BIOL 230: Exam 2

e. L^1L^1 M^1M^0 N^0N^1

Coat color in a certain field mouse is determined by three genes (L, M, and N) that encode proteins involved in melanin production in the fur. Each gene has two alleles. The 0 alleles (L0, M0, and N0) result in no melanin being made, and the 1 alleles (L1, M1, and N1) result in some melanin. The 1 alleles show incomplete dominance over the 0 alleles. The contributions of the three genes to total melanin in the mouse fur is additive. Which of the following genotypes would result in the darkest fur coat? a. L^1L^1 M^1M^0 N^0N^0 b. L^0L^0 M^0M^0 N^0N^1 c. L^1L^0 M^1M^0 N^0N^0 d. L^0L^1 M^1M^0 N^0N^1 e. L^1L^1 M^1M^0 N^0N^1

a. 1

If a mutagen such as aflatoxin reacts with DNA in a cell to form a single DNA adduct, after four cell divisions, how many of the resulting cells are likely to have the DNA adduct? a. 1 b. 3 c. 0 d. 2 e. 4

a. 0%

A young man (32) with colon cancer was found to have sporadic mutation in the APC gene in his colon cells. What are the chances he will pass this mutated allele on to his child? a. 0% b. 100% c. 25% d. 50% e. 75%

b. (½)^46

A couple has one child. Three years later they are expecting another child. Assuming that there are no new mutations and that there is no meiotic crossover, what are the chances that the second child will be genetically identical to the first child? a. (½)^23 b. (½)^46 c. (½)^2 d. (½)^4 e. (½)^69

c. 1/16

A slot machine has 10 slots. Each slot has 4 different fruits on the spinner (apple, pear, grape, and cherry). What are the odds of getting a cherry in BOTH the first AND the second slots? a. 1/8 b. 1/4 c. 1/16 d. 1/2 e. 1/410

a. RNA polymerase produces RNA molecules during transcription.

Which of the following statements about getting from a GENE to a TRAIT is most biologically accurate? a. RNA polymerase produces RNA molecules during transcription. b. DNA turns into RNA during the process of transcription. c. Traits determine your genes and alleles. d. The DNA of your genome is mostly made up of genes. e. Transcription is the process of copying and making new DNA molecules.

a. The p53 transcription factor is made up of amino acids.

Remember what you have learned about the four major classes of biological macromolecules. Which of the following statements are scientifically accurate? a. The p53 transcription factor is made up of amino acids. b. The cell membrane is primarily composed of nucleic acids c. DNA polymerase is a lipid. d. A virus is primarily a collection of carbohydrates e. RNA polymerase is a nucleic acid.

c. 2

There is a gene located on chromosome 17 in humans for which four different alleles have been identified. The maximum number of alleles a single normal individual can have is: a. 1 b. 4 c. 2 d. 8 e. 3

A. there is no chance that the woman passes the mutation on her child. The first reason is that it is a newly acquired mutation so this means it is not something she was born with meaning that it was not inherited so the child could not inherit this mutation. The second reason is that the mutation is only on the breast tissue it is not a mutation that occurred in the germ line cells. If it was a mutation that occurred in the germ line cells there would be a slight chance of the child inheriting the mutation but it did not occur there. B. There is a 50% chance that the child will inherit the mutation. The first reason I say this os because the woman inherited the mutation from her mom so this means the mutation can be inherited. The second reason is that from what is stated only the woman, and not her husband, has the mutation so the child has a 50% chance of either inheriting that from her mom or dad.

A young woman develops breast cancer that does not spread to any other tissues. She and her husband are thinking about having children, and she is worried that she might pass on the risk of cancer to them. A. If the woman's cancer began with a newly acquired mutation in the p53 gene, what is the chance (as a percentage or fraction) that she passes this mutation on to her child? Please explain your reasoning, using at least TWO biologically accurate ideas. B. If the woman's cancer began with a mutation in the p53 gene that she inherited from her mother, what is the chance (as a percentage or fraction) that she passes this mutation on to her child? Please explain your reasoning, using at least TWO biologically accurate ideas.

1. DISAGREE. I disagree because DNA does not turn into RNA, the double helix is unwound during transcription and RNA polymerase builds an mRNA from this but the entire DNA is not unwound and DNA is still DNA at the end of this process. The second thing is that RNA polymerase does not build proteins, it makes an mRNA that then is used to make proteins but RNA polymerase itself does not make proteins. 2. AGREE. DNA is copied once in both of these processes but the end result of mitosis is two diploid 2n cells. The end result of meiosis is four haploid cells. 3. AGREE. Specialized cells don't divide but stem cells do and there are more stem cells than specialized cells in our body. Also cells in our body continuously divide in order to replace cells that are constantly dying or being damaged.

For EACH of the statements below, select AGREE or DISAGREE. Then, provide AT LEAST TWO ARGUMENTS using the language of biology as to why the statement is scientifically accurate or not. (9 points) 1. "DNA turns into RNA, and then RNA polymerase builds proteins." AGREE or DISAGREE 2. "During mitosis, DNA is copied once to produce two diploid cells. During meiosis, DNA is copied once to produce four haploid cells."AGREE or DISAGREE 3. "The vast majority of cells in your body are able to divide" AGREE or DISAGREE

a. The mutation will have no noticeable effect on the organism.

If a single point mutation occurs at a random place in the genome, what is the most likely outcome? Select one: a. The mutation will have no noticeable effect on the organism. b. The mutation will lead to a noticeable loss-of-function in a gene. c. The mutation will lead to a noticeable gain-of-function in a gene. d. The mutation will have a noticeable positive effect on the organism. e. The mutation will have a noticeable negative effect on the organism.

b. The silk transgene will be present in all the cells of the adult goat. Remember that the spider silk gene is inserted into the zygote (first cell) of the goat. When that cell divides, the spider silk gene is copied (along with all the DNA in that cell), so that all the cells produced while the goat grows have the spider silk gene.However, even though all cells have the spider silk gene, only the mammary cells in the goat make the silk protein, because of the non-coding DNA promoter bioengineered to "turn on" the spider silk gene only in those mammary cells.

If the silk protein gene from a spider is attached to a mammary gland promoter and inserted into the first cell of a goat embryo, which of the following statements is correct? a. The silk transgene will be present in only the mammary cells in the adult goat. b. The silk transgene will be present in all the cells of the adult goat. c. Goats are not able to produce spider silk. d. The silk protein will be produced in all cells of the adult goat. e. The silk transgene will be present only in the first cell in the goat where it was inserted.

A. The first misconception is that in the second circle that the mother and father chromosome are already paired. There should be two copies of the chromosome in that circle but as a homozygous pair. The second misconception is where cell division and DNA replication are labeled. The labels for DNA replication and cell division should be switched. B. The first misconception is that Meiosis II occurs before Meiosis I, the labels for that should be switched. The second misconception is that at the end of Meiosis I the cells will have already divided that doesn't happen till the the beginning of Meiosis II. The third misconception is that at the end there appears to be 3 chromosomes from the biological father and 1 from the mother when in reality after crossing over there should be a variety of different combinations as the result.

In the drawing below, for chromosome 17, please identify 2 misconceptions for A. Mitosis and 3 misconceptions for B. Meiosis

c. The larger amount of eumelanin in darkly pigmented skin protects circulating folate, which is important for reproduction, from being destroyed by UV radiation.

In the video "The Biology of Skin Color," Nina Jablonski described a hypothesis to explain the selective pressure for darker skin in high UV environments. On which of the following observations did she base that hypothesis? a. In general, people with darkly pigmented skin have less folate, a nutrient important for human reproduction, circulating in their blood. b. The eumelanin in darkly pigmented skin reduces the risk of skin cancer caused by UV radiation. c. The larger amount of eumelanin in darkly pigmented skin protects circulating folate, which is important for reproduction, from being destroyed by UV radiation. d. Human populations around the globe have different versions of genes involved in melanin production (MC1R, SLC24A5, etc.)

Some of Jennifer Eberhardt's research can be seen in Jennifer's everyday life, she specifically states this in a scenario that occurred with her young son. Jennifer and her son were on a plane when they say a black male with dreadlocks board the plane. Her son looks at the man and says "that looks like daddy, he looks like he'd rob the plane". She states this in her book and in the Trevor Noah interview that these implicit biases can be absorbed by children even when were not aware that these biases are even visible. Jennifer's research has some correlation to the incident I stated above. Jennifer does research on implicit biases in police and how they can combat them to make sure everyone involved is safe, she uses body cam footage to further research this topic. Missing response to part 2 -- though I could infer the postulation of using body cam research in genetic counseling!

Select either Jennifer Eberhardt or Troy Duster. Part 1: Describe at least 1 biographical fact and at least 1 fact about their research. Part 2: You've been hired to consult with genetic counsellors at your local hospital to address health disparities across racial groups. Genetic counsellors are asking, "What should we do to best support patients? Is there anything we should study or address in our work?" What recommendations would you make, based on either Troy Duster's or Jennifer Eberhardt's research?

Health disparities in racial groups can be described through environmental factors that lead other lifestyle factors that affect the health disparities that different racial groups face.The first factor really affects health disparities within different racial groups is implicit or explicit bias or just straight up racism. These biases can lead to health professionals not believing people of color when discussing their symptoms. This factor is the reason that black women die more often in childbirth than white moms and why they are also more likely to die of the complications of a heart attack and a number of other diseases. There is a stereotype of the loud angry black woman. As I hope we all know this stereotype is complete BS but there are still people, specifically health professionals, that have this racist notion engraved in their mind that leads them to believe that these women are exaggerating when discussing their symptoms. These sorts of biases apply to a large range of POC but I wanted to note that one because of the disproportionately alarming rates that black women are dying in our healthcare system. Neighborhood disadvantage is another factor that affects health disparities, this includes things such as pollution and stress that is associated with lower income communities. The people that often live in these communities is POC due to the systematic racism in this country. The disadvantages have a huge affect on peoples health. For example, pollution can cause mutations in a persons DNA which leads to them now having lung cancer because of the factory next door pumping carcinogens into the air. Another neighborhood disadvantage is stress. A lot of the time in lower income communities there are higher rates of crime and unemployment all these things lead to mass amounts of stress. The human body is not meant to take on large amounts of stress for a large amount of time. This also affects someones lifestyle choices, which is the third factor. Lifestyle choices include alcohol and drug consumption, lack of birth control, and less physical activity being done. These impact our health in a variety of ways. The fourth factor is socioeconomic disadvantages, this includes low income, lack of insurance, and lack of education. These all affect when a person may decide to go to the doctor and how someone cares for themselves. As a result of poor diet that stems from neighborhood disadvantages there are higher rates of co-morbidities within certain racial groups. This then comes back to not having proper healthcare and just the overall ability to visit health professionals as often which leads to these co-morbidities becoming worse. This is a cycle that makes it harder and harder for individuals to get out of.

Social Determinants of Health Essay A colleague asks you, "Why are there health disparities for people from different racial groups in the United States?" What are at least 4 non-biological factors you would describe to your colleague?

There are color promoting alleles that determine how much melanin will present in our phenotype. The genes responsible for melanin production have an incomplete dominance so this led to the paired alleles being completely expressed in Tisha but only partially expressed in Janelle.

Tisha and her younger sister Janelle have the same biological parents, Ahmad and Kiana. Tisha describes her skin color as chocolate milk with a dash of cinnamon, while Janelle likes to say hers is vanilla pudding. Ahmad and Kiana, on the other hand, look very similar to each other in terms of skin color. Using the language of biology, explain how Tisha and Janelle can have such different skin colors, even though their parents do not. Be sure to include the following terms in your explanation: allele, gene, melanin, incomplete dominance and phenotype.

a. mitochondrion, virus, hemoglobin, glucose, water molecule

Which of the following are ordered correctly from LARGEST to SMALLEST? a. mitochondrion, virus, hemoglobin, glucose, water molecule b. mitochondrion, virus, glucose, hemoglobin, water molecule c. virus, mitochondrion, hemoglobin, glucose, water molecule d. virus, mitochondrion, glucose, hemoglobin, water molecule e. mitochondrion, hemoglobin, virus, glucose, water molecule

b. nucleotide, gene, chromosome, genome, skin cell

Which of the following are ordered correctly from SMALLEST to LARGEST? a. nucleotide, chromosome, gene, skin cell, genome b. nucleotide, gene, chromosome, genome, skin cell c. chromosome, nucleotide, skin cell, gene, genome d. chromosome, nucleotide, gene, skin cell, genome e. nucleotide, chromosome, gene, genome, skin cell

c. Cells undergoing DNA replication

Which of the following cells are most likely to acquire mutations? a. Cells undergoing transcription b. Cells undergoing translation c. Cells undergoing DNA replication d. All cells are equally likely to acquire mutations. e. Both A and B

e. There is more genetic diversity between racial groups than within racial groups.

Which of the following claims are not supported by strong scientific evidence? a. There is no genetic or phenotypic (e.g. skin color) basis to race that supports the reality of the constructed racial groups. b. All people living today are one biological species. c. All people living today are descended from populations that originated in Africa. d. Over time, geography and environment influence the genetic structure of human populations through natural selection. e. There is more genetic diversity between racial groups than within racial groups.

d. Gametes, cells in the colon, and cells in the skin

Which of the following human cells contain the genes that code for P53? Select one: a. Only cells in the skin b. Gametes and cells in the colon, but not cells in the skin c. Only cells in the colon d. Gametes, cells in the colon, and cells in the skin e. Only gametes (egg or sperm)

d. DNA replication occurs in some cells, while transcription/translation occurs in virtually all cells.

Which of the following is the most scientifically accurate statement about DNA replication compared to transcription/translation (central dogma)? a. DNA replication occurs in virtually all cells, while transcription/translation occurs in some cells. b. The same enzyme is responsible for DNA replication and transcription/translation. c. DNA replication and transcription/translation produce the same molecules. d. DNA replication occurs in some cells, while transcription/translation occurs in virtually all cells. e. DNA replication occurs in somatic cells, while transcription/translation occurs only in gametes.

d. 1/2^92

You have 23 pairs of chromosomes in your somatic cells. Each homologous pair is comprised of one chromosome from your mother and one from your father. What are the chances of making a gamete (sperm cell or egg cell) in which all of the chromosomes are from your father? For this question, assume that there is no meiotic crossing-over. a. 1/2^4 b. 1/2^14 c. 1/2^23 d. 1/2^92 e. 1/2^46