BIOL - Ch 10 - How Cells Divided

Order the steps in binary fission from first to last, starting at the top. - Septation begins - The bacterial DNA molecule begins replication. - The cell elongates and the replicating DNA is partitioned such that the origins are at the 1/4 and 3/4 positions of the cell. - The cell pinches in two, forming two daughter cells.

- The bacterial DNA molecule begins replication. - The cell elongates and the replicating DNA is partitioned such that the origins are at the 1/4 and 3/4 positions of the cell. - Septation begins - The cell pinches in two, forming two daughter cells.

The cells of most eukaryotes have between 10 and which number of chromosomes?

50

At the beginning of which phase do the centromeres of sister chromatids split apart allowing sister chromatids to separate from each other?

Anaphase

During the ________of mitosis, the centromeres of sister chromatids split apart allowing sister chromatids to move away from each other.

Anaphase

The shortest stage of mitosis is ______

Anaphase

A cleavage furrow is typically formed during cytokinesis in _______cells.

Animal

Bacteria the cell divides into two nearly equal halves. This process is known as

Binary fission

How do bacteria reproduce?

Binary fission

How do you bacteria divide?

Binary fission

The __ enzymes control progression through the checkpoints in the cell cycle.

CDK

Phosphorylation within the cell cycle is performed by enzymes called _______.

CDKs

What enzymes control the progression of cells through the cell cycle checkpoints?

CDKs

The cell cycle of multicellular eukaryotes is regulated by several _______ and many different _______signals.

CDKs; external

________is a term to describe cells growing out of control.

Cancer

What is a sequence of growth, replication, and division that produces new eukaryotic cells called?

Cell cycle

What kind of cleavage is formed in a plant to separate them into equal halves

Cell plate

Centromeres occur at a specific location along a ________.

Chromosome

Cytokinesis in animal cells involves the formation of a ______ furrow around the cell.

Cleavage

When DNA replicates the sister chromatids are held together at their centromeres by which of the following complex of proteins? - DNA Polymerases - Adhesions - Cohesions - Condensin

Cohesions

In eukaryotic cells you start with a diploid cell and you end with what kind of cell

Diploid

During telophase, chromosomes uncoil to allow for gene _______.

Expression or transcription

True or false: A centromere is located at a random location along the length of a chromosome.

False

True or false: In a typical mammalian adult cell, the M phase takes up a large fraction of the entire cell cycle.

False

The first tumor-suppressor gene discovered as the cause of which of the following?

Familial cancer retinoblastoma

What is a sequence of events in a typical eukaryotic cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokenisis

What checkpoint does the cell arrest in response to DNA damage

G1/S, G2/M

Condensation of chromosomes is initiated in the ________ phase of interphase and continues until the end of prophase.

G2

Cell division in bacterial and eukaryotic cells produces which of the following? - Genetically identical cells - Genetically diverse cells

Genetically identical cells

During _________, which includes the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, the cell grows and chromosomes replicate in preparation for cell division.

Interphase

While preparing to divide, the cell grows and copies its chromosomes during which stage?

Interphase

During prometaphase, which protein complex on each sister chromatid attaches to the spindle?

Kinetochore

During prometaphase, sister chromatids attach to the spindle by their _______ , which are attached to the centromere region of each sister chromatid.

Kinetochores

The pairs of sister chromatids align themselves in a single row along a plane half-way between the poles during which phase of mitosis?

Metaphase

The German biologist, Walter Flemming, was the first to microscopically observe the process of ________.

Mitosis or cell division

When a histone wrapped itself around DNA, that structure is called what

Nucleosome

Name the two distinct classes of cancer causing genes: _____ and _______-________ genes.

Oncogenes; Tumor-suppressor

Cytokinesis in _______ cells does not involve a cleavage furrow, but rather a cell plate.

Plant

In which of the following cells does cytokinesis involve the formation of a cell plate?

Plant cells

Step in mitosis where all the microtubules are attached to every chromosome

Prometaphase

Condensation of chromosomes continues throughout which phase of mitosis?

Prophase

The stage of mitosis, the nuclear envelope begins to break down and spindle begins to form

Prophase

Which is the first stage of mitosis?

Prophase

Chromosomes are composed of chromatin which is a complex of DNA and which of the following? -Protein - Lipids - Carbohydrates - Glycolipids

Protein

Identify the type of protein encoded by the cdc2 gene. -Dehyderogenase - Isomerase - Protein kinase

Protein kinase

Stage where DNA is being replicated

S phase

During DNA replication the chromosomes contract and the identical halves are called ______ ________.

Sister chromatids

During the stage of mitosis known as _________, gene expression resumes, as chromosomes uncoil.

Telophase

When is the spindle apparatus broken down?

Telophase

The stage of mitosis characterized by the physical separation of sister chromatids is called:

anaphase

If necessary (e.g., if DNA is damaged), the cell cycle can be arrested at specific points called _______

checkpoints

In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, the production of new cells follows a highly regulated sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division. This sequence is referred to as the cell ________, which consists of the G1, S, G2, and M phases.

cycle

The cell ______ of multicellular eukaryotes is regulated by multiple Cdks and external signals.

cycle

Bacterial cells divide to produce new cells for which of the following? (Select all that apply) - Genetic Diversity - Reproduction - Population Growth

- Reproduction - Population Growth

Cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage ______ in animal cells and a cell _______ in plant cells.

furrow; plate

Two irreversible points in the cell cycle are replication of ________ material and _________of sister chromatids.

genetic or DNA; separation

During the five phases of ________, the replicated genetic material is partitioned into _______ new nuclei.

mitosis; 2

In bacterial cells, the replication of DNA begins at a specific site called the ________ of replication, and proceeds in both directions around the circular DNA until a specific ________ site is reached.

origin; terminus or termination

Which genes sends signals for apoptosis to occur?

p53

Cdks are enzymes which regulate proteins within the cell cycle via ______.

phosphorylation

These structures are held together by cohesion

sister chromatids

The ________apparatus is broken down during telophase.

spindle

What stage of mitosis is essentially the reverse of prophase

telophase

A ________ is a cluster of cancerous cells that have lost control of their growing.

tumor

Chromatin is a complex with ~40% DNA and _______

~60% protein

Typically, a dividing mammalian cell completes its cell cycle in about how many hours?

24 hours

The cells of most eukaryotes have between ______and ______ chromosomes, although some species can have hundreds or even thousands of chromosomes.

10; 50

Cell division in both bacterial and eukaryotic cells produces genetically _______________cells.

identical

MPF is composed of two parts: a cyclin component and a ________ component.

kinase

During _________the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.

metaphase