What is the highest level of structure found in this protein?
tertiary
The means by which we estimate the distance between two genes that may be "linked" is to conduct a(n) _____ of an F1 individual
testcross
In the polymerization of DNA, a phosphodiester bond is formed between a phosphate group of the nucleotide being added and _____ of the last nucleotide in the polymer.
the 3 prime carbon
G0 is a part of a cell cycle in which
the cell remains in G1 for an indefinite period of time
What provides the energy for the polymerization reactions in DNA synthesis?
the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate substrates
Knowing the atomic number of an element allows the most direct inferences about which of the following?
the number of protons in the element
Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows the most direct inferences about which of the following?
the number of protons plus neutrons in the element
In E. Coli, what is the function of ligase?
to seal together unlinked ends of Okazaki fragments
Differences among organisms are caused by differences in the ______.
types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism
