Biology 1050

How is extinction represented in a tree diagram? A branch splits. A branch ends. A branch shifts along the x-axis. None of the above.

A branch ends

Which of the following is NOT a fossil? dinosaur feces leaf imprints skeletal remains All of the above ARE fossils.

All of the above ARE fossils.

Which statement about the 10% rule of energy conversion efficiency is NOT true? It limits the length of food chains. It suggests that 90% of what an organism eats is used in cellular respiration or is lost as feces. It suggests that 10% of what an organism eats is used in cellular respiration or is lost as feces. It explains why big, fierce animals are so rare. It explains why herbivore biomass must exceed that of carnivores.

It suggests that 10% of what an organism eats is used in cellular respiration or is lost as feces.

A rain shadow: is the latitudinal band of deserts caused by the descent of dry air at 30 degrees N/S. is the transformation an area makes from dry land to vegetation rich land after significant rainfall. describes an area of land that experiences a severe drought. describes the lower average rainfall that occurs on the backside of mountains. describes the decreased amount of solar energy the earth's surface receives during a storm.

describes the lower average rainfall that occurs on the backside of mountains.

Most populations will grow exponentially until they encounter which of the following? external costs positive feedback environmental resistance the Triple Bottom Line (PPP)

environmental resistance

The biological species concept: states that any organisms that are biologically similar in any way are a species. states that is a species is any group that shares similar DNA. defines a species as any group of actually or potentially interbreeding species that produce viable, fertile offspring. is infrequently used because it is inapplicable to many organisms.

defines a species as any group of actually or potentially interbreeding species that produce viable, fertile offspring.

The GREATEST threat to tropical rainforests is _________. pesticide use birds feeding in the canopy of many trees deforestation lack of rainfall

deforestation

Which of the following is NOT an example of a density-dependent limiting factor that will influence carrying capacity? territory availability flooding food supply predation

flooding

The migration of reproductive individuals among populations results in a movement of alleles called: disruptive selection. directional selection. gene flow. hybridization. recombination.

gene flow

Which of the following is currently the leading cause of extinction? habitat loss overexploitation pollution introduced species

habitat loss

Most species facing extinction today are threatened because of: living in biodiversity hotspots. changing climate. human activity. the recent impact of a large comet.

human activity.

The demographic transition: is not influenced by the quality of health care available to a population. includes a decrease in the death rate followed by a decrease in the birth rate as a population becomes industrialized. is characterized by an increase in a population's growth rate. occurs in predator-prey pairs, such as the lynx and hare, whose population sizes cycle regularly. includes a decrease in the birth rate followed by a decrease in the death rate as a population becomes industrialized.

includes a decrease in the death rate followed by a decrease in the birth rate as a population becomes industrialized.

Climate change will __________ risks from hazards. increase decrease stabilize eliminate

increase

The climate of Earth has been consistent over the history of the planet. is changing rapidly now, but will most likely stabilize within the next 50 years. is changing rapidly mainly due to increases in greenhouse gases as a result of human activity. changes in random and unpredictable ways with no discernable pattern.

is changing rapidly mainly due to increases in greenhouse gases as a result of human activity.

Water heats up ______ and cools off _____ than land. more quickly, more quickly more quickly, more slowly more slowly, more quickly more slowly, more slowly

more slowly, more slowly

The origin of all genetic variation is: mutation. respiration. glycolosis. mitosis

mutation

What is the approximate age of Earth? 10 billion years 4.6 billion years 1.2 billion years 285 million years

4.6 billion years

Population bottlenecks occur when: a population's size is significantly reduced for at least one generation. a large portion of a population is suddenly killed off and only a few survive to re-colonize the population. a large portion of a population's genetic variation is lost within a single generation. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure? the appendix in humans extra "toes" in the legs of horses pelvic bones in whales All of the above.

All of the above.

What types of events are typically seen in the fossil record? speciation (new species) extinction changes in physical structures All of these are typical of the fossil record.

All of these are typical of the fossil record.

The human population is increasing because of: medical advances. agricultural advances. sanitation practices. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct

Which of the following is NOT a factor that limits population growth? insufficient food supply accumulation of waste products density of parasites lack of nesting space All of these factors may limit population growth

All of these factors may limit population growth.

What event most likely caused the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? A change in the shape of the earth's orbit. An asteroid impact. An increase in invasive species. Competition with large mammals.

An asteroid impact.

Which of the following is NOT an abiotic factor? Bacteria Temperatures Rainfall Sunlight

Bacteria

Over the last 200 years, the amount of CO2 in the air has: increased because the amount of photosynthetic biomass has decreased. increased because the amount of fossil fuel burning has increased. remained constant. decreased because of global warming. Both a) and b) are correct.

Both A and B

If the Earth had no carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, _________. less of the sun's radiation would reach the surface there would be fewer volcanic eruptions Earth's surface would not give off as much heat Earth would be considerably cooler

Earth would be considerably cooler

Why do many deserts exist at 30 degrees North and South latitudes? This is a high pressure zone where hot air masses converge. These latitudes receive more solar energy than most other latitudes making them much warmer and dryer than other areas. This is a low pressure zone where air ascends taking the moisture with it. Having released all of its moisture at lower latitudes, dry air descends at 30 degrees N/S. Horizontal mountain ranges exist just above these latitudes resulting in large rain shadows.

Having released all of its moisture at lower latitudes, dry air descends at 30 degrees N/S.

Which of the following is best addressed by studying ice samples from Antarctica? When did humans first inhabit South America? How have the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide changed in the last 100,000 years? How has the direction of the prevailing winds changed in the last 100 years? What diseases have impacted polar bears over the past 1000 years?

How have the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide changed in the last 100,000 years?

Which of the following traits CANNOT be modified through artificial selection on a laboratory population? the number of eggs laid by a female bird the length of a dog's tail the amount of time that it takes a mouse to learn a maze the number of days that a fruit fly can live without food None of the above; all could be modified through artificial selection.

None of the above; all could be modified through artificial selection.

Thomas Malthus's 1798 work, Essay on the Principle of Population, greatly influenced Darwin. Which of the following statements best summarizes Malthus's idea? Animals are able to pass to their offspring characteristics that were acquired in their lifetimes. Isolated populations of organisms, such as Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands, tend to differentiate into new species to fill different niches. The size of human populations, like animal populations, is directly determined by the carrying capacity of the environment. People reproduce much more quickly than their resources do. This results in competition for food and space, and in suffering and death.

People reproduce much more quickly than their resources do. This results in competition for food and space, and in suffering and death.

Based upon the DNA sequences below, which of the following species is most closely related to Species X?Species X ATTGCGAAGGCTCACTASpecies 1 ATTGGGAATGCTAACTASpecies 2 TAACGCTTCCGAGTGATSpecies 3 ATAGGGAAGGAGCACTT Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 2 and 3

Species 1

Which of the following is an exam of a provisioning ecosystem service? The atmosphere that regulates the climate. The lake that allows motorboat racing. The avocado grown for food. The soil formation that allows the avocado grown for food.

The avocado grown for food.

In the lynx-snowshoe hare oscillating cycle of population growth, when the hare population size grows, more food is provided for the lynx. Which is the IMMEDIATE next step in this cycle? The lynx population crashes. The hare population grows further. The lynx reproduce at a higher rate. The food source for the lynx is reduced.

The lynx reproduce at a higher rate

Which of the following is the BEST example of biogeography? The numerous species of marsupial mammal found on the continent of Australia. The location of deserts behind mountain ranges because of the rain shadow effect. The fact that the majority of human babies weigh between 6 and 8 pounds when born. The cluster of cancer cases that occur around a toxic landfill.

The numerous species of marsupial mammal found on the continent of Australia.

You are studying a population of American robins, Turdus migratorius, in which approximately 2% of all individuals carry a recessive allele for leucistic (unusually white) coloration. The population suddenly expands when an influx of robins arrives during spring migration, and the frequency of the leucistic allele drops to only 1.5%. Has evolution occurred in the robin population in your study area? No, because no mutation occurred. No, because natural selection did not occur. Yes, because the leucistic trait was not adaptive, and it decreased in frequency. Yes, because allele frequencies in the population have changed over time. No, because the change in allele frequency occurred in just one generation.

Yes, because allele frequencies in the population have changed over time.

Organisms play a significant role in: the carbon cycle. the sulfur cycle. the nitrogen cycle. a) and c) only. all of the above

all of the above

Omnivores: subsist on dead matter and waste products of other organisms. may exist at any trophic level. feed primarily on primary producers. are never found in the first trophic level. always exist at the third trophic level.

are never found in the first trophic level

Genetic drift has the strongest effects in populations that are: large. undergoing natural selection. are located over several large continents. are small and isolated.

are small and isolated

Latitudinal banding of tropics, deserts, temperate and polar climates is best explained by: atmospheric circulation patterns. the Coriolis effect. oceanic circulation patterns. the tilt of earth's axis. rain shadows.

atmospheric circulation patterns.

The continuous, low-level extinction of species that has occurred throughout the history of life on Earth is known as: mass extinction. background extinction. human impact extinction. biotic pollution.

background extinction.

When populations approach their carrying capacity, their resources ________. increase because populations are decreasing are not a concern as they are usually infinite in supply become more scarce as growth rate becomes zero decrease in supply but are more accessible to competitors

become more scarce as growth rate becomes zero

The distribution of terrestrial biomes across the globe corresponds MOST to which of the following? human influences topography organisms entropy climate

climate

Resources often limit populations. When resources are used by more than one species, the initial result is: competition. extinction. symbiosis. predation. evolution.

competition

An S-shaped population growth curve best describes ________. logistic growth exponential growth unlimited growth rapid and steady growth rate

logistic growth

To demonstrate evolution by natural selection, all of the following conditions must be satisfied EXCEPT: heritability of a trait. variation for a trait. differential reproductive success. low environmental variation.

low environmental variation

Physical laws state that we can recycle: both matter and energy. neither matter nor energy. matter, but not energy. energy, but not matter.

matter, but not energy.

In a commensal relationship: one species provides nutrients, usually cellulose, for the other. neither species is benefited nor is harmed, but the community itself benefits. one species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed. neither species is benefited nor is harmed, and the community itself is neither benefited nor harmed. more than two species are involved.

one species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed.

A dieback or population crash often occurs after a species ________ its environmental carrying capacity. overshoots undershoots oscilates around reduces

overshoots

Planting trees can combat global warming, because: in the process of photosynthesis, the leaves of those trees will intercept photons from the sun, thus reducing the amount of heat reaching the earth. the shade from the leaves of the trees will cool the earth. photosynthesis from those trees absorbs CO2, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere. photosynthesis from those trees absorbs O2, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere.

photosynthesis from those trees absorbs CO2, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere

The appropriate unit for defining and measuring genetic variation is the: meter. population. liter. kilowatt

population

A stationary population pyramid: describes all population pyramids, as the graphs provide data for only one year. has the shape of an inverted pyramid. reflects unchanging birth and death rate patterns. is a common shape for developing countries. reflects data for only one sex as opposed to both.

reflects unchanging birth and death rate patterns.

The beak sizes and shapes of Darwin's finches are correlated with which environmental feature? size of the seeds eaten size of the island on which the birds are found relative height of nesting sites distance of the birds' founding island from the mainland

size of the seeds eaten

Many mosquito populations today are resistant to pesticides that were historically effective. This pesticide resistance arose in these populations because: individual mosquitoes build up immunity to the pesticides after exposure. the pesticides caused mutations in the DNA of mosquitoes that conferred resistance phenotypes, and were passed on to subsequent generations. populations had to develop tolerance in order to survive. some individuals were resistant to the pesticides before they were used, and those mosquitoes were more likely to survive and reproduce.

some individuals were resistant to the pesticides before they were used, and those mosquitoes were more likely to survive and reproduce.

The PRIMARY reason for differences in climate in different parts of the earth is: that the earth is shaped like a pear and not a sphere. that different places receive different amounts of solar energy. that every place on earth receives the same total hours of sunlight. that different places have different thicknesses of the atmosphere. that different places receive different amounts of thermal energy.

that different places receive different amounts of solar energy.

An example of an invasive species is: the California condor. the blue whale. the Argentine fire ant. the red wolf.

the Argentine fire ant.

Global warming over the past 200 years is MOST directly associated with ___________. the Industrial Revolution increased amounts of sunspots/sun storms a shift in the shape of the Earth's orbit increased volcanic activity

the Industrial Revolution

The tilt of the Earth on its axis causes which of the following? the rise and fall of the tides night and day the movement of air (wind) the seasons

the seasons.

"Ecology" is best defined as: the study of the relationships between all living organisms and their environments. the study of aquatic organisms. the study of the relationships between parasites and their hosts. the study of interactions between predator and prey populations. the study of plant succession.

the study of the relationships between all living organisms and their environments.

A gene pool consists of: all of the gametes in a population. the entire genome of an individual of reproductive age. alleles for a gene that all confer the same fitness. the total of all alleles present in a population. All of the above are correct

the total of all alleles present in a population

An adaptation of a K-selected species, such as an elephant is to have many offspring, but offer little parental support/energy to have few offspring, but offer little parental support/energy to have one offspring at a time and invest energy to insure survival to have small litters of offspring (4-6), with moderate amounts of parental support/energy

to have one offspring at a time and invest energy to insure survival