Biology 100: Chapter 1

Charles Darwin

(1809-1882) natural selection; explained diversity of life as 'descent with modification'

cellular level of organization

1. atoms 2. molecules 3. macrouolecues 4. organelles 5. cells

populational level of organization

10. population 11. species 12. community 13. ecosystem

organismal level of organization

6. tissues 7. organs 8. organ systems 9. organism

ecosystem

a biological community and the soil and water within which it lives together

evolution

a genetic change in a species over time.

population

a group of organisms from the same species living in the same place

science

a process of investigation, using observation, experimentation, and reasoning

hypothesis

a proposition that might be true; has not yet been disproved or retained, but always open to future rejection if found to be incorrect in the light of new information

cell

a tiny compartment with a covering called a membrane. some cells have simple interiors while others are quite complex, but all are able to grow and reproduce

theory

a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations; a generally accepted scientific principle

cellular organization

all living things are composed of cells

growth&reproduction

all living things grow and reproduce

the flow of energy

all organisms require energy to carry out the activities of living. all of the energy used comes from the sun and is passed in one direction through ecosystems. sun ---> plants --->plant eaters ---> animal eaters

species

all the populations of a particular kind of organism. members are similar in appearance and able to interbreed.

community

all the populations of different species living in one place

prediction

an expected consequence if a hypothesis is true

conclusion

analyzing data from both experiments to either prove or disprove the experiment as well as showing data

what are the six kingdoms?

archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

molecules

atoms are joined together into complex clusters

theory of evolution

attributes the diversity of the living world to natural selection; changes in life's diversity can result from changes in individual genes (Charles Darwin in 1859)

what are the three domains?

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

structure determines function

biological structures are very well suited to their functions

artificial selection

breeders pick and choose the certain characteristics desirable to them

what are the five properties of life?

cellular organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth&reproduction, heredity

structural __________ allow new or __________ function.

changes, modified

organelles

complex biological molecules are assembled into tiny compartments within cells called organelles, within which cellular activities are organized

gene

each set of instructions within DNA is a gene. together, genes determine what an organism will be like; a gene might encode a particular protein or a different type of molecule called RNA, or a gene may act to regulate other genes

what are the five biological themes?

evolution, the flow of energy, cooperation, structure determines function, homeostasis

macromolecules

large complex molecules

hierarchy of complexity

living things function and interact at different levels/scales

protista

most unicellular eukaryotes

animalia

non-photosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest food internally

fungi

non-photosynthetic organisms, mostly multicellular, that digest their food externally

emergent properties

novel properties that emerge that were not present at the simpler lever of organization. these properties result from the way components interact and often cannot be guessed through observation.

what is the scientific process?

observation, hypothesis, predictions, testing, controls, conclusion

cells

organelles and other elements are assembled in the membrane-bound units we call cells. the smallest level of organization considered alive.

natural selection

organisms who have characteristics that allow them to more easily survive live to reproduce, passing their favorable characteristics to their offspring

organ systems

organs are grouped into organ systems

testing

performing an experiment to prove or disprove a hypothesis and prediction

plantae

photosynthetic multicellular organisms that are terrestrial

archaea

prokaryotes

organism

separate organ systems function together to form an organism

controls

the constant variables in an experiment or an experiment in which you do not alter the variable; performed at the same time as your actual experiment

genome

the entire set of DNA instructions that specifies a cell

atoms

the fundamental elements of matter

tissues

the most basic level; groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

photosynthesis

the process by which plants use energy from the sun to synthesize sugars to store

homeostasis

the process in which an organism acts to keep it's interior conditions relatively constant; without homeostasis many of the complex interactions that need to take place within organisms would be impossible

bacteria

the second of the two prokaryotic kingdoms

biology

the study of living things, or the science of life, proving that all living things share commonalities

metabolism

the transfer of energy form one form to another in cells using energy-carrying molecules called ATP molecules; all living things require energy

heredity

the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring. all organisms posses a genetic system encoded in a long molecule called DNA

organs

tissues are grouped into organs, body structures composed of different tissues grouped together in a structural and functional unit