Biol 228 - Chapter 24 Connect
posterior pituitary gland
ADH is released from the ______
afferent
ANP relaxes the ______ arteriole and inhibits the release of renin from the granular cells of the kidney
sympathetic
GFR can be decreased with extensive ______ stimulation
PCT
Na+ can be reabsorbed along the entire length of the nephron tubule with the majority being reabsorbed in the ______
inhibits
PTH ______ phosphate reabsorption in the PCT
ADH; aldosterone
______ and ______ are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid within the kidney
dialysis
______ and kidney transplant are the two main treatments for kidney failure
type A intercalated
______ cells reabsorb K+ continuously in the collecting tubule
bicarbonate
______ ions move freely across the filtration membrane of the nephron
severe vasoconstriction
______ is a critical adjustment that allows the body to conserve fluid under stressful situations, such as extensive exertion (running marathon), or severe hemorrhaging
renal autoregulation
______ is effective in maintaining a normal glomerular blood pressure only if the systemic mean arterial pressure remains between 80 and 180 mm Hg
creatinine
______ is only secreted
glucosuria
______ is the excretion of glucose in the urine
creatinine
______ is the nitrogenous waste produced from metabolism of muscle tissue
filtration
______ is the process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle
inulin
______ is used to test glomerular filtration rate because it is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted in the kidney
filtrate
a ______ is formed when blood flows through the glomerulus and some components of the plasma enter the capsular space
vasodilation
a decrease in blood entering the afferent arteriole will result in ______
nitrogenous waste
a lower than normal GFR can be an indication that ______ and other unwanted substances are accumulating in the blood
0.5
a minimum of about ______ L of urine per day is required to eliminate the wastes from the body
dehydration
a specific gravity value of urine above 1.020 indicates relative ______
urethra
a structure called the ______ transports urine from the urinary bladder and expels it outside of the body
PCT
after filtration occurs, a majority of most other substances are either reabsorbed or secreted into the ______
Na+ channels; Na+/K+ pumps
aldosterone stimulates the protein synthesis of ______ and ______
vasoconstriction; remaining normal
an increase in systemic BP will result in ______, which will result in the glomerular blood pressure ______
increase; increase
an increased glomerular hydrostatic blood pressure will lead to a(n) ______ in net filtration pressure and a(n) ______ in GFR
abdominal
an individual may choose to empty the bladder prior to the initiation of the micturition reflex by contracting the ______ muscles
valsalva
an individual may choose to empty the bladder prior to the initiation of the micturition reflex by contracting the abdominal muscles as part of the ______ maneuver
protein
approximately 60% of the Ca2+ in the blood becomes part of the filtrate while the remainder of the Ca2+ is bound to ______ in the blood and is prevented from being filtered
180
approximately ______ L of water is filtered daily through the kidneys
65%
approximately ______ of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the PCT
increases
as net filtration pressure increases, the GFR ______
the ureters are compressed due to their oblique angle of entry
as the urinary bladder distends, there is less likelihood of urine backing up into the ureters because ______
internal
at the neck of the urinary bladder is the ______ urethral sphincter
urine storage, acid-base balance, erythropoietin production
besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?
capsular space
between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule is a ______
colloid osmotic
blood ______ pressure opposes filtration because it tends to pull or draw fluids into the glomerulus from the capsular space
dissolved solutes
blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to the ______ it contains
efferent
blood leaves the glomerulus by way of the ______ arteriole
simple epithelium
both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by ______
bone; calcium phosphate
calcium and phosphate are two substances generally considered together because 99% of the body's calcium is stored in ______ and the majority is stored as ______
descending limb; ascending limb of the loop
countercurrent in the countercurrent multiplier refers to the tubular fluid's reversing its relative direction as it moves first through the ______ and then through the ______
vasa
countercurrent of the countercurrent exchange system refers to the blood in the ______ recta that travels in the opposite direction to the tubular fluid within the adjacent nephron loop
both filtered and secreted
creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min which indicates that the substance is ______
luminal
during nephron transcellular transport, a substance must cross two cell membranes. one of which is the ______ membrane that is in contact with the tubular fluid
descending; ascending
each nephron loop has two limbs, a(n) ______ limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and a(n) ______ limb that returns back into the renal cortex
down; tubules
energy from the Na+ moving ______ its concentration gradient into the ______ cell is used to move glucose against its concentration gradient into the same cell
bone marrow
erythropoietin acts on the ______ to increase erythrocyte production
columns; pyramids
extensions of the cortex, called renal ______, project into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal ______
diameter of the afferent arteriole
glomerular filtration is influenced by changing the ______
equal to
if a substance is neither reabsorbed nor filtered, like inulin, the renal plasma clearance is ______ the GFR
stress=relaxation
if an individual does not urinate at the time of the first micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle relaxes as a consequence of the ______ response of smooth muscle
uterus
in females, the urinary bladder is anteroinferior to the ______ and directly anterior to the vagina
nephron
in the ______ loop, only about 10% of the remaining water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed
storage
in the ______ reflex, the internal urethral sphincter is stimulated so that urine is retained within the bladder
PCT
in the ______, 60-80% of K+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed
K+
in the thick segment of nephron loop ascending limb, approximately 10-20% of the ______ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed
rugae
in the urinary bladder, there are mucosal folds, called ______, that allow for even greater distension
creatinine
measuring renal plasma clearance of ______ avoids the need to inject inulin into the patient's blood
PCT
most of the substances that are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid back into the blood are reabsorbed typically from the ______
insulin and angiotensin
most proteins are not freely filtered in the glomerulus. select the proteins that are freely filtered there
water, waste products, and ions
normally urine is composed of which of the following?
granular cells
one component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is which of the following?
afferent; efferent
one of the factors that causes materials to be filtered from the glomerulus is that the ______ arteriole is wider in diameter than the ______ arteriole
juxtamedullary
only about 15% of our nephrons are ______ nephrons
decreased blood Ca2+
parathyroid hormone, PTH, is released from the parathyroid gland in response to ______
baroreceptors in the urinary bladder are activated; visceral sensory neurons stimulate the micturition reflex center within pons; parasympathetic impulses travel to the internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle; the detrusor muscle contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes
place the following in order of the micturition reflex starting with the first event that occurs
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia
place the four tunics that form the wall of the urinary bladder in order from innermost to outermost
amino acids
proteins and small peptides are first degraded into ______ which are then reabsorbed into the blood
collecting duct -> papillary duct -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis
put the following structures in order
myogenic
renal autoregulation functions by two mechanisms, the ______mechanism and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
afferent
renal autoregulation maintains GFR by altering the size of the ______ arteriole
interstitial fluid; blood
salt moves from the ascending limb of the nephron loop into the ______ and then into the ______ in the countercurrent exchange system
minor; major
several ______ calyces merge to form larger spaces called ______ calyces
muscular arteries
smaller and medium-sized veins typically travel with ______
tubular secretion
some substances that were not initially filtered in the glomerulus, but must be eliminated from the blood, become a component of urine through ______
water
specific gravity is the density of a substance compared to the density of ______
decreasing
sympathetic stimulation can result in a decrease in GFR by ______ the surface area of the glomerulus
angiotensin II; decrease
sympathetic stimulation causes release of renin which will result in the subsequent production of ______ which will result in a(n) ______ in the GFR
vasoconstriction; decrease
sympathetic stimulation will results in ______ of the afferent arteriole which will greatly ______ glomerular blood pressure and GFR
thick ascending limb of the nephron loop
the DCT originates in the renal cortex at the end of the ______
endothelium of glomerulus
the ______ allows plasma and its dissolved substances to be filtered, while restricting the passage of large structures, such as formed elements
nephron loop; vasa recta
the ______ and the ______ are the structures responsible for establishing the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid
peritubular capillaries
the ______ are associated with the convoluted tubules and primarily reside in the cortex of the kidney
ureters
the ______ are long, fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
arcuate
the ______ arteries are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramid at the junction of the cortex and the medulla
sympathetic
the ______ axons cause contraction of the internal urethral sphincter and inhibit contraction of the detrusor muscle
urinary tract
the ______ consists of ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
DCT
the ______ epithelial lining cells are smaller and have only sparse, short, apical microvilli
macula densa
the ______ is a group of modified epithelial cells in the DCT that touch the granular or juxtaglomerular cells
urinary bladder
the ______ is an expandable, muscular sac that can store as much as 1 L of urine
PCT
the ______ is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium with tall, apical microvilli for maximum surface area and reabsorption capacity
glomerular filtration rate
the ______ is defined as the rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed
trigone
the ______ is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureter openings and the urethral opening
transport maximum
the ______ is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed (or secreted) across the tubule epithelium in a given period of time
right
the ______ kidney is positioned about 2 cm inferior to the other kidney
ascending
the ______ limb of the nephron loop actively pumps salt out of the tubular fluid into the interstitial fluid
renal plasma clearance
the ______ measures the volume of plasma that can be completely cleared of substance in a given period of time
cortical
the ______ nephrons make up approximately 85% of the nephrons
juxtamedullary
the ______ nephrons with their long nephron loops are primarily important to the countercurrent multiplier
urethra
the ______ originates at the neck of the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the body
internal urethral
the ______ sphincter is the involuntary, superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the urinary bladder
areolar
the adventitia of the ureter is formed from ______ connective tissue
aldosterone
the amount of Na+ excreted in the urine is controlled by ______ and natriuretic peptide hormones in the DCT, CT, and CD
peritoneum
the anterior surface of the kidneys are covered with ______ and the posterior surface lies directly against the posterior abdominal wall
papilla
the apex of the renal pyramid is called the renal ______ and it projects toward the renal sinus
interlubular
the arcuate arteries give off branches called ______ arteries that project peripherally into the cortex
squamous
the ascending limb of the nephron loop is first lined with simple ______ epithelium in the thin part and then the thick part is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
uric acid, urea, and creatinine
the body's main nitrogenous waste products are which of the following?
urobilin
the color of urine associated with the break down of old red blood cells is due to the concentration of ______
increased
the consequence of the salt loss from the tubular fluid in the ascending limb is ______ solute concentration in the interstitial fluid surrounding the tubules
water; descending
the consequence of the salt loss from the tubular fluid means that even greater amounts of ______ move out of the ______ limb into the interstitial fluid
spongy
the corpus spongiosum surrounds the ______ urethra in the male penis
salts
the descending limb of the nephron loops is impermeable to the movement of ______ out of the tubule
net filtration
the difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space is termed the ______ pressure
net
the difference in the pressure that promotes filtration and those that oppose filtration is called the ______filtration pressure
cuboidal; columnar
the epithelial cells of the collecting tubules are ______ but are ______ cells in the collecting ducts near the renal papilla
micturition
the expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is called ______ or urination
inferior
the external urethral sphincter is ______ to the internal urethral sphincter
perineum
the female urethra opens to the outside of the body at the external orifice located in the female ______
maintains the kidney's shape, protects it from trauma, and protects it from pathogens
the fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following functions?
pedicels
the filtration slits between the ______ permit the ready passage of filtered material into the capsule space
parietal
the glomerular capsule has two layers, a visceral layer and a ______ layer
nerves, blood vessels, and ureter
the hilum of the kidney is where which connects to the kidney?
atrial natriuretic peptide
the hormone ______ is released from the atria in response to distension of these chambers
interlobular arteries
the interlobular veins are parallel and travel alongside the ______
detrusor muscle; ANS
the internal urethral sphincter is a circular thickening of the ______ and is controlled by the ______
afferent
the juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the ______ arteriole located near the renal corpuscle
blood pressure
the kidneys affect the blood volume and thus indirectly affect the ______
posterior
the kidneys are located along the ______ abdominal wall
cacium, sodium, phosphate, potassium
the kidneys help control the blood's inorganic ion balance. which of the following ions are controlled primarily by the kidneys?
dense irregular
the lamina propria is composed of a fairly thick layer of ______ connective tissue
muscularis
the layer of the ureter called the ______ consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle
NaCl concentration
the macula densa cells continuously monitor ______ in the tubular fluid
principal; intercalated
the main cells that regulate the amount of specific substances excreted in the urine are the ______ cells and ______ cells
pelvis
the major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal ______
passage for urine and sperm
the male urethra has two functions. which are they?
renal threshold
the maximum plasma concentration of a substance that can be carried in the blood without eventually appearing in the urine is called the ______
urogenital diaphragm
the membranous urethra extends through the ______
K+
the most powerful stimulant to cause release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is an elevated ______ blood level
transcellular
the movement of substances through the epithelial cells of the walls of nephron tubules is called ______ transport
transitional
the mucosa is formed by ______ epithelium that accommodates the shape changes that occur with distension
transitional
the mucosa of the ureter is formed from _____ epithelium
Na+/K+
the nephron tubule keeps the sodium concentrations low in the tubules and high in the tubular lumen and interstitial fluid by the use of ______ pumps
collecting tubules
the pH of urine and consequently the pH of blood are regulated in the ______
T11-L2 dermatomes
the pain from the ureter, as might be felt from a kidney stone, is referred to the ______
relax; contraction
the parasympathetic nerves ______ the internal urethral sphincter so that urine can pass through and stimulate ______ of the detrusor muscle
filtration slits
the pedicels are separated by thin spaces called ______, which allow materials from the plasma to pass into the capsular space
pedicels
the podocytes have long processes called ______ or feet that wrap around the glomerular capillaries
medulla; cortex
the renal ______ tends to be a darker shade than the renal ______
glomerulus
the renal corpuscle has a thick tangle of capillaries called the ______
vascular
the renal corpuscle has two poles. where the glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles are found is called the ______ pole
glomerular capsule and glomerulus
the renal corpuscle is composed of which of the following?
55 mL/min
the renal plasma clearance of urea is 70 mL/min, so ______ is reabsorbed
interlobar
the segmental arteries branch to form the ______ arteries that can travel through the renal columns
dense irregular
the submucosa of the urinary bladder is formed by ______ connective tissue
juxtaglomerular apparatus and efferent/afferent arterioles
the sympathetic axons extend to which blood vessels of the kidneys?
simple squamous
the thin segment of the descending limb of the nephron loop is lined with ______ epithelium
all of it will be reabsorbed
the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption is 320 mg per minute. if not more than 300 mg of glucose is passing through the renal tubule every minute ______
vasoconstriction
the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism will response by increasing ______ even further if the myogenic mechanism is not sufficient to maintain normal glomerular blood pressure due to increased systemic BP
ureters
the urinary tract consists of ______, urinary bladder, and urethra
podocytes
the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of specialized cells called ______
muscularis, adventitia, and mucosa
the wall of the ureter is composed of a series of tunics. which are these tunics?
juxtamedullary
there are two types of nephrons, cortical nephrons and ______ nephrons
false
true or false: ADH causes the PCT to increase water reabsorption from the tubular fluid
false
true or false: a human kidney is divided into 20 renal lobes
false
true or false: aldosterone increases the number of Na+ pumps and channels and thus decreases both Na+ and water reabsorption
true
true or false: epinephrine and hCG are examples of hormones eliminated by the kidneys in urine
true
true or false: if systemic blood pressure is dangerously low, filtration and the elimination of wastes in urine ceases, resulting in accumulation of toxic metabolic wastes in the blood
true
true or false: if the glucose concentration is too high and is secreted in the urine, the renal threshold has been exceeded
false
true or false: in tubular reabsorption, all needed solutes and most water that formed the filtrate are reabsorbed into the nephron
true
true or false: the three layers of smooth muscle of the urinary bladder have such complex orientations that it is difficult to discern individual layers under the microscope
facultative water reabsorption
tubular reabsorption in response to ADH is referred to as ______
active transport
tubular secretion is the ______ of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid
HCO3-; H+
type B intercalated cells secrete ______ and reabsorb ______ to lower blood pH and increase urine pH
red blood cells, glucose, white blood cells
under normal circumstances, urine does not contain which of the following?
collecting duct; nephron loop
urea is cycled between the ______ and the ______, contributing to its concentration gradient
ureteral
ureters enter the posterolateral wall of the urinary bladder through the ______ openings
renal pyramids; minor calyces; major calyces
urine from the ______ is collected by the ______ and then drained into the ______
ammonia; diabetes mellitus
urine may develop an ______ smell if allowed to stand from the breakdown of proteins, and urine may smell fruity due to the presence of ketoacids in a person with ______
2; 2; 1; 1
use numerals to indicate how many of each organ there are in the urinary system. there are ______ kidney(s), ______ ureter(s), ______ urinary bladder(s), and ______ urethra(s)
aquaporin
water is reabsorbed through specific water transporter proteins called ______
vasa recta
water moves from the descending limb of the nephron loop into the ______ when it is reabsorbed
diabetes, high blood pressure, and autoimmune conditions
what are the chronic problems that account for the majority of progressive renal failure?
simple cuboidal epithelium
what type of tissue line the PCT?
efferent
when blood leaves the glomerulus, it enters the ______ arteriole
upside down pyramid
when empty, the urinary bladder exhibits an ______ shape
are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein
when erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the globin proteins ______
collecting tubules; collecting ducts
when the tubular fluid leaves the DCT, it must travel through a series of small ______ that empty into ______
ADH
when the urine is extremely dilute and appears a light pale color, a decrease in the release of ______ is evident
acidic
when we consume more proteins and wheat, the pH of the urine becomes more ______
glomerular endothelium and filtration slits
which are the most accurate description of the structures that make up the filtration membrane?
filtration and tubular secretion/reabsorption
which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?
Ca2+, K+, Na+, and water
which of the following substances have regulated reabsorption?
leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes
which substances are not filtered through the kidneys?
ADH
with the release of the hormone called ______, urine volume can be as little as about 0.5 L/day and generally appears noticeably darker yellow in color
