BIOL 2214 Exam 2
Periosteum
A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.
osteoclast
bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells.
sesamoid bone
bone formed in a tendon over a joint small, sesame seed-shaped bones along the tendons of some muscles
irregular bone
bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
rotation
bone pivots on its own axis
cartilaginous joints
bones held together by cartilage
long bone
bones that are longer than they are wide
short bones
bones that are nearly equal length and width
Pelvic Girdle
bones that hold the lower limbs in place
Pectoral Girdle
bones that hold the upper limbs in place,
spongy bone
Layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces and is found just inside the layer of compact bone.
speed and distance , direction strength.
Levers have the ability to alter the ___, ___, and ___ of a force
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor
List the rotator cuff muscles
synchondroses symphyses
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
syndesmoses
articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular CT A joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue.
Synchondrosis
articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage
Gomphosis
attachment of a tooth to its socket bolting together
epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides for the continued lengthwise growth of the bone
fontanelle
cranial bones are interconnected by flexible areas of dense regular connective tissue in regions soft spot between the skull bones of an infant
flat bone
flat, thin surfaces that may be slightly curved
bursa
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
ossification
formation and development of bone connective tissue
1. The fetal hyaline cartilage model develop 2. Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms 3. The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis 4. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyse 5. Bone replaces almost all cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage 6. Lengthwise growth continues until the epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines.
escribe the process of endochondral ossification
third class lever
fort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum (picking up object with a pair of forceps) the input force is between the fulcrum and the load
red bone marrow
found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis
Diarthrosis
freely movable joint
synovial joint
freely movable joint
synovial joints
freely movable joints
first class lever scissor
fulcrum in the middle, between the effort (force) and the resistance
nonaxial
gliding/ slipping movements only
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
True ribs (1-7)
have a direct attachment to the sternum via costal cartilage
marrow (medullary) cavity
hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis
Promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity released in response to high blood calcium levels/ stress from exercise. - primarily inhibits osteoclast activity. - stimulates the kidneys to increase the loss of calcium in the urine. The result is a reduction in blood calcium levels.
how does calcitonin affect bone resorption and deposition?
knuckles you can flex and extend the fingers and move your fingers apart from one another and move them closer together
list examples of condylar joints
roof of the skull, scapulae sternum ribs
list examples of flat bones
elbow knee
list examples of hinge joints
The vertebrae hip bones some skull bones - ethmoid, sphenoid, and sutural bones,
list examples of irregular bones
radio-ulnar joint,- permits the radius to rotate. atlantoaxial joint between the first two cervical vertebrae.- shake your head no
list examples of pivot joints
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, temporomandibular joint, elbow joint, knee joint
list examples of synovial joints
osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast.
list the 3 main cell types in bone
nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial
list the 4 different ways a joint can move around an axis
lateral flexion
vertebral column moves (bends) in a lateral direction along a coronal plane
enable some flexion in the bony plates within the skull during birth, allow child's head to pass through the birth canal to ease the baby's passage
what is the purpose of fontanelles?
arrangement better supports the weight of the body when standing than could a straight spine
what is the purpose of spinal curvature?
hold 2 bones together
what is thre function of fibrous joints?
outer layer (fibrous layer)- dense CT. It strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart. inner layer (synovium)- cells secrete synovial fluid
what makes up the articular capsule?
articular cartilage and synovial fluid
what reduces friction in a synovial joint?
effort applied to one point on the lever exceeds a resistance located at another point
when does movement occur in a lever?
found both between the radius and ulna/e tibia and fibula
where are syndesmoses found?
periosteum
where does appositional growth occur?
red bone marrow CT
where does hemopoiesis occur?
within both zone 2 as chondrocytes undergo mitotic cell division and zone 3 as chondrocytes hypertrophy in the epiphyseal plate
where does interstitial growth occur?
diaphysis
where is compact bone located?
reduces friction in the joint during movement, - spongy cushion to absorb compression placed on the joint, - prevents damage to the articulating ends of the bones.
list the functions of articular cartilage
lubricates the articular cartilage nourishes chondrocytes shock absorber, distributing stresses and force evenly
list the functions of synvial fluid
support and protection levers for movement hemopoeisis storage of mineral and energy reserves
list the functions of the skeletal system
articular capsule - fibrous layer - synovium synovial cacity synovial fluid articular cartilage bursae tendons/ ligaments
list the parts of they synovial joint
1. fracture hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms 3. hard (bony) callus forms.
list the steps of bone repair
plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
list the structural classifications of synovial joints
long, short, irregular, flat, sesamoid
list the type of bone shapes
Projections sites of articulation Depression Groove Opening
list the types of bone markings
plane hinge pivot
list unaxial joints
interstital growth
long bones increase in length
floating ribs (11-12)
no articulation with the sternum. not attached to sternum (only vertebrae)
Symphyses
pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones Bones united by fibrocartilage
Joint (articulation)
place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth The place where two bones come into contact.
Hemopoiesis
production of blood cells
Pelvis
protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity
epiphyseal line
remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults is a thin, defined area of compact bone
pivot joint
rotating bone turns around an axis one articulating bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone. The first bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the second bone.
joint/ synovial cavity
space that permits separation of the articulating bones the space between two connecting bones
false as a joint becomes more stable, it becomes *less* mobile
t/f as a joint becomes more stable, it becomes more mobile
false sesamoid bones are a type of short bone
t/f sesamoid bones are types of irregeular bones
true
t/f small bones in the fingers and toes are long bones, as are the larger tibia and fibula of the lower limb.
true
t/f tendons are not part of the synovial joint
short bones
tarsals and carpals are examples of ___ bones
synovial fluid
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
patella
largest sesamoid bone
adduction
lateral movement of body part toward midline
concentric lamellae
layers of bony/ calcified matrix around a central canal form the bulk of the osteon.
condylar saddle
list biaxial joints
lateral miniscus
anterior right knee
medial miniscus
anterior right knee
coxal(hip) and glenohumeral (shoulder) joints.
list examples of ball and socket joints
axial skeleton
**************************** composed of the bones along the central axis of the body
coracoclavicular ligament
2
suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
3 types of fibrous joints
radial collateral ligament
4
ulnar collateral ligament
8
primary curve
A and D
articular cartilage (hyaline)
Covers all articulating bone surfaces. Helps to reduce friction and absorb compression
ligament
Connects bone to bone
tendon
Connects muscle to bone
kidney-bean-shaped bodies and extend inferiorly relatively small and light. transverse foramina- house the vertebral artery and vein
Describe cervical Vertebrae
dramatically accelerate bone growth. increase the rate of both cartilage growth and bone formation within the epiphyseal plate. beginning of the end for growth at the epiphyseal plate. - Bone growth eventually overcomes the region of cartilage, replacing all cartilage with bone at the epiphyseal plates.
Describe the effects estrogen/ testosterone has on bone growth
Stimulates liver to produce IGF, cartilage growth at epiphyseal plate and resulting bone elongation
Describe the effects growth hormone has on bone growth
salt crystals that are primarily calcium phosphate, - deposit around the long axis of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix. harden the matrix and account for the rigidity or relative inflexibility of bone that provides its compressional strength.
Describe the inorganic components of the extracellular matrix of bone tissue.
osteoid (produced by osteoblasts) composed of collagen and a semisolid ground substance that suspends and supports the collagen fibers. give bone tensile strength by resisting stretching and twisting, and contribute to its flexibility.
Describe the organic components of the extracellular matrix of bone tissue.
female pelvis is shallower and wider to accommodate the infant's head as it passes through the birth canal.
Explain the functional advantages the female skeleton provides for childbirth.
Hyperextension
Extension movement continues past 180 degrees
articular capsule
Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint
compact bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
12
How many pairs of ribs are there?
abduction
Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline
protraction
Moving a part forward Anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position
supination
Palm up
smooth areas
Sites of articulation between adjacent bones tend to be ___
opposition
Special movement of the thumb across the palm toward the fingers to permit grasping and holding of an object
flexion
The angle between articulating bones decreases in an anterior-posterior (AP) plane Decreases the angle of a joint
fulcrum
The fixed point around which a lever pivots
inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward
flexion/ extension abduction/ adduction
What movements can the hip joint make?
circumferential lamellae
a bony lamella that encircles the outer or inner surface of a bone extend the entire circumference of the bone itself
osteoblast
a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation. (osteoid)
condylar joint
a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates with a concave articular surface on the second bone of the joint. Biaxial joints can move in two axes, such as back-and-forth and side-to-side
Paranasal Sinus
air-filled chambers that open into the nasal cavities
paranasal sinus
air-filled chambers within the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones and the maxillae
diarthrosis
all synovial joints are ___
syntharthrosis
an immovable joint
osteon
basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone
dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
plantar flexion
bends the foot downward at the ankle
central canal
center of osteon
fibrous joint
connect bones without allowing any movement (like sutures)
Circumduction
continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession; the circular movement at the far end of a limb
false ribs (8-12)
costal cartilages do not articulate directly to the sternum ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum
no joint cavity- no space btw bones held together by dense regular (fibrous) CT immobile or at most only slightly mobile
describe fibrous joints
compact bone
dense cortical bone
Joint between bones permitting motion in only one plane onvex surface of one articulating bone fitting into a concave depression on the other bone in the joint. Movement is confined to a single axis
describe a hinge joint
no joint cavity and occurs where bones are joined by cartilage. immobile or slightly mobile. either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
describe cartilaginous joints
rigid connective bone tissue white, smooth, and solid. makes up 80% of the total bone mass
describe compact bone
largest vertebrae- bear most of the weight of the body. thicker than that of all the other vertebrae body is oval or round thick spinous processes provide extensive surface area for the attachment of inferior back muscles that reinforce or adjust the lumbar curvature
describe lumbar vertebrae
ruffled border where they contact the bone, which increases their surface area exposure to the bone. located by a depression/ pit on the bone surface called a (resorption lacuna).
describe osteoclasts
mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have lost their bone-forming ability when enveloped by calcified osteoid. maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone. - stress detected, osteoblasts are signaled, and it may result in the deposition of new bone matrix at the surface.
describe osteocytes
thoracic and sacral curvatures present at birth. posteriorly and result in the vertebral column being C-shaped.
describe primary curves
hemopoietic contains reticular connective tissue, developing blood cells, and adipocytes.
describe red bone marrow
cervical and lumbar curvatures, appear after birth. arch anteriorly compensation curves- shift the trunk weight over the legs.
describe secondary curvatures
appears porous, 20% of the total bone mass.
describe spongy bone
The fibrocartilage resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as a resilient shock absorber. intervertebral discs pubic symphysis
describe symphyses
fluid-filled joint cavity that separates articulating surfaces of bones. articulating surfaces enclosed w/in a CT capsule, and the bones are attached to each other by various ligaments.
describe synovial joints
elongated bursa wraps around a tendon where there may be excessive friction. common in the confined spaces of the wrist and ankle
describe tendon sheaths
synthesizing and secreting osteoid Osteoid later calcifies as a result of salt crystal deposition - osteoblasts become entrapped within the matrix they produce and secrete, and thereafter they differentiate into osteocytes.
describe the function of osteoblasts
outer layer: - fibrous layer of dense irregular CT - protects the bone from surrounding structures, - anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone - attachment site for ligaments and tendons. inner layer: -cellular layer includes osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
describe the layers of the periosteum
mucous membrane lining that helps to humidify and warm inhaled air. sinus spaces reduce the weight of the skull bones provide resonance to the voice.
describe the paranasal sinus
1. Ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme around the eighth week of development 2. Osteoid undergoes calcification 3. Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form
describe the process of intramembranous ossification
rticulates with the ribs heart-shaped bodies costal facets/ demifacets (semicircular facets)
describe thoracic vertebrae
medullary cavities of long bones and inner core of most epiphyses adipocytes
describe yellow bone marrow
osteoporosis
disease that results in decreased bone mass and leads to weakened bones that are prone to fracture A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
lever
elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point A rigid bar that is free to move around a fixed point
epiphysis
expanded, knobby region at each end of a long bone
When keratinocytes are exposed to UV rays, a precursor molecule is transformed to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) which is released into the blood The liver then synthesizes calcidiol from the vitamin D3. Finally, the kidneys will convert calcidiol to calcitriol.
explain the connection btw vitamin D the integumentary/ skeletal system.
yellow bone marrow
fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones
suture
fibrous joints found only between certain bones of the skull. interlocking line of union between bones
interstital lamellae
fill gaps between forming osteons leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed
The repetitious compression and expansion that occurs during exercise is vital to maintaining healthy articular cartilage because this action enhances its obtaining nutrition and its waste removal.
how does exercise affect articular cartilage?
cytoplasmic processes of the osteocytes, which extend within the canaliculi that open onto the surfaces of the trabeculae
how does nutrients reach osteocytes in spongy bone?
Increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts secreted/ released in response to reduced blood calcium levels final enzymatic step converting calcidiol to calcitriol in the kidney occurs more readily in the presence of PTH
how does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect bone resorption/ deposition?
long bone acts as a lever, joint serves as the fulcrum, effort is generated by a muscle attached to the bone
how does the body have a lever system?
endosteum
incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
appositional growth
increase in bone thickness/ diameter
extension
increases the angle of a joint
Depressions, grooves, and openings
indicate sites where blood vessels and nerves travel.
trabeculae
instead of osteons, spongy bone has ___for support
osteoclast
involved in breaking down bone in an important process called bone resorption
osteocyte
maintain the bone matrix
Projection
mark the points where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach.
osteocyte
mature bone cell
Caniliculi
minute canals radiating in all directions from lacunae allowing for communication between adjacent osteocytes permit intercellular contact and communication. Nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes are transported through the cytoplasmic extensions within these passageways, allowing their exchange between the blood vessels of the central canal and the osteocytes.
long bone
most common bone shape
3rd class
most common lever in the body
unaxial
movement in one plane/ axis
multiaxial (triaxial)
movement in or around all 3 planes
biaxial
movement in two planes/ axis
depression
movement of a body part inferiorly
elevation
movement of a body part superiorly
retraction
moving a part backward Posterior movement of a body part from anatomic position
ball and socket
multiaxial joint
red bone marrow
myeloid tissue
reposition
opposite of opposition return to anatomical position
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
plane joint
simplest synovial joint short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
lacunae
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
second class
small force can balance a larger weight in this type of lever, because the effort is always farther from the fulcrum than the resistance.
osteon
structural unit of compact bone
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone open lattice of narrow rods and plates
Atlas (C1)
supports the head permits us to nod our heads "yes.
bone markings
surface features that characterize each bone in the body
fibrous joints
sutures between skull bones, and articulations between either the radius and ulna/ tibia and fibula.
second class lever
the load/ resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort
resorption
the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
pronation
turning the palm downward
eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
saddle joint
type of joint found at the base of each thumb allows grasping and rotation
osteoid
unmineralized bone matrix
calcium phosphate
what are the main minerals stored in bone?
provide extensive surface areas for muscle attachment protect underlying soft tissues
what do flat bones do?
hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
what do rotator cuff muscles do?
most bones of the skeleton, i - upper and lower limbs, - pelvis, - vertebrae, -ends of the clavicle.
what does endochondral ossification produce?
flat bones of the skull some of the facial bones (cheeks and jaw) central part of the clavicle (collarbone)
what does intramembranous ossification produce?
upper and lower limbs, and the girdles of bones that attach them to the axial skeleton
what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
skull, vertebral column, sternum, and rib
what does the axial skeleton consist of?
blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone
what extends through the central canal?
synarthrosis
what functional category applies to gomphosis?
syntharthroses
what functional category applies to sutures
amphiarthroses
what functional category applies to symphyses
syntharthroses
what functional category applies to synchondroses
diarthroses
what functional category applies to synovial joints
amphiarthroses
what functional category is applied to syndesmoses?
presence of abnormal protein, results in brittle bones; insufficient calcium results in soft bones
what happens to bone when the composition of either the organic or inorganic matrix changes?
atlanto-occipital joint of the neck, where the muscles on the posterior side of the neck (effort) pull inferiorly on the nuchal lines of the skull and oppose the tendency of the head (resistance) to tip anteriorly.
what is an example of a first class lever in the body?
when the foot is depressed (plantar flexed) so that a person can stand on tiptoe
what is an example of a second class lever?
muscle contraction, blood clotting , release of neurotransmitter from nerve cells
what is calcium essential for?
cartilage within the epiphyseal plate
what is interstitial growth dependent on?
hyaline cartilage
what is the epiphyseal plate composed of?
stabilize, strengthen, and reinforce most synovial joints.
what is the function of a ligament?
form a framework that supports/ protects the organs. spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue responsible for blood cell formation
what is the function of the axial skeleton?
leverage and major weight support of a long bone
what is the function of the diaphysis
rovides great resistance to stresses applied in many directions by distributing the stress throughout the entire framework
what is the function of trabeculae?
stimulating absorption of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the small intestine into the blood.
what is the function of vitamin D?
pelvis
what is the most reliable way to ID sex by looking at the skeleton?
children: spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones. adults: selected portions of the axial skeleton - flat skull bones, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hip bones proximal epiphyses of each humerus and femur.
where is red bone marrow located?
Extending internally from the compact bone along the length of the diaphysis epiphysis
where is spongy bone located?
saddle
which has the greatest range of mvmt -hinge -condylar -saddle
women have less bone mass than men, lose bone mass earlier and faster in life (35 y/o), postmenopausal women no longer produce significant amounts of estrogen
why are older women at a higher risk for osteoporosis than older men.
hold bone marrow
why is spongy bone located in the epiphysis?
