Review
How are symbolic and analogical representations similar?
Both are mental images. Both require thinking. Both are a basic element of thought.
consciousness
awareness of your existence, sensations, thoughts, surroundings
performance
carrying out or acting on an expectation or duty
Informal learning is different from formal learning because _____.
it's less structured you may not be aware it's happening
deprivation
lacking; going without
incidental learning
learning that occurs without intention
vicarious
learning through the experience of others without actually doing the action
sensory memory
momentary storage of information
short-term memory
temporary storage of information
phoneme
the basic unit of meaning (letters and sounds)
latent content
the hidden aspects of a dream that you must figure out
Classical conditioning requires _____.
the pairing of two stimuli
acquire
to gain or obtain for yourself
REM
rapid eye moment; stage of sleep during which a person dreams
learning
relatively permanent changes of behavior resulting from experience
When several phrases are combined, a _____ results.
sentence
perception
understanding something through your mind or the senses
conception
your personal interpretation of your senses or thoughts
What is a possible and typical meaning for someone who dreams about falling off a ladder?
The person is feeling insecure in real life.
stimulus
anything that causes a response
interference
anything that inhibits your brain's ability to remember
What is a benefit of observational learning?
You can learn from someone else's mistakes without having to do the same action yourself. Watching others can motivate you to try the same actions. You can quit a bad habit by seeing someone else not do the very thing you do.
morpheme
a meaningful unit of language (words)
hierarchy
a ranking system
false memory
a recovered memory that is not true
reinforcement
an event that encourages behavior to happen again
rote
from memory
shaping
giving reinforcement to the smaller behaviors that eventually make up the new behavior
chunking
grouping items into smaller segments
insomnia
inability to fall or stay asleep
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember events that happened prior to the brain injury
observational learning
learning by watching other people
classical conditioning
learning new associations by pairing two stimuli
analogical representation
mental pictures that have a direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about.
symbolic representation
mental pictures that have no direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about
repression
moving difficult information from the conscious to the unconscious mind
hippocampus
part of the brain that aids long-term memory
modeling
patterning your behavior after someone else
long-term memory
permanent storage of information
Learning is a relatively _____ change of behaviors resulting from _____.
permanent, experience
recovered memory
remembering long-forgotten memories with someone's help
operant conditioning
repeating behaviors based on outcome
manifest content
the aspects of a dream or fantasy that you remember
encoding
the process of placing information into the mind
decode
to figure out or unscramble hidden meaning
interpretation
your personal meaning given to places, events, situations, and people
concept
an idea or thought
rehearsal
a form of practice to keep information in the memory
category
a grouping of concepts
intentional learning
deliberately placing information into your mind
punishment
event that creates likelihood that a behavior will be stopped
What is a similarity between concepts and categories?
Concepts and categories involve thoughts.
How can you prevent insomnia?
Don't drink energy drinks or drinks with caffeine before bed.
What is the concern about recovered memories?
Some recovered memories reveal child abuse. Some recovered memories are false.
T/F Knowing too much information can cause you to forget what you want to remember.
True
T/F Retrieving information requires a purposeful effort to remember.
True
