Biol 228 - Chapter 24 Connect

posterior pituitary gland

ADH is released from the ______

afferent

ANP relaxes the ______ arteriole and inhibits the release of renin from the granular cells of the kidney

sympathetic

GFR can be decreased with extensive ______ stimulation

PCT

Na+ can be reabsorbed along the entire length of the nephron tubule with the majority being reabsorbed in the ______

inhibits

PTH ______ phosphate reabsorption in the PCT

ADH; aldosterone

______ and ______ are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid within the kidney

dialysis

______ and kidney transplant are the two main treatments for kidney failure

type A intercalated

______ cells reabsorb K+ continuously in the collecting tubule

bicarbonate

______ ions move freely across the filtration membrane of the nephron

severe vasoconstriction

______ is a critical adjustment that allows the body to conserve fluid under stressful situations, such as extensive exertion (running marathon), or severe hemorrhaging

renal autoregulation

______ is effective in maintaining a normal glomerular blood pressure only if the systemic mean arterial pressure remains between 80 and 180 mm Hg

creatinine

______ is only secreted

glucosuria

______ is the excretion of glucose in the urine

creatinine

______ is the nitrogenous waste produced from metabolism of muscle tissue

filtration

______ is the process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle

inulin

______ is used to test glomerular filtration rate because it is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted in the kidney

filtrate

a ______ is formed when blood flows through the glomerulus and some components of the plasma enter the capsular space

vasodilation

a decrease in blood entering the afferent arteriole will result in ______

nitrogenous waste

a lower than normal GFR can be an indication that ______ and other unwanted substances are accumulating in the blood

0.5

a minimum of about ______ L of urine per day is required to eliminate the wastes from the body

dehydration

a specific gravity value of urine above 1.020 indicates relative ______

urethra

a structure called the ______ transports urine from the urinary bladder and expels it outside of the body

PCT

after filtration occurs, a majority of most other substances are either reabsorbed or secreted into the ______

Na+ channels; Na+/K+ pumps

aldosterone stimulates the protein synthesis of ______ and ______

vasoconstriction; remaining normal

an increase in systemic BP will result in ______, which will result in the glomerular blood pressure ______

increase; increase

an increased glomerular hydrostatic blood pressure will lead to a(n) ______ in net filtration pressure and a(n) ______ in GFR

abdominal

an individual may choose to empty the bladder prior to the initiation of the micturition reflex by contracting the ______ muscles

valsalva

an individual may choose to empty the bladder prior to the initiation of the micturition reflex by contracting the abdominal muscles as part of the ______ maneuver

protein

approximately 60% of the Ca2+ in the blood becomes part of the filtrate while the remainder of the Ca2+ is bound to ______ in the blood and is prevented from being filtered

180

approximately ______ L of water is filtered daily through the kidneys

65%

approximately ______ of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the PCT

increases

as net filtration pressure increases, the GFR ______

the ureters are compressed due to their oblique angle of entry

as the urinary bladder distends, there is less likelihood of urine backing up into the ureters because ______

internal

at the neck of the urinary bladder is the ______ urethral sphincter

urine storage, acid-base balance, erythropoietin production

besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?

capsular space

between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule is a ______

colloid osmotic

blood ______ pressure opposes filtration because it tends to pull or draw fluids into the glomerulus from the capsular space

dissolved solutes

blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to the ______ it contains

efferent

blood leaves the glomerulus by way of the ______ arteriole

simple epithelium

both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by ______

bone; calcium phosphate

calcium and phosphate are two substances generally considered together because 99% of the body's calcium is stored in ______ and the majority is stored as ______

descending limb; ascending limb of the loop

countercurrent in the countercurrent multiplier refers to the tubular fluid's reversing its relative direction as it moves first through the ______ and then through the ______

vasa

countercurrent of the countercurrent exchange system refers to the blood in the ______ recta that travels in the opposite direction to the tubular fluid within the adjacent nephron loop

both filtered and secreted

creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min which indicates that the substance is ______

luminal

during nephron transcellular transport, a substance must cross two cell membranes. one of which is the ______ membrane that is in contact with the tubular fluid

descending; ascending

each nephron loop has two limbs, a(n) ______ limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and a(n) ______ limb that returns back into the renal cortex

down; tubules

energy from the Na+ moving ______ its concentration gradient into the ______ cell is used to move glucose against its concentration gradient into the same cell

bone marrow

erythropoietin acts on the ______ to increase erythrocyte production

columns; pyramids

extensions of the cortex, called renal ______, project into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal ______

diameter of the afferent arteriole

glomerular filtration is influenced by changing the ______

equal to

if a substance is neither reabsorbed nor filtered, like inulin, the renal plasma clearance is ______ the GFR

stress=relaxation

if an individual does not urinate at the time of the first micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle relaxes as a consequence of the ______ response of smooth muscle

uterus

in females, the urinary bladder is anteroinferior to the ______ and directly anterior to the vagina

nephron

in the ______ loop, only about 10% of the remaining water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed

storage

in the ______ reflex, the internal urethral sphincter is stimulated so that urine is retained within the bladder

PCT

in the ______, 60-80% of K+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed

K+

in the thick segment of nephron loop ascending limb, approximately 10-20% of the ______ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed

rugae

in the urinary bladder, there are mucosal folds, called ______, that allow for even greater distension

creatinine

measuring renal plasma clearance of ______ avoids the need to inject inulin into the patient's blood

PCT

most of the substances that are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid back into the blood are reabsorbed typically from the ______

insulin and angiotensin

most proteins are not freely filtered in the glomerulus. select the proteins that are freely filtered there

water, waste products, and ions

normally urine is composed of which of the following?

granular cells

one component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is which of the following?

afferent; efferent

one of the factors that causes materials to be filtered from the glomerulus is that the ______ arteriole is wider in diameter than the ______ arteriole

juxtamedullary

only about 15% of our nephrons are ______ nephrons

decreased blood Ca2+

parathyroid hormone, PTH, is released from the parathyroid gland in response to ______

baroreceptors in the urinary bladder are activated; visceral sensory neurons stimulate the micturition reflex center within pons; parasympathetic impulses travel to the internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle; the detrusor muscle contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes

place the following in order of the micturition reflex starting with the first event that occurs

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia

place the four tunics that form the wall of the urinary bladder in order from innermost to outermost

amino acids

proteins and small peptides are first degraded into ______ which are then reabsorbed into the blood

collecting duct -> papillary duct -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis

put the following structures in order

myogenic

renal autoregulation functions by two mechanisms, the ______mechanism and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

afferent

renal autoregulation maintains GFR by altering the size of the ______ arteriole

interstitial fluid; blood

salt moves from the ascending limb of the nephron loop into the ______ and then into the ______ in the countercurrent exchange system

minor; major

several ______ calyces merge to form larger spaces called ______ calyces

muscular arteries

smaller and medium-sized veins typically travel with ______

tubular secretion

some substances that were not initially filtered in the glomerulus, but must be eliminated from the blood, become a component of urine through ______

water

specific gravity is the density of a substance compared to the density of ______

decreasing

sympathetic stimulation can result in a decrease in GFR by ______ the surface area of the glomerulus

angiotensin II; decrease

sympathetic stimulation causes release of renin which will result in the subsequent production of ______ which will result in a(n) ______ in the GFR

vasoconstriction; decrease

sympathetic stimulation will results in ______ of the afferent arteriole which will greatly ______ glomerular blood pressure and GFR

thick ascending limb of the nephron loop

the DCT originates in the renal cortex at the end of the ______

endothelium of glomerulus

the ______ allows plasma and its dissolved substances to be filtered, while restricting the passage of large structures, such as formed elements

nephron loop; vasa recta

the ______ and the ______ are the structures responsible for establishing the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid

peritubular capillaries

the ______ are associated with the convoluted tubules and primarily reside in the cortex of the kidney

ureters

the ______ are long, fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

arcuate

the ______ arteries are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramid at the junction of the cortex and the medulla

sympathetic

the ______ axons cause contraction of the internal urethral sphincter and inhibit contraction of the detrusor muscle

urinary tract

the ______ consists of ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

DCT

the ______ epithelial lining cells are smaller and have only sparse, short, apical microvilli

macula densa

the ______ is a group of modified epithelial cells in the DCT that touch the granular or juxtaglomerular cells

urinary bladder

the ______ is an expandable, muscular sac that can store as much as 1 L of urine

PCT

the ______ is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium with tall, apical microvilli for maximum surface area and reabsorption capacity

glomerular filtration rate

the ______ is defined as the rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed

trigone

the ______ is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureter openings and the urethral opening

transport maximum

the ______ is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed (or secreted) across the tubule epithelium in a given period of time

right

the ______ kidney is positioned about 2 cm inferior to the other kidney

ascending

the ______ limb of the nephron loop actively pumps salt out of the tubular fluid into the interstitial fluid

renal plasma clearance

the ______ measures the volume of plasma that can be completely cleared of substance in a given period of time

cortical

the ______ nephrons make up approximately 85% of the nephrons

juxtamedullary

the ______ nephrons with their long nephron loops are primarily important to the countercurrent multiplier

urethra

the ______ originates at the neck of the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the body

internal urethral

the ______ sphincter is the involuntary, superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the urinary bladder

areolar

the adventitia of the ureter is formed from ______ connective tissue

aldosterone

the amount of Na+ excreted in the urine is controlled by ______ and natriuretic peptide hormones in the DCT, CT, and CD

peritoneum

the anterior surface of the kidneys are covered with ______ and the posterior surface lies directly against the posterior abdominal wall

papilla

the apex of the renal pyramid is called the renal ______ and it projects toward the renal sinus

interlubular

the arcuate arteries give off branches called ______ arteries that project peripherally into the cortex

squamous

the ascending limb of the nephron loop is first lined with simple ______ epithelium in the thin part and then the thick part is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

uric acid, urea, and creatinine

the body's main nitrogenous waste products are which of the following?

urobilin

the color of urine associated with the break down of old red blood cells is due to the concentration of ______

increased

the consequence of the salt loss from the tubular fluid in the ascending limb is ______ solute concentration in the interstitial fluid surrounding the tubules

water; descending

the consequence of the salt loss from the tubular fluid means that even greater amounts of ______ move out of the ______ limb into the interstitial fluid

spongy

the corpus spongiosum surrounds the ______ urethra in the male penis

salts

the descending limb of the nephron loops is impermeable to the movement of ______ out of the tubule

net filtration

the difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space is termed the ______ pressure

net

the difference in the pressure that promotes filtration and those that oppose filtration is called the ______filtration pressure

cuboidal; columnar

the epithelial cells of the collecting tubules are ______ but are ______ cells in the collecting ducts near the renal papilla

micturition

the expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is called ______ or urination

inferior

the external urethral sphincter is ______ to the internal urethral sphincter

perineum

the female urethra opens to the outside of the body at the external orifice located in the female ______

maintains the kidney's shape, protects it from trauma, and protects it from pathogens

the fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following functions?

pedicels

the filtration slits between the ______ permit the ready passage of filtered material into the capsule space

parietal

the glomerular capsule has two layers, a visceral layer and a ______ layer

nerves, blood vessels, and ureter

the hilum of the kidney is where which connects to the kidney?

atrial natriuretic peptide

the hormone ______ is released from the atria in response to distension of these chambers

interlobular arteries

the interlobular veins are parallel and travel alongside the ______

detrusor muscle; ANS

the internal urethral sphincter is a circular thickening of the ______ and is controlled by the ______

afferent

the juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the ______ arteriole located near the renal corpuscle

blood pressure

the kidneys affect the blood volume and thus indirectly affect the ______

posterior

the kidneys are located along the ______ abdominal wall

cacium, sodium, phosphate, potassium

the kidneys help control the blood's inorganic ion balance. which of the following ions are controlled primarily by the kidneys?

dense irregular

the lamina propria is composed of a fairly thick layer of ______ connective tissue

muscularis

the layer of the ureter called the ______ consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle

NaCl concentration

the macula densa cells continuously monitor ______ in the tubular fluid

principal; intercalated

the main cells that regulate the amount of specific substances excreted in the urine are the ______ cells and ______ cells

pelvis

the major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal ______

passage for urine and sperm

the male urethra has two functions. which are they?

renal threshold

the maximum plasma concentration of a substance that can be carried in the blood without eventually appearing in the urine is called the ______

urogenital diaphragm

the membranous urethra extends through the ______

K+

the most powerful stimulant to cause release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is an elevated ______ blood level

transcellular

the movement of substances through the epithelial cells of the walls of nephron tubules is called ______ transport

transitional

the mucosa is formed by ______ epithelium that accommodates the shape changes that occur with distension

transitional

the mucosa of the ureter is formed from _____ epithelium

Na+/K+

the nephron tubule keeps the sodium concentrations low in the tubules and high in the tubular lumen and interstitial fluid by the use of ______ pumps

collecting tubules

the pH of urine and consequently the pH of blood are regulated in the ______

T11-L2 dermatomes

the pain from the ureter, as might be felt from a kidney stone, is referred to the ______

relax; contraction

the parasympathetic nerves ______ the internal urethral sphincter so that urine can pass through and stimulate ______ of the detrusor muscle

filtration slits

the pedicels are separated by thin spaces called ______, which allow materials from the plasma to pass into the capsular space

pedicels

the podocytes have long processes called ______ or feet that wrap around the glomerular capillaries

medulla; cortex

the renal ______ tends to be a darker shade than the renal ______

glomerulus

the renal corpuscle has a thick tangle of capillaries called the ______

vascular

the renal corpuscle has two poles. where the glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles are found is called the ______ pole

glomerular capsule and glomerulus

the renal corpuscle is composed of which of the following?

55 mL/min

the renal plasma clearance of urea is 70 mL/min, so ______ is reabsorbed

interlobar

the segmental arteries branch to form the ______ arteries that can travel through the renal columns

dense irregular

the submucosa of the urinary bladder is formed by ______ connective tissue

juxtaglomerular apparatus and efferent/afferent arterioles

the sympathetic axons extend to which blood vessels of the kidneys?

simple squamous

the thin segment of the descending limb of the nephron loop is lined with ______ epithelium

all of it will be reabsorbed

the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption is 320 mg per minute. if not more than 300 mg of glucose is passing through the renal tubule every minute ______

vasoconstriction

the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism will response by increasing ______ even further if the myogenic mechanism is not sufficient to maintain normal glomerular blood pressure due to increased systemic BP

ureters

the urinary tract consists of ______, urinary bladder, and urethra

podocytes

the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of specialized cells called ______

muscularis, adventitia, and mucosa

the wall of the ureter is composed of a series of tunics. which are these tunics?

juxtamedullary

there are two types of nephrons, cortical nephrons and ______ nephrons

false

true or false: ADH causes the PCT to increase water reabsorption from the tubular fluid

false

true or false: a human kidney is divided into 20 renal lobes

false

true or false: aldosterone increases the number of Na+ pumps and channels and thus decreases both Na+ and water reabsorption

true

true or false: epinephrine and hCG are examples of hormones eliminated by the kidneys in urine

true

true or false: if systemic blood pressure is dangerously low, filtration and the elimination of wastes in urine ceases, resulting in accumulation of toxic metabolic wastes in the blood

true

true or false: if the glucose concentration is too high and is secreted in the urine, the renal threshold has been exceeded

false

true or false: in tubular reabsorption, all needed solutes and most water that formed the filtrate are reabsorbed into the nephron

true

true or false: the three layers of smooth muscle of the urinary bladder have such complex orientations that it is difficult to discern individual layers under the microscope

facultative water reabsorption

tubular reabsorption in response to ADH is referred to as ______

active transport

tubular secretion is the ______ of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid

HCO3-; H+

type B intercalated cells secrete ______ and reabsorb ______ to lower blood pH and increase urine pH

red blood cells, glucose, white blood cells

under normal circumstances, urine does not contain which of the following?

collecting duct; nephron loop

urea is cycled between the ______ and the ______, contributing to its concentration gradient

ureteral

ureters enter the posterolateral wall of the urinary bladder through the ______ openings

renal pyramids; minor calyces; major calyces

urine from the ______ is collected by the ______ and then drained into the ______

ammonia; diabetes mellitus

urine may develop an ______ smell if allowed to stand from the breakdown of proteins, and urine may smell fruity due to the presence of ketoacids in a person with ______

2; 2; 1; 1

use numerals to indicate how many of each organ there are in the urinary system. there are ______ kidney(s), ______ ureter(s), ______ urinary bladder(s), and ______ urethra(s)

aquaporin

water is reabsorbed through specific water transporter proteins called ______

vasa recta

water moves from the descending limb of the nephron loop into the ______ when it is reabsorbed

diabetes, high blood pressure, and autoimmune conditions

what are the chronic problems that account for the majority of progressive renal failure?

simple cuboidal epithelium

what type of tissue line the PCT?

efferent

when blood leaves the glomerulus, it enters the ______ arteriole

upside down pyramid

when empty, the urinary bladder exhibits an ______ shape

are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein

when erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the globin proteins ______

collecting tubules; collecting ducts

when the tubular fluid leaves the DCT, it must travel through a series of small ______ that empty into ______

ADH

when the urine is extremely dilute and appears a light pale color, a decrease in the release of ______ is evident

acidic

when we consume more proteins and wheat, the pH of the urine becomes more ______

glomerular endothelium and filtration slits

which are the most accurate description of the structures that make up the filtration membrane?

filtration and tubular secretion/reabsorption

which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?

Ca2+, K+, Na+, and water

which of the following substances have regulated reabsorption?

leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes

which substances are not filtered through the kidneys?

ADH

with the release of the hormone called ______, urine volume can be as little as about 0.5 L/day and generally appears noticeably darker yellow in color