BIOL 2703 Exam 2 (Ch. 5-7)
pancreatic lipase
The digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called ______.
lipids
class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water; triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
limiting amino acid
essential amino acid found in the lowest concentration in an incomplete protein
lipids
Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?
disaccharides
Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are types of _______________.
fiber
Eating foods that are rich sources of _______ can reduce LDL cholesterol levels.
fibers
Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.
protein
Most foods contain some ______.
derivatives
Nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins but have important physiological roles are called amino acid ____________.
decrease; increase
Omega-3 fatty acids ________ risk of blood clotting and inflammation while omega-6 fatty acids __________.
0.8g
To determine a person's RDA for protein, multiply his or her weight in kilograms by ______.
therapeutic lifestyle changes
To improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes, implementing ________________ is key.
carbohydrates
Tooth decay is the only health problem clearly associated with eating ____________.
linoleic acid
18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds; an essential fatty acid
type 2 diabetes
Diet, exercise, and oral medications are typical treatments for
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on
reduced
Dietary fiber is associated with a(n) _____ risk of colorectal cancer.
true
Every cell contains protein.
protein
In most cases, an allergen is a(n)
structure
The ______ of a protein influences its function.
low-quality protein
dietary proteins that are incomplete and have lower digestibility and bioavailability
complete protein
dietary proteins that contain an adequate proportion of each of the nine essential amino acids
incomplete protein
dietary proteins that contain inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids
personalized nutrition
dietary recommendations based on individual response to food and nutrients
partial hydrogenation
food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats
soluable fiber
forms of dietary fiber that dissolve or swell in water; include pectins, gums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses
insoluable fiber
forms of dietary fiber that generally do not dissolve in water; include cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin
phenylketonuria (PKU)
genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to convert the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine, resulting in accumulation of phenylalanine
eicosinoids
group of long-chain fatty acids with hormonelike functions
diabetes mellitus
group of serious, chronic conditions characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
syndrome
group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem
gallstones
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries or loss of flexibility
glycogen
highly branched storage polysaccharide in animals
glucagon
hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas that contributes to an increase in blood glucose levels
type 2 diabetes
A diet that is high in soft drink consumption may increase the risk of __________________.
any age
At what age can type 1 diabetes begin to occur?
risk factors
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple ______ __________.
quaternary
The structure of hemoglobin is an example of the ______________________ structure.
None
Which naturally occurring food is 100% protein?
protein complementation
combining certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids
allergy
What results when a protein is absorbed without complete digestion?
statins
Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?
Lipoprotein lipase
Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?
Pancreatic amylase
enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose molecules
lactase
enzyme that splits lactose into glucose and galactose
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
lactose intolerance
inability to digest lactose properly because of a deficiency in the enzyme lactase
ketones
molecules formed from the metabolism of fat
gene
portion of DNA that codes for a protein
enterohepatic circulation
process that recycles bile salts in the body
oligosaccharides
short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides
alternative sweeteners
substances that sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories
choline
water-soluble, vitamin-like compound; component of lecithin
Major Functions of Lipids
-Absorb fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals -Cushion the body against bumps and blows -Form and maintain cell membranes -Insulate the body against cold temperatures -Produce steroid hormones -Provide and store energy (triglycerides)
unsaturated
An omega-3 fatty acid is ________________.
essential
Animal proteins are a good source of all nine _____________ amino acids.
phospholipids
Choose the type of fat that is partially water soluble. triglycerides trans fats cholesterol phospholipids
protein complementation
Combining certain plant food sources of protein to form complete proteins is called ______.
secondary structure
Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
150
Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least _____ minutes a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure helps people achieve and maintain healthy body weights.
lipid storage diseases
Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, which damages tissues are called _____________ _____________ ________________.
6
Glucose contains ___ carbons
requires a gluten-free diet
Gluten sensitivity and celiac disease have which of the following in common?
fiber
Nondigestible plant material is termed ______.
fish
Omega-3 fatty acids may need to be consumed from plant sources for those who do not eat
raffinose
Onions, broccoli, legumes, cabbage, whole grains, and brussels sprouts are rich in _________.
inulin
Onions, garlic, chicory root, legumes, artichokes, asparagus, milk, wheat, and leeks are rich in ____________.
low
People with irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease may benefit from a ___ FODMAP diet
attracts; repels
Phospholipids contain a hydrophilic portion, which ______ water, and a hydrophobic portion, which _________ water.
lowering
Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol, but plant sterols have blood cholesterol-______________ properties.
DNA
Proteins are made in your body by following the code found in your _______________.
oligosaccharides
Raffinose and stachyose are types of ________________.
large intestine
Absorption of fiber occurs in the __________________ where beneficial bacteria break it down and metabolize it for energy.
small intestine
Absorption of monosaccharides happens almost exclusively in the _____________________.
Human Genome Project
The project undertaken in the 1990s to identify and sequence the approximately 23,000 genes that code for protein synthesis in the human DNA is called the ______.
allergies
Food __________ trigger the body's immune response.
lipid
Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are the end products of ____________ digestion.
good
HDL cholesterol is considered "_________" cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation.
insulin is secreted by the pancreas
How does the body respond to an increase in blood glucose?
bloodstream; small intestine
Lipoprotein lipase functions in the ____________ while pancreatic lipase functions in the ______________________.
omega (methyl) end
end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (—CH3) group
maltase
enzyme that splits maltose into two glucose molecules
monoglyceride
lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
monosaccharide
simple sugar that is the basic molecule of carbohydrates
glycerol
three-carbon alcohol that forms the "backbone" of fatty acids
Glycemic load (GL)
tool to measure the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate containing food; similar to the glycemic index, but also factors in the total carbohydrate content of a typical serving size of the food
hyperglycemia
abnormally elevated blood glucose levels
alpha-linolenic acid
18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds; an essential fatty acid
Glycemic index (GI)
a tool to measure the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate containing food
sucrase
enzyme that splits sucrose into glucose and fructose
reactive hypoglycemia
pancreas secretes too much insulin after a high-carbohydrate meal; low blood glucose that occurs within 4 hours of eating
hydrophilic
part of a molecule that attracts water
insulin resistance
Type 1 diabetes is linked to an autoimmune disease while type 2 diabetes is linked to _____.
Hyperinsulinemia
a condition in which the pancreas releases an excessive amount of insulin; over time, condition may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes
ketosis
adaptive metabolic state in which the body primarily uses fat for energy
sugar alcohols
alternative sweeteners used to replace sucrose in some sugar-free foods; sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
blood fat that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries, thereby protecting against heart disease; "good cholesterol"
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
blood fat that transports cholesterol to organs and tissues; excess amounts result in the accumulation of fatty deposits on artery walls; "bad cholesterol"
polysaccharides
carbohydrates comprised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together
complex carbohydrates
carbohydrates comprised of three or more monosaccharides bonded together
plant sterols/stanols
chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol
atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
metabolic syndrome
condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD
ketoacidosis
condition that occurs in the absence of insulin when excess acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in the bloodstream lower the blood's pH
hypoglycemia
condition that occurs when blood glucose level is too low
sucrose
disaccharide composed of a glucose and a fructose molecule; "table sugar"
unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain
Signs of Metabolic Syndrome
large waist circumference; hypertension; elevated fasting triglycerides; low fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol); high fasting blood glucose
proteins
large, complex organic molecules made up of amino acids
cholesterol
lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D; most well known sterol
triglyceride
lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
diglyceride
lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
fructose
monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables; "fruit sugar"
galactose
monosaccharide that is a component of lactose
Glucose
monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells; "blood sugar"
type 2 diabetes
most common type of diabetes; beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant, leading to elevated blood glucose levels
stachylose
nondigestible oligosaccharide made of four monosaccharides
raffinose
nondigestible oligosaccharide made of three monosaccharides
dietary fiber
nondigestible plant material; most types are polysaccharides that are connected by fibers than human enzymes cannot break
carboxylic acid
organic molecule with a carboxyl (—COOH) group
hydrophobic
part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids
steatorrhea
presence of lipid in the stool
lipolysis
process by which triglycerides (fats) are broken down into and glycerol and fatty acids, which are released into the bloodstream
high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD
lipoprotein profile
series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels
FODMAPs
short-chain carbohydrates that the GI tract may not fully digest or absorb (fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols
disaccharide
simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides
transamination
transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid
phospholipid
type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
omega-6 fatty acid
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the molecule
omega-3 fatty acid
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule
trans
unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond
signs of metabolic syndrome
waist circumference >/= 35 inches (women) triglycerides >/=150mg/dL
bagel
Choose the food that does not contain cholesterol. ground turkey eggs bagel shrimp
more
Digesting lipids is a _____ complicated process than digesting carbohydrates.
glucose
Maltose is formed by the bond between a molecule of glucose and ___________.
gallstones
Name one of the most common digestive diseases in the United States.
45-65%
Adequate diets contain roughly between ____ and ___% carbohydrates.
facilitated diffusion
Fructose is absorbed by ______________ ________________.
polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids
The AMDR is 20 to 35% for fat and should come predominately from ______, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.
20-35%
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake between ______________.
omega-3 fatty acids
Vegetarians who do not consume fish may have difficulty obtaining ______.
100% fruit juices contribute micronutrients and phytochemicals
What is the main difference between soft drinks and 100% fruit drinks?
Celiac disease
What type of disease results in the poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine?
HDL cholesterol
What type of lipoprotein carries cholesterol from the body tissue back to the liver for recycling?
Denaturation
When a protein is exposed to various conditions that cause it to alter its shape, the protein has undergone _______________.
microvilli
Where are dipeptides and tripeptides broken into amino acids?
nitrogen (N)
Which element is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates?
complex
Which has the most monosaccharides? Simple or complex carbs?
maltose
disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules; "malt sugar"
saturated fatty acid (SFA)
fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms
monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chains
gluten
protein found in many grain-based food products
soluable fiber
reduce blood cholesterol levels; slows glucose absorption; delays stomach emptying
added sugars
sugars, such as sucrose and HFCS, incorporated into foods during processing or preparation
high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
syrup obtained from the processing of corn; tastes much sweeter than glucose sugars
primary structure
the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain
vegetarian
A person that follows a plant-based eating pattern that may contain some animal foods is following a _____________ diet.
heat, acid, physical agitation
A protein can be altered through exposure to ______.
cholesterol
Most gallstones are made of ______.
less than 7%
What is an acceptable hemoglobin HbA1c level for a person with diabetes?
10-35%
What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range of energy from protein?
mouth
While most carb digestion occurs in the small intestine, where does it begin?
Both have a straight shape.
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your ____________________.
starch; glycogen
______ and ________ are polysaccharides that contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together into large, chainlike structures.
arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis
______ is a symptom or by-product of ______.
high-quality protein
dietary proteins that are complete and well-digested, absorbed, and used by the body; found in meat, fish, eggs, and dairy
lactose
disaccharide composed of a glucose and a galactose molecule; "milk sugar"
cholesterol
is found only in foods that contain animal products.
protein
All living cells contain ______.
monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, and sucrose are types of ___________.
less
Women are _____ prone to heart attacks than men.
aspartame
Alt. sweetener that contains two amino acids, phenylalanine and aspartic acid
insoluable
Most lipids are ________ in water.
food intolerance
Having a headache and intestinal discomfort from eating a food, without triggering the body's immune response is a sign of a
gestational diabetes
type of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy
sterol
type of lipid that has a more complex chemical structure than triglycerides and phospholipids
phenylalanine
Children and adults with PKU need to avoid foods that are rich sources of ______.
stanols
Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant _______ , which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.
64
A 35 year old man who is at a healthy body weight of 80 kg has a protein RDA of ____ g per day.
nonessential
A ____________ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.
triglyceride
A _____________ has 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
20-35%
A high-protein diet is defined as a protein intake of ______.
100g
A person consuming 2000 kcals and eating 20% of her kcals from protein is eating how many grams of protein?
less
In a healthy person, the liver synthesizes ____ cholesterol when dietary cholesterol intake is higher.
active transport
Intestinal cells absorb glucose and galactose by ______________ _____________.
galactose
Lactose is formed by the bond between a molecule of glucose and ___________.
amino acids
Proteins are made up of smaller units called __________ _________.
decrease
Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to ______.
refined carbohydrates; alcohol
Reducing the intake of _____________________ and __________ will help reduce blood triglyceride levels.
personalized diet planning
Registered dietitians now face the opportunity to better help people by providing them with
amylase
Salivary __________ is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.
saturated fat
Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as dietary _______________ ____.
fructose
Sucrose is formed by the bond between a molecule of glucose and ___________.
1.1g and 1.6g
The daily adequate intake of alpha-linoleic acid is _____ for women and _____ for men.
essential fatty acids
fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids
cardiovascular disease
group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels
insulin
hormone secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas that contributes to a decrease in blood glucose levels
fatty acid
hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group
amino acid derivatives
small molecules structurally related to amino acids
resistant starch
starches found in seeds, legumes, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables that resist digestion and are not broken down in the human GI tract
starch
storage polysaccharide in plants; composed of amylose and amylopectin
emulsifier
substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other
insoluable fiber
may ease bowel movements and increases fecal bulk
dairy
Lactose-containing foods fall into which food category?
glycerols; fatty acids
What are the by-products of lipid digestion?
essential amino acids
amino acids the body cannot make or cannot make enough of to meet its needs
transported into absorptive cells
After being digested, most amino acids are
absorptive cells
After being digested, most amino acids are first transported into ____________ _______.
proteins
Amino acids are bonded together to form __________.
gluten
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which a person's immune system reacts to
fatty acid
The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of ______________ present in greatest concentration.
Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)
The health professional who will consider genetically driven dietary recommendations when helping people with their personalized nutrition plan is the
glucose
The main function of _________ is to provide the body with a source of fuel.
3.3%
The percentage of adults who do not eat meat, fish or poultry is about ______.
protein turnover
The process of breaking down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins is called ___________ __________.
deamination
The process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid is called
urinating (elimination of urea)
What accounts for the majority of the nitrogen losses that occur each day?
Lipoprotein lipase
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?
peptides are broken down into amino acids
What happens to amino acids once they enter the absorptive cells?
Energy is released
What happens when cells metabolize glucose?
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas; as a result, insulin must be supplied to the affected person regularly through exogenous sources
hydrocarbon chain
chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
prostaglandins
class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body
carbohydrates
class of nutrients that is a major source of energy for the body
Gaucher disease
most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism