BIOL121 final exam

The internal solute concentration of a plant cell is about 0.9M. To demonstrate plasmolysis (shrinkage of plant cells) it would be necessary to suspend the cell in what solution

1.2M

If a double-stranded DNA molecule contains 30 percent T, it must contain _______ percent G.

20

This acts as a buffer and can influence the behavior of the membrane

Cholesterol

The _________Structure of a protein is composed of two or more polypeptide chains

Quaternary

An exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction that

Releases energy in the process

What are the seven qualities of life

Reproduction Adapt overtime Grow and develop React to stimuli Order Process energy Respond to internal environment

This is a non-membrane this organelle used by the Prokaryotic cell to assemble proteins

Ribosomes

This is the structure of that synthesizes proteins

Ribosomes

What small structures serve as the site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Which of the following is an example of a non-membranous organelle

Ribosomes

Identify the membranous sacs where proteins are manufactured

Rough ER

This structure is location of where secreted proteins are synthesized

Rough ER

Where are ribosomal subunits made

Rough ER

The small membranous sac moves things to the surface of a cell

Secretory vesicle

In an hypertonic solution an animal cell will

Shrivel

Identify the portion of the Endomembrane system important in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage

Smooth ER

This structure contributes lipids to the system

Smooth ER

Examples and the functions of carbohydrates

Starch- short term energy storage for plants Glycogen- short term energy storage for animals Cellulose- makes up cell wall Chitin- structure

Plants store excess sugar as the polysaccharide _________ while animals store excess sugar as a polysaturated ________

Starch; glycogen

Examples and functions of lipid

Steroid- hormone signaling Phospholipid bilayer- protection and insulation Fat- long term energy storage

In the citric acid cycle, ATP is generated through the process known as

Substrate level phosphorylation

This type of protein is amphipathic and a critical part of the membrane

Integral protein

The part of the scientific method that is based on deductive reasoning is the

Prediction

The amino acid sequence of a single polypeptide or protein is called the

Primary structure

The smallest unit of life is

The cell

Which organisms have mitochondria

Plants, animals, fungi

A theory is

A well supported concept that has broad explanatory power

What is recycled through the Calvin cycle from ATP

ADP

What is made during light reactions and powers the Calvin cycle

ATP

The cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produces additional

ATP and electron shuttles

What is produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditions except

ATP, lactate, NADH(e-shuffle), pryruvate

Glucose is a six carbon sugar the diffusers slowly through artificial membranes. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move glucose from the gut into their cytoplasm. This occurs whether the gut concentrations of glucose are higher or lower than the glucose concentration in intestinal cells cytoplasm. Using this information which transport mechanism is most likely responsible for the glucose transport in intestinal cells

Active transport

The concentration of calcium in a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 0.1%. How could the cell get more calcium into the cytosol

Active transport

The process by which yeast get ATP in an anaerobic environment is called

Alcoholic fermentation

_______ molecules are to proteins as nucleotides are to nucleic acids

Amino acid

You are told that the cells on the microscope slide or plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see you membrane bound organelles but not a cell wall. You conclude that the cells are

Animal

Which of the following domains is prokaryotic

Archaea

Plants are _______ which means they are producers and can make their own food

Autotrophs

What is the second cycle of photosynthesis

Calvin cycle

What is a substrate of the Calvin cycle

Carbon dioxide

Evert cell, prokaryotic or eukaryotic has this near the outer edge of the cell

Cell membrane

What acts as a selective barrier, and helps to isolate the cell away from its environment

Cell membrane

Prokaryotic cells as well as some eukaryotes (such as plants and fungi) have this near the outer edge of the cell

Cell wall

The main function of _____________ is making ATP to power cellular activities.

Cellular respiration

Which of the following is an example of the second law of thermodynamics as it applies to biological systems?

Cellular respiration release some energy as heat

This tubulin base structure is found in animal cells and not plant cells

Centrioles

Proteins are shipped toward the side of this pancake like structure

Cis golgi

The molecules of carbon dioxide are formed here

Citric acid cycle

This process produces the most electron shuttles

Citric avid cycle

What are the functions of the citric acid cycle

Converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA, production of ATP, production of full election shuttles, release of carbon dioxide

Examples and functions of a nucleic acid

DNA- store genetic info RNA- store and transport genetic info ATP- releases free energy

The major role of fungi in the ecosystem is a

Decomposer

The membrane-bound organelle that all living cells have

Doesn't exist (prokaryotes don't have membrane bound organelle)

Cells need to attach to this on the outside to keep from falling off

ECM, collagen

The organelles: Rough ER, transport vesicles and golgi apparatus form part of the

Endomembrane system

humans belong to the domain

Eukarya

A group of individuals of the same species that lives in interact in a given area at a given time is known as a

Population

The relationship between catabolism and anabolism is most similar to the relationship between which of the following pairs of terms

Exergonic; endergonic

Movement of molecules across a membrane that is aided by a protein, with the concentration gradient, and does not require energy is known as

Facilitated diffusion

The name of the model for the plasma membrane is called the _______________

Fluid mosaic model

What is made during the light reaction and aids in the Calvin cycle

Full electron cycle

If, during a process, the system becomes more ordered, then __________.

G is positive and endergonic

What is the product of the Calvin cycle that is the most important for cellular respiration

Glucose

This process can proceed without oxygen

Glycolysis

Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether oxygen is present or absent

Glycolysis

This structure is part of carbohydrate and part protein

Glycoprotein

Which organelle modifies, stores, and repackages product of the ER, mostly for secretion

Golgi apparatus

What are the parts of the endomembrane system

Golgi apparatus, rough er, secretory vesicles, transport vesicles

The color of light least effective in driving photosynthesis is green

Green

What are the functions of a lipid

Hormones, storage of energy, insulation, cell membrane component

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

Hydrolysis breaks down polymers and dehydration reactions assemble polymers

The tales of phospholipid molecules are _________ and don't like water

Hydrophobic

In osmosis, water always moves toward the_______solution: that is, toward the solution with the _______solute concentration

Hypertonic; greater

What powers the first step of photosynthesis

Light

What is the first step of photosynthesis and what is split during this step

Light reaction; water

Where would you find a stockpile of digestive enzymes, important in breaking down nutrients, destroying bacteria, and recycling

Lysosomes

Identify the organelle that carries out cellular respiration, the process of converting the chemical energy of sugars and other molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP

Mitochondria

Which energy related organelle evolved first

Mitochondria

In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules embedded in which organelle

Mitochondria and chloroplast

DNA in a prokaryotic cell is kept here

Nucleiod region

Which large organelle contains most of the genes that control the cell

Nucleus

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction C6H12O6+O2——>CO2+H2O+energy

O2 is reduced and C6H12O6 is oxidized

A group of tissues combine to form the ______level of hierarchy

Organ

The loss of electrons is known as

Oxidation

Oxygen enters this process and water leaves

Oxidative phosphorylation

What is a by product of light reactions and also important to cellular respiration

Oxygen

Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide

Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

This is the major component of a bilayered membrane

Phospholipids

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of an internal cell membrane

Phospholipids and cellulose

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane

Phospholipids and proteins

These structures can act like a prokaryotic Velcro and can help the cell stick to a surface

Pilli

All organisms have which of the following in common

They have phospholipid membranes

What is the structure in the chloroplast

Thylakoid disc

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between the cells from the got into your body because of structures known as

Tight junctions

Examples and functions of proteins

Transport protein- transport Keratin- growth and repair Actin/tubulin- structure Receptor protein- recurved signals ATP synthase- lowers activation energy Collagen- structure

The free energy of reactants and the free energy of the products determines the __________ of a reaction

Triangle G

Which of the following clothes would tell you whether a cell it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Whether or not the cell is partition by internal membranes

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.

plasmodesmata

In general, the hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work by __________.

releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions