BIOL121 final exam
The internal solute concentration of a plant cell is about 0.9M. To demonstrate plasmolysis (shrinkage of plant cells) it would be necessary to suspend the cell in what solution
1.2M
If a double-stranded DNA molecule contains 30 percent T, it must contain _______ percent G.
20
This acts as a buffer and can influence the behavior of the membrane
Cholesterol
The _________Structure of a protein is composed of two or more polypeptide chains
Quaternary
An exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction that
Releases energy in the process
What are the seven qualities of life
Reproduction Adapt overtime Grow and develop React to stimuli Order Process energy Respond to internal environment
This is a non-membrane this organelle used by the Prokaryotic cell to assemble proteins
Ribosomes
This is the structure of that synthesizes proteins
Ribosomes
What small structures serve as the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Which of the following is an example of a non-membranous organelle
Ribosomes
Identify the membranous sacs where proteins are manufactured
Rough ER
This structure is location of where secreted proteins are synthesized
Rough ER
Where are ribosomal subunits made
Rough ER
The small membranous sac moves things to the surface of a cell
Secretory vesicle
In an hypertonic solution an animal cell will
Shrivel
Identify the portion of the Endomembrane system important in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage
Smooth ER
This structure contributes lipids to the system
Smooth ER
Examples and the functions of carbohydrates
Starch- short term energy storage for plants Glycogen- short term energy storage for animals Cellulose- makes up cell wall Chitin- structure
Plants store excess sugar as the polysaccharide _________ while animals store excess sugar as a polysaturated ________
Starch; glycogen
Examples and functions of lipid
Steroid- hormone signaling Phospholipid bilayer- protection and insulation Fat- long term energy storage
In the citric acid cycle, ATP is generated through the process known as
Substrate level phosphorylation
This type of protein is amphipathic and a critical part of the membrane
Integral protein
The part of the scientific method that is based on deductive reasoning is the
Prediction
The amino acid sequence of a single polypeptide or protein is called the
Primary structure
The smallest unit of life is
The cell
Which organisms have mitochondria
Plants, animals, fungi
A theory is
A well supported concept that has broad explanatory power
What is recycled through the Calvin cycle from ATP
ADP
What is made during light reactions and powers the Calvin cycle
ATP
The cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produces additional
ATP and electron shuttles
What is produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditions except
ATP, lactate, NADH(e-shuffle), pryruvate
Glucose is a six carbon sugar the diffusers slowly through artificial membranes. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move glucose from the gut into their cytoplasm. This occurs whether the gut concentrations of glucose are higher or lower than the glucose concentration in intestinal cells cytoplasm. Using this information which transport mechanism is most likely responsible for the glucose transport in intestinal cells
Active transport
The concentration of calcium in a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 0.1%. How could the cell get more calcium into the cytosol
Active transport
The process by which yeast get ATP in an anaerobic environment is called
Alcoholic fermentation
_______ molecules are to proteins as nucleotides are to nucleic acids
Amino acid
You are told that the cells on the microscope slide or plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see you membrane bound organelles but not a cell wall. You conclude that the cells are
Animal
Which of the following domains is prokaryotic
Archaea
Plants are _______ which means they are producers and can make their own food
Autotrophs
What is the second cycle of photosynthesis
Calvin cycle
What is a substrate of the Calvin cycle
Carbon dioxide
Evert cell, prokaryotic or eukaryotic has this near the outer edge of the cell
Cell membrane
What acts as a selective barrier, and helps to isolate the cell away from its environment
Cell membrane
Prokaryotic cells as well as some eukaryotes (such as plants and fungi) have this near the outer edge of the cell
Cell wall
The main function of _____________ is making ATP to power cellular activities.
Cellular respiration
Which of the following is an example of the second law of thermodynamics as it applies to biological systems?
Cellular respiration release some energy as heat
This tubulin base structure is found in animal cells and not plant cells
Centrioles
Proteins are shipped toward the side of this pancake like structure
Cis golgi
The molecules of carbon dioxide are formed here
Citric acid cycle
This process produces the most electron shuttles
Citric avid cycle
What are the functions of the citric acid cycle
Converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA, production of ATP, production of full election shuttles, release of carbon dioxide
Examples and functions of a nucleic acid
DNA- store genetic info RNA- store and transport genetic info ATP- releases free energy
The major role of fungi in the ecosystem is a
Decomposer
The membrane-bound organelle that all living cells have
Doesn't exist (prokaryotes don't have membrane bound organelle)
Cells need to attach to this on the outside to keep from falling off
ECM, collagen
The organelles: Rough ER, transport vesicles and golgi apparatus form part of the
Endomembrane system
humans belong to the domain
Eukarya
A group of individuals of the same species that lives in interact in a given area at a given time is known as a
Population
The relationship between catabolism and anabolism is most similar to the relationship between which of the following pairs of terms
Exergonic; endergonic
Movement of molecules across a membrane that is aided by a protein, with the concentration gradient, and does not require energy is known as
Facilitated diffusion
The name of the model for the plasma membrane is called the _______________
Fluid mosaic model
What is made during the light reaction and aids in the Calvin cycle
Full electron cycle
If, during a process, the system becomes more ordered, then __________.
G is positive and endergonic
What is the product of the Calvin cycle that is the most important for cellular respiration
Glucose
This process can proceed without oxygen
Glycolysis
Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether oxygen is present or absent
Glycolysis
This structure is part of carbohydrate and part protein
Glycoprotein
Which organelle modifies, stores, and repackages product of the ER, mostly for secretion
Golgi apparatus
What are the parts of the endomembrane system
Golgi apparatus, rough er, secretory vesicles, transport vesicles
The color of light least effective in driving photosynthesis is green
Green
What are the functions of a lipid
Hormones, storage of energy, insulation, cell membrane component
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions
Hydrolysis breaks down polymers and dehydration reactions assemble polymers
The tales of phospholipid molecules are _________ and don't like water
Hydrophobic
In osmosis, water always moves toward the_______solution: that is, toward the solution with the _______solute concentration
Hypertonic; greater
What powers the first step of photosynthesis
Light
What is the first step of photosynthesis and what is split during this step
Light reaction; water
Where would you find a stockpile of digestive enzymes, important in breaking down nutrients, destroying bacteria, and recycling
Lysosomes
Identify the organelle that carries out cellular respiration, the process of converting the chemical energy of sugars and other molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP
Mitochondria
Which energy related organelle evolved first
Mitochondria
In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules embedded in which organelle
Mitochondria and chloroplast
DNA in a prokaryotic cell is kept here
Nucleiod region
Which large organelle contains most of the genes that control the cell
Nucleus
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction C6H12O6+O2——>CO2+H2O+energy
O2 is reduced and C6H12O6 is oxidized
A group of tissues combine to form the ______level of hierarchy
Organ
The loss of electrons is known as
Oxidation
Oxygen enters this process and water leaves
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is a by product of light reactions and also important to cellular respiration
Oxygen
Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide
Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
This is the major component of a bilayered membrane
Phospholipids
Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of an internal cell membrane
Phospholipids and cellulose
Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane
Phospholipids and proteins
These structures can act like a prokaryotic Velcro and can help the cell stick to a surface
Pilli
All organisms have which of the following in common
They have phospholipid membranes
What is the structure in the chloroplast
Thylakoid disc
Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between the cells from the got into your body because of structures known as
Tight junctions
Examples and functions of proteins
Transport protein- transport Keratin- growth and repair Actin/tubulin- structure Receptor protein- recurved signals ATP synthase- lowers activation energy Collagen- structure
The free energy of reactants and the free energy of the products determines the __________ of a reaction
Triangle G
Which of the following clothes would tell you whether a cell it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Whether or not the cell is partition by internal membranes
Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized
Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.
plasmodesmata
In general, the hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work by __________.
releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions