BIOL 2251 Final exam review
Rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are associated with reduced pH levels in the ocean. This "acidification" of the ocean has a great impact on cephalopods. True or False
False
A blastula develops into which state as the gut cavity develops? Multiple Choice -It remains in the blastula stage -Gastrula -Acoelomate -Pseudocoelomate
Gastrula
How do crustacea differ from other arthropod groups? Multiple Choice They possess a telson tail. Only crustaceans have two pairs of antennae. CorrectOnly crustaceans have chitinous exoskeletons. Only Crustacea possess a two-part body plan of cephalothorax and abdomen. A hemocoel is only found in Crustacea.
Only crustaceans have two pairs of antennae.
The water outlet in sponges is known as a/an __________________.
Osculum
Of the five chordate hallmarks, adult tunicates demonstrate only two, the __________ __________ and the endostyle.
Pharyngeal pouches/slits
The oldest jawed fishes are extinct and are called __________.
Placoderms
Which statement about Cnidaria is NOT true? Multiple Choice -Reproduction is both sexual and asexual. -Some forms are sessile and others are motile. -They live in either marine or freshwater environments. -Tentacles are used to capture prey and put it into the mouth. -The body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with a distinct mouth and anus.
The body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with a distinct mouth and anus.
The Hirudinida are unique in that they have both an anterior and a posterior ___________.
Sucker
Examples of holometabolous, hemimetabolous, and direct development would be, respectively, Multiple Choice a dragonfly, grasshopper, and butterfly. a springtail, beetle, and butterfly. a wasp, beetle, and butterfly. a butterfly, grasshopper, and springtail. a grasshopper, springtail, and butterfly.
a butterfly, grasshopper, and springtail.
Members of the class Arachnida have Multiple Choice a cephalothorax and abdomen. antennae. mandibles. five pairs of walking legs. All of the choices are arachnid features.
a cephalothorax and abdomen.
Spider silk Multiple Choice is very strong but cannot be stretched without breaking. is only produced by those orb web spiders that form webs to catch insects. is formed as solid coiled threads internally that can be uncoiled and used whenever needed. is used differently by different spider species. All of the choices are correct.
is used differently by different spider species.
The most complex and the most common body form of sponges is found in the Multiple Choice asconoids. leuconoids. syconoids.
leuconoids.
The lungfishes Multiple Choice are all extinct. do not really have functional lungs. live only in Australia, Africa, and South America. are an aberrant branch of the cartilaginous fishes. are survivors of primitive ray-finned fishes.
live only in Australia, Africa, and South America.
The extracellular matrix found in sponges is Multiple Choice -spongin. -collagen. -pinacoderm. -mesohyl or mesenchyme.
mesohyl or mesenchyme.
Elephantiasis is transferred by Multiple Choice eating uncooked elephant meat. worms burrowing into skin of feet. drinking contaminated water or food. mosquitoes injecting larval worms into the bloodstream. exchanging body fluids with an infected person.
mosquitoes injecting larval worms into the bloodstream.
Elephantiasis is an enlargement of legs, arms, scrotum, and other tissues caused by Multiple Choice -an infection of the human coelom by Ascaris. -a large number of Trichinella worms encysting in our muscles. contracting a disease that usually occurs in elephants. -nematodes that reproduce and clog the lymphatic system which causes the limbs to swell. -a protozoan that lives in tropical roundworms and which, when ingested by humans, causes muscles to bloat.
nematodes that reproduce and clog the lymphatic system which causes the limbs to swell.
The most diverse fish group is the Multiple Choice ray-finned fishes. lung-fishes. lobe-finned fishes. cartilaginous fishes. None of the choices are correct.
ray-finned fishes.
The region used for attachment of a tapeworm is called the Multiple Choice proglottid. cercaria. sporocyst. scolex. hydatid.
scolex.
According to the binomial system of nomenclature, the "aegypti" in Aedes aegypti refers to the __________. Multiple Choice -species name -genus -family -species epithet
species epithet
A representative of the ray-finned fish group, the chondrosteans, is the Multiple Choice gar. sturgeon. coelacanth. bowfin. carp.
sturgeon.
The perforated pharynx of chordates first evolved as a device for Multiple Choice support. respiration. suspension or filter feeding. detecting odors. All of the choices are correct.
suspension or filter feeding.
The class Hydrozoa contains Hydra, Obelia, and Multiple Choice the Portuguese man-of-war. Aurelia. the sea anemones. most of the corals.
the Portuguese man-of-war.
The cephalopod nervous system is best described as Multiple Choice absent. primitive and very little advanced from that of a cnidarian. the most advanced among molluscs. more complex than ours. None of the choices are correct.
the most advanced among molluscs.
Zoologists used to refer to animals as "simple'' and "advanced.'' Now it is more scientifically accurate to use Multiple Choice -"simple'' and "complex,'' since it is the complexity that evolved. -"evolved'' and "un-evolved,'' since everything ties together with evolution. -"ancestral'' and "derived,'' since some early forms became very complex and some highly evolved forms are derived from them but lost complex characters and secondarily became more "simple". -None of the choices are correct.
"ancestral'' and "derived,'' since some early forms became very complex and some highly evolved forms are derived from them but lost complex characters and secondarily became more "simple".
Which is NOT a human disease using an insect as the vector? Multiple Choice Malaria Chagas' disease Yellow fever AIDS
AIDS
Which statement most closely represents the diversity of animal patterns resulting from the Cambrian time period? Multiple Choice -The Cambrian saw the first animal ancestor; all animal architecture dates back to these fossils. -About 34 phyla evolved by the end of the Cambrian and there are now perhaps 100 phyla that have radiated from them. -About 100 phyla evolved by the end of the Cambrian and there are now about 34 surviving animal phyla. -Through the Cambrian, only non-animal ancestors existed, but after that time nearly 100 phyla evolved.
About 100 phyla evolved by the end of the Cambrian and there are now about 34 surviving animal phyla.
Which is an advantage(s) of a more complex form of metamorphosis where an adult is very different from the larvae? Multiple Choice -This would allow an insect species to exploit two different food sources. -An insect could evade a predator specialized for one stage. -It allows an insect to overwinter in resistant stage. -All of the choices are advantages. -None of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are advantages.
The radula Multiple Choice -not only rasps off fine food particles but also serves as a conveyor belt to carry food toward the digestive tract. -replaces worn teeth by secreting new teeth at the posterior end. -varies in number, pattern, and form of teeth, allowing species to be classified by this trait. -may be modified to bore through hard materials. -All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct
A leech Multiple Choice has a clitellum only during the breeding season. has a fixed number of segments. has both anterior and posterior suckers. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Arthropods are successful because they have Multiple Choice a very efficient respiratory system. highly developed sensory organs. reduced competition through metamorphosis. a protective exoskeleton that allows both protection and mobility. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Cartilaginous fishes Multiple Choice lost the heavy dermal armor of their ancestors. had ancestors with bone but moved to an all cartilage skeleton. flourished in the Devonian and Carboniferous but nearly went extinct at the end of the Paleozoic. lack a swim bladder. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Characters used to distinguish one group from another must be Multiple Choice -morphological or structural features. -chromosomal or genetic. -molecular and cellular structures. -All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Gaseous exchange in gastropods may involve Multiple Choice gills. lungs. mantle. body surface. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The arthropods Multiple Choice -make up more than three-fourths of all the known species of animals. -are more widely and more densely distributed throughout the world than members of any other phylum of animals. -are segmented eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems. -are limited in size and generally are smaller than 60 centimeters in length. -All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The circulatory system of cephalopods is more efficient than that of other molluscs because Multiple Choice -it places the systemic circulation before the gills. -it is a closed network of vessels. -all blood is circulated through the gill filaments. -accessory or brachial hearts increase blood pressure before blood flows through the gills. -All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The mechanism whereby buoyancy is achieved in different kinds of fishes is Multiple Choice through the presence of a large, oily liver when a swim bladder is not present. through the presence of a swim bladder that is kept filled as the fish periodically swims to the surface and gulps air. through the presence of a swim bladder that is regulated internally by structures that add or remove gas from the bladder by capillary beds. All of the choices are correct. None of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Torsion Multiple Choice involves movement of the shell independent of visceral movements. rotates the shell between 90 and 180 degrees. begins with the contraction of an asymmetrical foot retractor muscle. shifts the anus from posterior to the right side of the body. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Which are characteristics of members of the Xenoturbellids? Select all that apply. Check All That Apply Ring furrowRing furrow Correct Side furrowSide furrow Correct Thin epidermisThin epidermis Correct Circular musclesCircular muscles Correct Longitudinal muscles
All of them
Arthropods are Multiple Choice carnivorous. herbivorous. omnivorous. both carnivorous and herbivorous. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
The term "tetrapods" Multiple Choice refers to the organisms that form the superclass Tetrapoda. includes the amphibians and amniotes. does not include the fish. includes humans. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Which gives the correct sequence of increasing organizational complexity? Multiple Choice -Organ, tissue, cell, organ system, organism -Cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism -Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism -Organism, tissue, cell, organ system, organ
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
The tough, resistant, nitrogenous polysaccharide in the cuticle of arthropods is ________________.
Chitin
Which is NOT a factor in cephalization? Multiple Choice -Improving food procurement by moving the mouth to the region of greatest sensing -Directed movement through an environment -Concentration of sensory organs at the point first likely to encounter the environment -Concentration of the sensory organs to increase sexual copulatory function
Concentration of the sensory organs to increase sexual copulatory function
In contrast to roundworms, how do segmented worms elongate or stretch lengthwise? Multiple Choice Contracting the longitudinal muscles Contracting circular muscles Forcibly expanding the circular muscles Forcibly expanding longitudinal muscles
Contracting circular muscles
The temporary food storage organ in the earthworm is the _________________.
Crop
Tetrapods originated in the __________ period. Multiple Choice Permian Cambrian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian
Devonian
How could you become infected with adult tapeworms? Multiple Choice Eating insufficiently cooked pork Being bitten by a mosquito Ingesting eggs in contaminated water Eating freshly peeled fruit All of choices are correct.
Eating insufficiently cooked pork
Which of the following concepts of species is most compatible with the goals of cladistic systematics? Multiple Choice -Typological -Biological -Evolutionary -Phenetic
Evolutionary
Cnidarians are predators that digest their food in the gastrovascular cavity. Because this occurs inside cnidarian bodies it is considered intra-cellular digestion. True or False
False
The sequence of Eusthenopteron, Acanthostega, and Ichthyostega fossils show a progression in which of these? Multiple Choice Lung development Egg-shell development Loss of tail and gills Limb development All of the choices are correct.
Limb development
Diploblastic organisms lack which germ layer(s)? Multiple Choice -Endoderm -Ectoderm -Mesoderm -Mesoderm and endoderm
Mesoderm
Which correctly describes the evolutionary origin and adaptive radiation of molluscs? Multiple Choice -Molluscs originated in freshwater and invaded both terrestrial and marine environments. -Molluscs originated on land, all classes then invaded both freshwater and marine environments. -Molluscs originated on land, all classes then invaded freshwater and the bivalves and gastropods invaded marine environments. -Molluscs originated in the sea, both bivalves and gastropods invaded marine environments and the land. -Molluscs originated in the sea, bivalves and gastropods invaded brackish and freshwater environments, and just gastropods invaded the land.
Molluscs originated in the sea, bivalves and gastropods invaded brackish and freshwater environments, and just gastropods invaded the land.
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of cephalopods? Multiple Choice -Most cephalopods have color vision. -Cephalopod visual acuity underwater surpasses that of humans. -Cephalopods can be taught to discriminate between shapes. -The sensory system of cephalopods is the most elaborate of any mollusc. -Cephalopods have the largest brain of any invertebrate.
Most cephalopods have color vision.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of having a true coelom? Multiple Choice -In some animals, sperm and eggs can be stored before they are released. -The digestive system can be coiled and provide greater surface area. -Muscle contractions against the fluid chambers are absorbed and have no effect. -In some animals, fluids here can assist respiration and circulation, and accumulate metabolic wastes.
Muscle contractions against the fluid chambers are absorbed and have no effect.
Which of these is NOT a nematode? Multiple Choice Ascaris Trichinella Wuchereria Hookworm Schistosoma mansoni, a worm that causes schistosomiasis
Schistosoma mansoni, a worm that causes schistosomiasis
Select the list of characteristics typical of annelids. Multiple Choice Segmentation, open circulation, and nephridia Segmentation, a closed circulatory system, and nephridia An exoskeleton, seasonal reproduction, and a pseudocoelom An endoskeleton, seasonal reproduction, and a pseudocoelom
Segmentation, a closed circulatory system, and nephridia
Cnidarians are found most abundantly in which of the following habitats? Multiple Choice Shallow marine habitats Freshwater habitats Deep ocean habitats Estuary habitats
Shallow marine habitats
You are given a large tropical millipede to raise in a humid terrarium lined with soil and leaf litter. What should you feed it? Multiple Choice Insects Sliced apples and dead soft plant tissues Freshly cut wood Fresh meat or dog food All of the choices would be food for a millipede
Sliced apples and dead soft plant tissues
The minute, needle-like structures that act as a skeletal support system in sponges are called _________________.
Spicules
Where would you locate the coelomic cavity when dissecting a mollusk such as a clam? Multiple Choice -The coelom is between the mantle and the shell. -The coelom is all of the area enclosed by the two shells and exposed when you open the shell. -The cavity around the heart, the kidneys, and the lumen of the gonads forms the limited coelom. -The cavities inside the siphon are the coelom. -The coelom is the space inside small tubules that form the gills.
The cavity around the heart, the kidneys, and the lumen of the gonads forms the limited coelom.
How does Hydra reproduce sexually? Multiple Choice -The swimming medusa stages are male and female and the fertilized eggs develop into planula larvae that become Hydra polyps. -The polyp body wall can produce both ovaries and testes that make eggs and sperm, respectively. -Hydra sperm fertilize an egg in the body wall and this starts the growth of a bud. -Hydra do not reproduce sexually since they lost the sexual medusa stage.
The polyp body wall can produce both ovaries and testes that make eggs and sperm, respectively.
In some molluscs, the free-swimming larva is a trochophore while in others, it is a veliger with the beginnings of a foot, shell and mantle. What is the relationship of these molluscan juvenile stages? Multiple Choice -A veliger is found strictly in terrestrial molluscs. -The trochophore is considered ancestral and the veliger is a derived larval stage. -The two larval forms represent two early and distinct branches of molluscs. -The veliger is ancestral and the trochophore is a derived larval stage. -Only the cephalopods have the veliger stage; all other molluscs have a trochophore stage.
The trochophore is considered ancestral and the veliger is a derived larval stage.
Which statement about adult sponges is false? Multiple Choice Their bodies are aggregations of one cell type. They do not have a mouth. Their bodies are usually asymmetrical. Their apparently simple structure is deceptive
Their bodies are aggregations of one cell type.
How are schistosomes unique, compared to other trematodes? Multiple Choice -They have separate male and female individuals, and the male is larger. -At no stage in their life cycle do they leave the body of the host. -Infections are easy to cure by drugs and surgery. -They strike the rich and the poor, educated and ignorant, alike. -All species must cycle through humans to survive.
They have separate male and female individuals, and the male is larger.
Members of the subphylum ________________ were abundant during the Cambrian period.
Trilobita
Because they have three germ layers, most worms are _______________.
Triploblastic
Most sponges have one of three types of canal systems - asconoid, syconoid, or leuconoid. These canal systems vary in their level of complexity. True or False
True
Reproduction by members of phylum Tardigrada is sexually or by parthenogenesis which is similar to insect reproduction. True or False
True
Segments are delineated within a developing animal by the use of Hox genes. Their gene products are transcription factors that regulate the expression of other genes that guide the development of the segment. True or False
True
Sea anemones and corals lack Multiple Choice a sexual stage. an asexual stage. a polyp stage. a medusa stage. None of the choices are correct.
a medusa stage.
The nervous system of a freshwater planarian consists of Multiple Choice -only a diffuse subepidermal nerve plexus underneath the ventral skin. -a simple brain of ganglion cells leading to a ladder-type nerve network. -only sensory and motor neurons, but no association neurons. -no cells since they were lost along with other unnecessary systems in parasites.
a simple brain of ganglion cells leading to a ladder-type nerve network.
Worms that lack a coelom or a pseudocoel are termed _____________ animals.
acoelomate
Animals that have one solid mass of tissue rather than tissues and organs nestled inside a body cavity are Multiple Choice -acoelomate. -eucoelomate. -pseudocoelomate. -coelomate.
acoelomate.
The body wall of an annelid consists of Multiple Choice -an epidermis and longitudinal muscles only, as is the case with nematodes. -a non-living cuticle, and inner circular muscles to squeeze the cuticle. -an epithelium that secretes cuticle, and layers of both longitudinal and circular muscles. -a bare epidermis with inner circular muscles and outer longitudinal muscles. -a soft exoskeleton to hold up in the absence of inner fluids, with outer circular muscles and inner longitudinal muscles.
an epithelium that secretes cuticle, and layers of both longitudinal and circular muscles.
Cells that move about in the mesohyl, digest particles, and may specialize for other functions are the Multiple Choice archaeocytes. pinacocytes. choanocytes. spongocytes. lophocytes.
archaeocytes.
The ostracoderms Multiple Choice are the adult form of the ammocoete. were the first vertebrate to have jaws. are an extinct group of heavily armored, jawless fish. were the first fish with paired fins that led to paired appendages. clearly demonstrate paedomorphosis.
are an extinct group of heavily armored, jawless fish.
Animals with bilateral symmetry: Multiple Choice -can be divided into similar halves by any plane through the longitudinal axis. -are usually very slow-moving organisms. -are relatively simple in structure. -are better adapted for directed forward movement than radially symmetrical organisms.
are better adapted for directed forward movement than radially symmetrical organisms.
A sponge feeds by Multiple Choice -using a net and a current that sweeps food particles through it. -squeezing the spongocoel cavity to suck debris in and out through the osculum. -beating the flagella of collar cells to form a current; food is absorbed by collar cells. -beating the flagella of collar cells to form a current from osculum to pores; food is engulfed by amoebocytes in the central cavity of the sponge.
beating the flagella of collar cells to form a current; food is absorbed by collar cells.
Spiders breathe by means of Multiple Choice gills. diffusion across the soft cuticle. an extensive system of tracheae more complex than is found in insects. book lungs or primitive tracheae. coxal glands.
book lungs or primitive tracheae.
In flame cells, Multiple Choice light is detected. ciliated sperm are stored. undigested food is expelled. slow fires burn food for energy. cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion.
cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion.
The cocoon in the earthworm is produced by the Multiple Choice clitellum. prostomium. calciferous glands. chloragogen cells. typhlosole.
clitellum.
Reproduction in the earthworm involves Multiple Choice asexual budding. self-fertilization. cross-fertilization between two hermaphroditic organisms. cross-fertilization between two dioecious organisms.
cross-fertilization between two hermaphroditic organisms.
If eggs or proglottids of the pork tapeworm are ingested, Multiple Choice -a hydatid cyst may form. -nothing will form since we have to contract pork tapeworm from eating undercooked pork. -cysticercosis may occur with resulting blindness or death. -we may contract more pork tapeworms hanging in our intestine. -None of the choices are correct.
cysticercosis may occur with resulting blindness or death.
A hydra moves by Multiple Choice expelling water from the gastrovascular cavity. contraction of the nerve net. epitheliomuscular cells in the epidermis. epitheliomuscular fibers in the mesoglea.
epitheliomuscular cells in the epidermis.
Nematocysts are Multiple Choice -widespread among the animal kingdom but first developed by Cnidaria. -formed and used only by Cnidaria although a few other organisms may "steal" them. -first found in sponges, most highly developed in cnidarians, but still found as remnants in some higher groups. -actually free-living symbionts that are most usually taken up by cnidarians, as are many green algae.
formed and used only by Cnidaria although a few other organisms may "steal" them.
One way of establishing whether a character of an extant species is ancestral or derived is to locate a/an __________ and if the character occurs in both, it is likely __________. Multiple Choice -fossil; ancestral -fossil; derived -sister species; derived -outgroup; ancestral
fossil; ancestral
The circulatory system in the earthworm Multiple Choice -is absent since all respiration is across the epidermis. -has a dorsal vessel as the main pumping organ. -has no pumping structure but depends on the action of body muscles to move the blood. -has five pumps that circulate blood first to the gills and then to the rest of the body.
has a dorsal vessel as the main pumping organ.
Centipedes Multiple Choice are herbivorous. have poison claws. have five pairs of legs. use gills for respiration. are parthenogenetic and always oviparous.
have poison claws.
Copulatory spicules function to Multiple Choice attract the female. deliver sperm to the female vagina or gonopore. hold the female vulva open against hydrostatic pressure. store sperm in the male until copulation occurs. store sperm in the female after copulation.
hold the female vulva open against hydrostatic pressure.
The fossil record of echinoderms Multiple Choice is sparse with few representatives. shows echinoderms were a fairly modern group to arise. indicates early echinoderms were sessile and pentaradial but had a bilateral ancestor. suggests early echinoderms were free-swimming and bilateral but became sessile and pentaradial in recent times. is a clear and detailed history of complex echinoderm evolution.
indicates early echinoderms were sessile and pentaradial but had a bilateral ancestor.
Considering the age of the various segments of an annelid such as an earthworm, Multiple Choice -they are born with all segments present and these merely grow in size; this allows segment count to be a major feature in their identification. -new segments are added just behind the prostomium, so the oldest segments are at the posterior end. -new segments are added just in front of the pygidium, so the oldest segments are at the anterior end. -segments grow and duplicate in a haphazard fashion preventing their use in identification.
new segments are added just in front of the pygidium, so the oldest segments are at the anterior end.
The large posterior attachment organ of the adult monogenean is a/an Multiple Choice rhabdite. pilidium. cirrus. hydatid. opisthaptor.
opisthaptor.
The calcareous plates found underneath the epidermis are called the Multiple Choice ambulacrae. Tiedemann's bodies. madreporite. pedicellariae. ossicles.
ossicles.
The order in which a drop of ink would pass by the structures in an ascon sponge is Multiple Choice -spongocoel-ostia-osculum. -osculum-spongocoel-ostia. -osculum-ostia-spongocoel. -ostia-spongocoel-osculum. -ostia-osculum-spongocoel.
ostia-spongocoel-osculum.
We don't find the eggs of garter snakes, rattlesnakes, and copperheads because they retain the eggs internally. Their young appear to be born alive, but actually hatch inside the female. These snakes are __________. Multiple Choice nulliparous viviparous oviparous ovoviviparous placentotrophic
ovoviviparous
The free-swimming larva of most sponges is a Multiple Choice bud. gemmule. apopyle. parenchymula. plasmodium.
parenchymula.
Chelicerate arthropods possess Multiple Choice pedipalps. Correct antennae. mandibles. three pairs of walking legs. All of the choices are chelicerate features.
pedipalps.
The correct sequence in the life cycle of the jellyfish Aurelia is Multiple Choice planula, ephyra, scyphistoma. scyphistoma, planula, ephyra. planula, scyphistoma, ephyra. ephyra, planula, scyphistoma. None of the choices are correct.
planula, scyphistoma, ephyra.
Animals with organs in a cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm are Multiple Choice -acoelomate. -eucoelomate. -pseudocoelomate. -coelomate.
pseudocoelomate
The traditional view of Cnidarians relative to germ layers is that Cnidaria possess Multiple Choice only one germ layer, the ectoderm, that differentiates into the two tissue layers. two germ layers, ectoderm and mesoderm. two germ layers, endoderm and mesoderm. two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm. definitely all three germ layers including the mesoglea as it is derived from ectoderm.
two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.
