BIOL 1307 Final Review

How many genotypically different gametes could be produced, assuming independent assortment, by an organism with genotype AAbbccDDEE?

1

Absolute required characteristics of life

1. Capable of converting molecules from the environment into new biological molecules 2. Share a common set of chemical parts 3. Extract energy from the environment 4. Are dependent upon small, intricate interactions 5. Evolves in gradual changes over at least one generation of time (within a population)

Name 3 types of post-transcriptional modifications

1. Intron splicing 2. The addition of a 5' cap 3. the addition of a 3' polyadenylated tail

Which of these molecules are building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides?

2, 7, and 8

An organism has a diploid number of 6. How many chromosomes are present in the following cells: A gamete with monosomy of chromosome 2?

3

An organism has a diploid number of 6. How many chromosomes are present in the following cells: a normal gamete?

3

I have a really sharp, fine needle that I can pass across membranes. With this needle, I am able to manipulate ("touch") the thylakoid of a chloroplast. If I start inserting the needle from outside of the plant cell, at least how many membranes must I cross to get from the outside of the cell to the thylakoid?

3

Which is the transcription product of the DNA sequence 5'-TGCCA-3'?

3'-ACGGU-5'

A human cell in G1 of the cell cycle has 23 pairs of chromosomes. The number of daughter chromosomes in a cell in metaphase II of meiosis is

46

At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: 3' CCTAGGCTGCAATCC 5' An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following represents the prime sequence?

5' ACGUUAGG 3'

In which direction are all new nucleic acids synthesized?

5' to 3'

An organism has a diploid number of 6. How many chromosomes are present in the following cells: a skin cell?

6

An organism has a diploid number of 6. How many chromosomes are present in the following cells: a sperm cell at meiotic anaphase II?

6

What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be covalently bonded in a molecule containing two carbon atoms?

6

Which of the following pairs of molecules could be joined together by a peptide bond in a dehydration reaction?

7 and 8

Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?

8%

In the illustration above, which component is a protein fiber of the extracellular matrix?

A

What is this molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and is found in plasma membranes?

A phospholipid

All 117 of their children had red berries. Show the Punnett square for Glenn's cross described above.

CC x cc = Cc 100% heterozygous

Which statement about cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) or cyclin is false?

Cyclin is made continuously during the cell cycle

In the illustration above, which component is a peripheral protein?

D

In the late 1950s, Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results in the figure above would be expected after one round of DNA replication in the presence of 14N?

D

Suppose you are provided with an actively dividing culture of E. coli bacteria to which radioactive thymine has been added. What would happen if a cell replicates once in the presence of this radioactive base?

DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive

Name the last enzyme to function in replication

DNA ligase

DNA contains the template needed to copy itself, but it has no catalytic activity in cells. What catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the DNA polymer being formed?

DNA polymerase

The lagging strand is characterized by a series of short segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) that will be joined together to form a finished lagging strand. The experiments that led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments gave evidence for which of the following ideas?

DNA polymerase is a directional enzyme that synthesizes leading and lagging strands during replication

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA-replication-DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-polypeptide (protein)

When is a peptide bond formed during the process of translation?

During the elongation phase just after the tRNA charged with an amino acid binds to the A site on the ribosome

In the illustration above, which component is cholesterol?

E

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

ER -> Golgi -> vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Hierarchy of life from most complex to least complex

Ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle

You have discovered an enzyme that can catalyze two different chemical reactions. Which of the following is most likely to be correct?

Either the enzyme has two distinct active sites or the reactants involved in the two reactions are very similar in size and shape.

Which of the following is the most appropriate order for stages in the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

Which of the following statements describes chromatin?

Heterochromatin is highly condensed, whereas euchromatin is less compact

Which of the following is (are) true of natural selection?

It requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involves differential reproductive success.

Simone crosses a true-breeding long (LL), blue (BB) snake with a true-breeding short (SS), red (RR) snake, and then crosses one of the resulting F1 individuals with another. Which of the following gametic genotype is it possible for one of the F1 snakes to produce if the two genes are linked on the same chromosome and crossing over never occurs?

LLRR

Which statement about RNA is false?

Messenger RNAs are produced on ribosomes.

In E. coli, there is a mutation in a gene called dnaB that alters the helicase that normally acts at the origin. Which of the following would you expect as a result of this mutation?

No replication fork will be formed

In E. coli, which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand in the 3 prime to 5 prime direction?

None of the above (primase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase III, helicase)

Of the enzymes listed below, which functions first in transcription?

RNA polymerase

Which statement summarizes the process of transcription in cells?

The base sequence in a segment of DNA corresponding to a gene is used as a template to form the complementary sequence in a segment of RNA

Evolution

The inherited change in a population, that occurs often as natural selection acts upon preexisting variation.

How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?

Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypothesis typically address more specific issues.

In Simone's snakes, the F1 generation includes 32 babies. Assuming no linkage, which of the following is the most reasonable expectation of the choices given?

There will be 18 long, red snakes in that generation

You find yourself standing next to a beautiful rose bush. Which of the following do you and the rose NOT have in common?

You both have cells with walls.

If it IS true that you are a function of your proteins, how can it be that you inherit genes? After all, genes are proteins!

Your genome carries the information for what proteins you produce. Therefore, you are based upon the proteins you create and thereby the genes you have. Because the genes you inherit are the instructions to protein synthesis, you are a function of those instructions, and thereby also a function of your proteins.

The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

a hydrogen bond

What does the combinations of these structures form?

a nucleotide

What is this molecule?

a saturated fatty acid

Which of the following statements describes a eukaryotic chromosome?

a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins

Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's _______.

activation energy

Given the periodic table, which of the following would a neutral fluorine atom do to complete its valence shell?

add 1 electron

Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would _____.

always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and sometimes affect its biological activity.

If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, you create _____.

an isotope

An organism has a cell wall. It isn't a(n)

animal

Programmed cell death is how we define

apoptosis

Which of the following is not stated by the "central dogma?"

cells come only from pre-existing cells

What do we call the region of a chromosome where sister chromatids bind to each other?

centromere

The difference between a comparative and _____ experiment is that the latter tends to manipulate one or more of the factors being tested.

controlled

A reciprocal exchange between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes is called

crossing over

A class of compounds that binds to and activates kinases to cause cells to divide is called

cyclins

In prokaryotic cells, transcription happens in the ______ and translation happens in the ______.

cytoplasm, cytoplasm

A cross between two individuals results in a ratio of 9:3:3:1 for four phenotypes. This is most likely a/an

dihybrid cross

A cell is in anaphase of meiosis II. It is most likely

diploid

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that have enzymatic activity. This conflicts with the belief of early molecular biologists that

each enzyme is a polypeptide

The "semiconservative" model of DNA replication says that

each of the 2 pre-existing strands of DNA are saved as templates for the formation of new strands

Experiments are often designed so that they have the potential to ______ a hypothesis.

falsify

In animal cells, ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through

gap junctions

Eukaryotic telomers replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome. This is a consequence of which of the following?

gaps left at the 5 prime end of the lagging strand

Sexual reproduction is beneficial for a population because it increases

genetic variation

Biological evolution of life on Earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to multicellular eukaryotic organisms, ______.

has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, by expending Earth's energy resources and causing an increase in the entropy of the planet.

In E. Coli, to repair a thymine dimer by nucleotide excision repair, is which order do the necessary enzymes act?

helicase, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase

If a person were to try to determine whether a particular allele was dominant to another for a gene, that person might be best served by observing the phenotype of the

heterozygote

A reaction in which a reactant combines with water, resulting in the reactant being broken down into two molecules is an example of a(n) _______ reaction.

hydrolytic

In a pedigree showing the inheritance pattern of a condition caused by a recessive allele it is common to see the condition

in one sex more than others

Where is it reasonable to assume that proteins might be produced in a eukaryotic cell other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER?

in the mitochondria

The molecule illustrated in the accompanying figure _____.

is an unsaturated fatty acid

Transcription in prokaryotic cells

is initiated at a promoter and uses only one strand of DNA (the template strand) to synthesize a complementary RNA strand.

Anaphase of mitosis

is the phase when sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

If two genes are located near each other on the same chromosome, they have a high potential to be

linked

On what molecule is a codon?

mRNA

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the

mitochondria

Which of the following contributes to maternal cytoplasmic inheritance?

mitochondria

Glenn works with a species of plant known as Glenn's Dale. Glenn was of the opinion that berry color in the species was completely controlled by a single gene (C), and that there were two alleles for that gene, C and c. Glenn crossed homozygous red berried plants with homozygous white berried plants. What do we call that type of cross?

monohybrid

Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?

near universality of the genetic code

When a product of a "system" or process reduces the rate at which the original process progresses, this is a case of

negative feedback

The number of "morgans" describing the approximate distance between 2 genes is equivalent to the frequency of _____ types in the generation resulting from a testcross of an F1.

non-parental

In eukaryotic cells, transcription happens in the ______ and translation happens in the ______.

nucleus, ribosomes (rough ER or cytoplasm)

Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine and cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine. This arrangement _____.

permits complementary base pairing

A multicellular organism has a cell wall. Of those listed below, it is most likely a(n)

plant

The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule are held together by

polar covalent bonds

You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved?

primary structure

A diploid cell has twice as much DNA as the normal complement in G1, but the "normal" number of chromosomes. In which stage is the cell?

prophase I

Homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over during ______ of meiosis.

prophase I of meiosis

Translation occurs in the

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes)

Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?

single-stranded DNA binding proteins

What seperate from each other during the anaphase of mitosis?

sister chromatids

Why was the original "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis modified to "one gene-one polypeptide"?

some enzymes are made up of more than one polypeptide

Proteorhodopsin consists of a single polypeptide chain. What is the highest level of structure found in this protein?

tertiary

The means by which we estimate the distance between two genes that may be "linked" is to conduct a(n) _____ of an F1 individual

testcross

In the polymerization of DNA, a phosphodiester bond is formed between a phosphate group of the nucleotide being added and _____ of the last nucleotide in the polymer.

the 3 prime carbon

G0 is a part of a cell cycle in which

the cell remains in G1 for an indefinite period of time

What provides the energy for the polymerization reactions in DNA synthesis?

the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate substrates

Knowing the atomic number of an element allows the most direct inferences about which of the following?

the number of protons in the element

Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows the most direct inferences about which of the following?

the number of protons plus neutrons in the element

In E. Coli, what is the function of ligase?

to seal together unlinked ends of Okazaki fragments

Differences among organisms are caused by differences in the ______.

types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism