Review

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How are symbolic and analogical representations similar?

Both are mental images. Both require thinking. Both are a basic element of thought.

consciousness

awareness of your existence, sensations, thoughts, surroundings

performance

carrying out or acting on an expectation or duty

Informal learning is different from formal learning because _____.

it's less structured you may not be aware it's happening

deprivation

lacking; going without

incidental learning

learning that occurs without intention

vicarious

learning through the experience of others without actually doing the action

sensory memory

momentary storage of information

short-term memory

temporary storage of information

phoneme

the basic unit of meaning (letters and sounds)

latent content

the hidden aspects of a dream that you must figure out

Classical conditioning requires _____.

the pairing of two stimuli

acquire

to gain or obtain for yourself

REM

rapid eye moment; stage of sleep during which a person dreams

learning

relatively permanent changes of behavior resulting from experience

When several phrases are combined, a _____ results.

sentence

perception

understanding something through your mind or the senses

conception

your personal interpretation of your senses or thoughts

What is a possible and typical meaning for someone who dreams about falling off a ladder?

The person is feeling insecure in real life.

stimulus

anything that causes a response

interference

anything that inhibits your brain's ability to remember

What is a benefit of observational learning?

You can learn from someone else's mistakes without having to do the same action yourself. Watching others can motivate you to try the same actions. You can quit a bad habit by seeing someone else not do the very thing you do.

morpheme

a meaningful unit of language (words)

hierarchy

a ranking system

false memory

a recovered memory that is not true

reinforcement

an event that encourages behavior to happen again

rote

from memory

shaping

giving reinforcement to the smaller behaviors that eventually make up the new behavior

chunking

grouping items into smaller segments

insomnia

inability to fall or stay asleep

retrograde amnesia

inability to remember events that happened prior to the brain injury

observational learning

learning by watching other people

classical conditioning

learning new associations by pairing two stimuli

analogical representation

mental pictures that have a direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about.

symbolic representation

mental pictures that have no direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about

repression

moving difficult information from the conscious to the unconscious mind

hippocampus

part of the brain that aids long-term memory

modeling

patterning your behavior after someone else

long-term memory

permanent storage of information

Learning is a relatively _____ change of behaviors resulting from _____.

permanent, experience

recovered memory

remembering long-forgotten memories with someone's help

operant conditioning

repeating behaviors based on outcome

manifest content

the aspects of a dream or fantasy that you remember

encoding

the process of placing information into the mind

decode

to figure out or unscramble hidden meaning

interpretation

your personal meaning given to places, events, situations, and people

concept

an idea or thought

rehearsal

a form of practice to keep information in the memory

category

a grouping of concepts

intentional learning

deliberately placing information into your mind

punishment

event that creates likelihood that a behavior will be stopped

What is a similarity between concepts and categories?

Concepts and categories involve thoughts.

How can you prevent insomnia?

Don't drink energy drinks or drinks with caffeine before bed.

What is the concern about recovered memories?

Some recovered memories reveal child abuse. Some recovered memories are false.

T/F Knowing too much information can cause you to forget what you want to remember.

True

T/F Retrieving information requires a purposeful effort to remember.

True


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