BIOL 2214 Exam 2

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

osteoclast

bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells.

sesamoid bone

bone formed in a tendon over a joint small, sesame seed-shaped bones along the tendons of some muscles

irregular bone

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

rotation

bone pivots on its own axis

cartilaginous joints

bones held together by cartilage

long bone

bones that are longer than they are wide

short bones

bones that are nearly equal length and width

Pelvic Girdle

bones that hold the lower limbs in place

Pectoral Girdle

bones that hold the upper limbs in place,

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces and is found just inside the layer of compact bone.

speed and distance , direction strength.

Levers have the ability to alter the ___, ___, and ___ of a force

subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor

List the rotator cuff muscles

synchondroses symphyses

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

syndesmoses

articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular CT A joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue.

Synchondrosis

articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage

Gomphosis

attachment of a tooth to its socket bolting together

epiphyseal plate

cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides for the continued lengthwise growth of the bone

fontanelle

cranial bones are interconnected by flexible areas of dense regular connective tissue in regions soft spot between the skull bones of an infant

flat bone

flat, thin surfaces that may be slightly curved

bursa

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

ossification

formation and development of bone connective tissue

1. The fetal hyaline cartilage model develop 2. Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms 3. The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis 4. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyse 5. Bone replaces almost all cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage 6. Lengthwise growth continues until the epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines.

escribe the process of endochondral ossification

third class lever

fort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum (picking up object with a pair of forceps) the input force is between the fulcrum and the load

red bone marrow

found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

synovial joint

freely movable joint

synovial joints

freely movable joints

first class lever scissor

fulcrum in the middle, between the effort (force) and the resistance

nonaxial

gliding/ slipping movements only

epiphyseal plate

growth plate

True ribs (1-7)

have a direct attachment to the sternum via costal cartilage

marrow (medullary) cavity

hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis

Promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity released in response to high blood calcium levels/ stress from exercise. - primarily inhibits osteoclast activity. - stimulates the kidneys to increase the loss of calcium in the urine. The result is a reduction in blood calcium levels.

how does calcitonin affect bone resorption and deposition?

knuckles you can flex and extend the fingers and move your fingers apart from one another and move them closer together

list examples of condylar joints

roof of the skull, scapulae sternum ribs

list examples of flat bones

elbow knee

list examples of hinge joints

The vertebrae hip bones some skull bones - ethmoid, sphenoid, and sutural bones,

list examples of irregular bones

radio-ulnar joint,- permits the radius to rotate. atlantoaxial joint between the first two cervical vertebrae.- shake your head no

list examples of pivot joints

glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, temporomandibular joint, elbow joint, knee joint

list examples of synovial joints

osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast.

list the 3 main cell types in bone

nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial

list the 4 different ways a joint can move around an axis

lateral flexion

vertebral column moves (bends) in a lateral direction along a coronal plane

enable some flexion in the bony plates within the skull during birth, allow child's head to pass through the birth canal to ease the baby's passage

what is the purpose of fontanelles?

arrangement better supports the weight of the body when standing than could a straight spine

what is the purpose of spinal curvature?

hold 2 bones together

what is thre function of fibrous joints?

outer layer (fibrous layer)- dense CT. It strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart. inner layer (synovium)- cells secrete synovial fluid

what makes up the articular capsule?

articular cartilage and synovial fluid

what reduces friction in a synovial joint?

effort applied to one point on the lever exceeds a resistance located at another point

when does movement occur in a lever?

found both between the radius and ulna/e tibia and fibula

where are syndesmoses found?

periosteum

where does appositional growth occur?

red bone marrow CT

where does hemopoiesis occur?

within both zone 2 as chondrocytes undergo mitotic cell division and zone 3 as chondrocytes hypertrophy in the epiphyseal plate

where does interstitial growth occur?

diaphysis

where is compact bone located?

reduces friction in the joint during movement, - spongy cushion to absorb compression placed on the joint, - prevents damage to the articulating ends of the bones.

list the functions of articular cartilage

lubricates the articular cartilage nourishes chondrocytes shock absorber, distributing stresses and force evenly

list the functions of synvial fluid

support and protection levers for movement hemopoeisis storage of mineral and energy reserves

list the functions of the skeletal system

articular capsule - fibrous layer - synovium synovial cacity synovial fluid articular cartilage bursae tendons/ ligaments

list the parts of they synovial joint

1. fracture hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms 3. hard (bony) callus forms.

list the steps of bone repair

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket

list the structural classifications of synovial joints

long, short, irregular, flat, sesamoid

list the type of bone shapes

Projections sites of articulation Depression Groove Opening

list the types of bone markings

plane hinge pivot

list unaxial joints

interstital growth

long bones increase in length

floating ribs (11-12)

no articulation with the sternum. not attached to sternum (only vertebrae)

Symphyses

pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones Bones united by fibrocartilage

Joint (articulation)

place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth The place where two bones come into contact.

Hemopoiesis

production of blood cells

Pelvis

protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity

epiphyseal line

remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults is a thin, defined area of compact bone

pivot joint

rotating bone turns around an axis one articulating bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone. The first bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the second bone.

joint/ synovial cavity

space that permits separation of the articulating bones the space between two connecting bones

false as a joint becomes more stable, it becomes *less* mobile

t/f as a joint becomes more stable, it becomes more mobile

false sesamoid bones are a type of short bone

t/f sesamoid bones are types of irregeular bones

true

t/f small bones in the fingers and toes are long bones, as are the larger tibia and fibula of the lower limb.

true

t/f tendons are not part of the synovial joint

short bones

tarsals and carpals are examples of ___ bones

synovial fluid

joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

patella

largest sesamoid bone

adduction

lateral movement of body part toward midline

concentric lamellae

layers of bony/ calcified matrix around a central canal form the bulk of the osteon.

condylar saddle

list biaxial joints

lateral miniscus

anterior right knee

medial miniscus

anterior right knee

coxal(hip) and glenohumeral (shoulder) joints.

list examples of ball and socket joints

axial skeleton

**************************** composed of the bones along the central axis of the body

coracoclavicular ligament

2

suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

3 types of fibrous joints

radial collateral ligament

4

ulnar collateral ligament

8

primary curve

A and D

articular cartilage (hyaline)

Covers all articulating bone surfaces. Helps to reduce friction and absorb compression

ligament

Connects bone to bone

tendon

Connects muscle to bone

kidney-bean-shaped bodies and extend inferiorly relatively small and light. transverse foramina- house the vertebral artery and vein

Describe cervical Vertebrae

dramatically accelerate bone growth. increase the rate of both cartilage growth and bone formation within the epiphyseal plate. beginning of the end for growth at the epiphyseal plate. - Bone growth eventually overcomes the region of cartilage, replacing all cartilage with bone at the epiphyseal plates.

Describe the effects estrogen/ testosterone has on bone growth

Stimulates liver to produce IGF, cartilage growth at epiphyseal plate and resulting bone elongation

Describe the effects growth hormone has on bone growth

salt crystals that are primarily calcium phosphate, - deposit around the long axis of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix. harden the matrix and account for the rigidity or relative inflexibility of bone that provides its compressional strength.

Describe the inorganic components of the extracellular matrix of bone tissue.

osteoid (produced by osteoblasts) composed of collagen and a semisolid ground substance that suspends and supports the collagen fibers. give bone tensile strength by resisting stretching and twisting, and contribute to its flexibility.

Describe the organic components of the extracellular matrix of bone tissue.

female pelvis is shallower and wider to accommodate the infant's head as it passes through the birth canal.

Explain the functional advantages the female skeleton provides for childbirth.

Hyperextension

Extension movement continues past 180 degrees

articular capsule

Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

12

How many pairs of ribs are there?

abduction

Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline

protraction

Moving a part forward Anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position

supination

Palm up

smooth areas

Sites of articulation between adjacent bones tend to be ___

opposition

Special movement of the thumb across the palm toward the fingers to permit grasping and holding of an object

flexion

The angle between articulating bones decreases in an anterior-posterior (AP) plane Decreases the angle of a joint

fulcrum

The fixed point around which a lever pivots

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

flexion/ extension abduction/ adduction

What movements can the hip joint make?

circumferential lamellae

a bony lamella that encircles the outer or inner surface of a bone extend the entire circumference of the bone itself

osteoblast

a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation. (osteoid)

condylar joint

a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates with a concave articular surface on the second bone of the joint. Biaxial joints can move in two axes, such as back-and-forth and side-to-side

Paranasal Sinus

air-filled chambers that open into the nasal cavities

paranasal sinus

air-filled chambers within the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones and the maxillae

diarthrosis

all synovial joints are ___

syntharthrosis

an immovable joint

osteon

basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone

dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

plantar flexion

bends the foot downward at the ankle

central canal

center of osteon

fibrous joint

connect bones without allowing any movement (like sutures)

Circumduction

continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession; the circular movement at the far end of a limb

false ribs (8-12)

costal cartilages do not articulate directly to the sternum ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum

no joint cavity- no space btw bones held together by dense regular (fibrous) CT immobile or at most only slightly mobile

describe fibrous joints

compact bone

dense cortical bone

Joint between bones permitting motion in only one plane onvex surface of one articulating bone fitting into a concave depression on the other bone in the joint. Movement is confined to a single axis

describe a hinge joint

no joint cavity and occurs where bones are joined by cartilage. immobile or slightly mobile. either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

describe cartilaginous joints

rigid connective bone tissue white, smooth, and solid. makes up 80% of the total bone mass

describe compact bone

largest vertebrae- bear most of the weight of the body. thicker than that of all the other vertebrae body is oval or round thick spinous processes provide extensive surface area for the attachment of inferior back muscles that reinforce or adjust the lumbar curvature

describe lumbar vertebrae

ruffled border where they contact the bone, which increases their surface area exposure to the bone. located by a depression/ pit on the bone surface called a (resorption lacuna).

describe osteoclasts

mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have lost their bone-forming ability when enveloped by calcified osteoid. maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone. - stress detected, osteoblasts are signaled, and it may result in the deposition of new bone matrix at the surface.

describe osteocytes

thoracic and sacral curvatures present at birth. posteriorly and result in the vertebral column being C-shaped.

describe primary curves

hemopoietic contains reticular connective tissue, developing blood cells, and adipocytes.

describe red bone marrow

cervical and lumbar curvatures, appear after birth. arch anteriorly compensation curves- shift the trunk weight over the legs.

describe secondary curvatures

appears porous, 20% of the total bone mass.

describe spongy bone

The fibrocartilage resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as a resilient shock absorber. intervertebral discs pubic symphysis

describe symphyses

fluid-filled joint cavity that separates articulating surfaces of bones. articulating surfaces enclosed w/in a CT capsule, and the bones are attached to each other by various ligaments.

describe synovial joints

elongated bursa wraps around a tendon where there may be excessive friction. common in the confined spaces of the wrist and ankle

describe tendon sheaths

synthesizing and secreting osteoid Osteoid later calcifies as a result of salt crystal deposition - osteoblasts become entrapped within the matrix they produce and secrete, and thereafter they differentiate into osteocytes.

describe the function of osteoblasts

outer layer: - fibrous layer of dense irregular CT - protects the bone from surrounding structures, - anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone - attachment site for ligaments and tendons. inner layer: -cellular layer includes osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

describe the layers of the periosteum

mucous membrane lining that helps to humidify and warm inhaled air. sinus spaces reduce the weight of the skull bones provide resonance to the voice.

describe the paranasal sinus

1. Ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme around the eighth week of development 2. Osteoid undergoes calcification 3. Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form

describe the process of intramembranous ossification

rticulates with the ribs heart-shaped bodies costal facets/ demifacets (semicircular facets)

describe thoracic vertebrae

medullary cavities of long bones and inner core of most epiphyses adipocytes

describe yellow bone marrow

osteoporosis

disease that results in decreased bone mass and leads to weakened bones that are prone to fracture A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

lever

elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point A rigid bar that is free to move around a fixed point

epiphysis

expanded, knobby region at each end of a long bone

When keratinocytes are exposed to UV rays, a precursor molecule is transformed to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) which is released into the blood The liver then synthesizes calcidiol from the vitamin D3. Finally, the kidneys will convert calcidiol to calcitriol.

explain the connection btw vitamin D the integumentary/ skeletal system.

yellow bone marrow

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

suture

fibrous joints found only between certain bones of the skull. interlocking line of union between bones

interstital lamellae

fill gaps between forming osteons leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed

The repetitious compression and expansion that occurs during exercise is vital to maintaining healthy articular cartilage because this action enhances its obtaining nutrition and its waste removal.

how does exercise affect articular cartilage?

cytoplasmic processes of the osteocytes, which extend within the canaliculi that open onto the surfaces of the trabeculae

how does nutrients reach osteocytes in spongy bone?

Increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts secreted/ released in response to reduced blood calcium levels final enzymatic step converting calcidiol to calcitriol in the kidney occurs more readily in the presence of PTH

how does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect bone resorption/ deposition?

long bone acts as a lever, joint serves as the fulcrum, effort is generated by a muscle attached to the bone

how does the body have a lever system?

endosteum

incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

appositional growth

increase in bone thickness/ diameter

extension

increases the angle of a joint

Depressions, grooves, and openings

indicate sites where blood vessels and nerves travel.

trabeculae

instead of osteons, spongy bone has ___for support

osteoclast

involved in breaking down bone in an important process called bone resorption

osteocyte

maintain the bone matrix

Projection

mark the points where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach.

osteocyte

mature bone cell

Caniliculi

minute canals radiating in all directions from lacunae allowing for communication between adjacent osteocytes permit intercellular contact and communication. Nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes are transported through the cytoplasmic extensions within these passageways, allowing their exchange between the blood vessels of the central canal and the osteocytes.

long bone

most common bone shape

3rd class

most common lever in the body

unaxial

movement in one plane/ axis

multiaxial (triaxial)

movement in or around all 3 planes

biaxial

movement in two planes/ axis

depression

movement of a body part inferiorly

elevation

movement of a body part superiorly

retraction

moving a part backward Posterior movement of a body part from anatomic position

ball and socket

multiaxial joint

red bone marrow

myeloid tissue

reposition

opposite of opposition return to anatomical position

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

plane joint

simplest synovial joint short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

second class

small force can balance a larger weight in this type of lever, because the effort is always farther from the fulcrum than the resistance.

osteon

structural unit of compact bone

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone open lattice of narrow rods and plates

Atlas (C1)

supports the head permits us to nod our heads "yes.

bone markings

surface features that characterize each bone in the body

fibrous joints

sutures between skull bones, and articulations between either the radius and ulna/ tibia and fibula.

second class lever

the load/ resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort

resorption

the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue

pronation

turning the palm downward

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb allows grasping and rotation

osteoid

unmineralized bone matrix

calcium phosphate

what are the main minerals stored in bone?

provide extensive surface areas for muscle attachment protect underlying soft tissues

what do flat bones do?

hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity

what do rotator cuff muscles do?

most bones of the skeleton, i - upper and lower limbs, - pelvis, - vertebrae, -ends of the clavicle.

what does endochondral ossification produce?

flat bones of the skull some of the facial bones (cheeks and jaw) central part of the clavicle (collarbone)

what does intramembranous ossification produce?

upper and lower limbs, and the girdles of bones that attach them to the axial skeleton

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

skull, vertebral column, sternum, and rib

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone

what extends through the central canal?

synarthrosis

what functional category applies to gomphosis?

syntharthroses

what functional category applies to sutures

amphiarthroses

what functional category applies to symphyses

syntharthroses

what functional category applies to synchondroses

diarthroses

what functional category applies to synovial joints

amphiarthroses

what functional category is applied to syndesmoses?

presence of abnormal protein, results in brittle bones; insufficient calcium results in soft bones

what happens to bone when the composition of either the organic or inorganic matrix changes?

atlanto-occipital joint of the neck, where the muscles on the posterior side of the neck (effort) pull inferiorly on the nuchal lines of the skull and oppose the tendency of the head (resistance) to tip anteriorly.

what is an example of a first class lever in the body?

when the foot is depressed (plantar flexed) so that a person can stand on tiptoe

what is an example of a second class lever?

muscle contraction, blood clotting , release of neurotransmitter from nerve cells

what is calcium essential for?

cartilage within the epiphyseal plate

what is interstitial growth dependent on?

hyaline cartilage

what is the epiphyseal plate composed of?

stabilize, strengthen, and reinforce most synovial joints.

what is the function of a ligament?

form a framework that supports/ protects the organs. spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue responsible for blood cell formation

what is the function of the axial skeleton?

leverage and major weight support of a long bone

what is the function of the diaphysis

rovides great resistance to stresses applied in many directions by distributing the stress throughout the entire framework

what is the function of trabeculae?

stimulating absorption of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the small intestine into the blood.

what is the function of vitamin D?

pelvis

what is the most reliable way to ID sex by looking at the skeleton?

children: spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones. adults: selected portions of the axial skeleton - flat skull bones, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hip bones proximal epiphyses of each humerus and femur.

where is red bone marrow located?

Extending internally from the compact bone along the length of the diaphysis epiphysis

where is spongy bone located?

saddle

which has the greatest range of mvmt -hinge -condylar -saddle

women have less bone mass than men, lose bone mass earlier and faster in life (35 y/o), postmenopausal women no longer produce significant amounts of estrogen

why are older women at a higher risk for osteoporosis than older men.

hold bone marrow

why is spongy bone located in the epiphysis?