Biology 11B Final Exam
A porcupine eats 3,000 J of plant material. Of this, 2,100 J is indigestible and is eliminated as feces, 800 J are used in cellular respiration, and 100 J are used for growth and reproduction. What is the approximate production efficiency of this animal? 11% 3% 33% 0.03%
11%
Use the survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526751/1/urry11e_tb_53-04.jpg Which curve best describes survivorship in elephants? A B C E
A
Suppose an individual had a mutation that decreased the enzymatic activity of phosphodiesterase in rod cells. What would be the effect of this mutation on the rod cells? The ratio of GMP to cGMP in the cytosol would increase. Fewer molecules of transducin would be activated. A smaller hyperpolarization of the rod would occur. More molecules of transducin would be activated.
A smaller hyperpolarization of the rod would occur.
Why is it that nitrogen is often a limiting plant nutrient, despite the fact that the atmosphere is 80% nitrogen gas (N2)? A. Because plants cannot fix N2 B. Because N2 easily leaches away from soil C. Because plants cannot assimilate nitrogen-containing compounds
A. Because plants cannot fix N2
The majority of young, inexperienced Western garter snakes born in the laboratory from mothers captured in coastal areas of California readily eat pieces of slug. What are plausible proximate explanations for this behavior? Select all that apply. A. Coastal snakes have a genetically acquired taste for banana slugs. B. Coastal snakes can detect odor molecules produced by banana slugs. C. Coastal snakes that readily eat banana slugs gain most of their calories from this prey species.
A. Coastal snakes have a genetically acquired taste for banana slugs. B. Coastal snakes can detect odor molecules produced by banana slugs.
Gray wolves, once the top predators in Yellowstone National Park, were hunted to extinction there in 1926. In 1995, 15 wolves were brought to Yellowstone from Alberta. The wolf population has now grown to 300. The forest community in Yellowstone National Park can be described by a top-down model of community organization. Wolves hunt and eat elk. Elk are herbivores that prefer riparian vegetation (plants growing next to streams and lakes). Ravens, bears, and eagles feed on elk carcasses. How would you expect the return of the wolves to Yellowstone to affect the other species there? Select all that apply. A. Elk populations would decline. B. Riparian vegetation would decline. C. Bear populations would decline.
A. Elk populations would decline.
Select the correct statement about the global carrying capacity for the human population. A. Estimates of the global carrying capacity for the human population depend on resource use per capita. B. It is impossible to calculate the global carrying capacity for the human population. C. The global carrying capacity for the human population is limitless because technological advances allow food supply to keep up with global population growth.
A. Estimates of the global carrying capacity for the human population depend on resource use per capita.
Suppose your friend says to you, "It doesn't matter so much anymore if species go extinct, as long as we figure out the genome of each species before it goes extinct." Which of the following statements correctly explain why species conservation still matters? Select all that apply. A. Loss of species may lead to loss of vital ecosystem services. B. Many species that are threatened could potentially provide crops, fibers, and medicines for human use. C. Loss of one species may lead to loss of other species.
A. Loss of species may lead to loss of vital ecosystem services. B. Many species that are threatened could potentially provide crops, fibers, and medicines for human use. C. Loss of one species may lead to loss of other species.
In mammals, the eardrum transmits sound waves to three small bones, which transmit the waves to fluid waves within the cochlea. Where are the three small bones located? A. Middle ear B. Outer ear C.Inner ear
A. Middle ear
Use the figures to answer the following question.https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526791/1/urry11e_tb_54-01.jpg In the hypothesis that Chthamalus stellatus (a species of barnacle) is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by Balanus balanoides (another species of barnacle), what could be concluded about the two species? A. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different. B. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are different. C. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are identical. D. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are different, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are identical.
A. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.
Subtropical plants are commonplace in Land's End, England, whose latitude is the equivalent of Labrador in coastal Canada, where the local flora is instead subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between North America and Europe? A. Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador. B. Labrador receives sunlight of lower duration and intensity than does Land's End. C. Rainfall fluctuates greatly in England; rainfall is consistently high in Labrador. D. Labrador does not get enough rainfall to support the subtropical flora found in Land's End.
A. Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador.
A physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. What type of receptor might be responsible for detecting changes in blood pH? A. chemoreceptors B. mechanoreceptors C. photoreceptors D. electromagnetic receptors
A. chemoreceptors
The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on _____. A. myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state B. actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state C. actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter D. myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter
A. myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state
Which habitat types in the figure cover the largest area? The image includes three figures with data. A. wetlands plus the ocean neritic zone B. rock, sand, ice C. tropical wet forest D. algal beds and reefs
A. wetlands plus the ocean neritic zone
Which of the following is required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection? A. The behavior is determined entirely by genes. B. An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed. C. The behavior is not genetically inherited. D. The behavior is the same in all individuals in the population.
B. An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed.
What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey? A. Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them. B. Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. C. Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social.
B. Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent.
One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that A. its habitat is fragmented. B. Its genetic diversity is very low. C. it is a rare, top-level predator. D. it is not well adapted to edge conditions. E. its effective population size is much lower than its total population size.
B. Its genetic diversity is very low.
Which of the following statements can be accurately made about light in aquatic environments? A. Longer wavelengths penetrate to greater depths. B. Light penetration largely limits the distribution of photosynthetic species. C. Most photosynthetic organisms avoid the surface where the light is too intense. D. Water equally reflects and absorbs all wavelengths of light.
B. Light penetration largely limits the distribution of photosynthetic species.
Introduced species can have deleterious effects on biological communities by ________. A. reducing erosion B. competing with native species for resources and displacing them C. increasing the biodiversity in their new region D. spreading rapidly in their new region
B. competing with native species for resources and displacing them
Biogeochemical cycles are crucial to ecosystem function because _____. See A. they keep the planet warm enough for living things to survive B. nutrients and other life-sustaining molecules are in limited supply and must be continually recycled C. energy flows through ecosystems in one direction only and is eventually dissipated as heat D. they remove poisons and keep them locked up in "sinks" E. they prevent catastrophic extinctions
B. nutrients and other life-sustaining molecules are in limited supply and must be continually recycled
The motor unit in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to ________. A. one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments B. one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses C. one actin binding site and its myosin partner D. one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres
B. one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses
Use the following figures to answer the question below. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526714/1/urry11e_tb_52-01.jpg Based on the data in the figures, which of the following statements are correct? I) Area 1 would be considered a desert because of its high average temperature. II) Area 1 has more average precipitation than Area 2. III) Area 2 would be considered a desert because of its low average precipitation. IV) Area 2 has a larger annual temperature variation. A. only I and III B. only II, III, and IV C. only II and IV D. only I, II, and IV
B. only II, III, and IV
A recent study of ecological footprints concluded that _____. A. current demand by industrialized countries for resources is much smaller than the ecological footprint of those countries B. the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high C. it is not possible for technological improvements to increase Earth's carrying capacity for humans D. Earth's carrying capacity would increase if per capita meat consumption increased
B. the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high
https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526916/1/urry11e_tb_56-03.jpg Looking at the figure showing the results of forest fragmentation, what can be said about edge effects? Fragmentation does not affect biomass. Species diversity decreases along the edges of forest fragments. Biomass increases along the edges of forest fragments. Biomass declines along edges of forest fragments.
Biomass declines along edges of forest fragments.
How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection? Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because its survivability has been enhanced by virtue of its risky behavior.
By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation.
In ecological terms, disturbance is an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms and altering resource availability. Which of the following statements about the effects of disturbance is correct? A. The effects of disturbance on a community are almost always negative. B. A healthy community is in an equilibrium state of balance, with few disturbances. C. Disturbances can create patches of different habitats in a community.
C. Disturbances can create patches of different habitats in a community.
Suppose you are studying the nitrogen cycling between vegetation, sediments, and water in a pond ecosystem over the course of a month. While you are collecting data, a flock of 100 Canada geese lands and spends the night during a fall migration. What could you do to eliminate error in your study as a result of this event? A. Find out how much nitrogen is consumed in plant material by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and add that amount to the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. B.Find out how much nitrogen is eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and subtract that amount from the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. C. Find out how much nitrogen is consumed from vegetation and eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period and multiply this number by 100; enter this +/- value into the nitrogen budget of the ecosystem.
C. Find out how much nitrogen is consumed from vegetation and eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period and multiply this number by 100; enter this +/- value into the nitrogen budget of the ecosystem.
Part complete Select the correct statement about the factors that limit the growth of a population. A. Density-dependent factors are biotic; density-independent factors are abiotic. B. The most important factor limiting population growth is the scarcest factor in that area. C. If a factor limits population growth, increasing its availability will increase population growth.
C. If a factor limits population growth, increasing its availability will increase population growth.
For mountain ranges that are subjected to prevailing winds, why is the climate drier on the leeward (downwind) side? A. Deserts create dry conditions on the leeward side of mountain ranges. B. The sun illuminates the leeward side of mountain ranges at a more direct angle, converting to heat energy, which evaporates most of the water present. C. Pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation, leaving drier air to descend the leeward side. D. Air masses pushed by the prevailing winds are stopped by mountain ranges and the moisture is used up in the stagnant air masses on the leeward side.
C. Pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation, leaving drier air to descend the leeward side.
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following outcomes is predicted by the logistic equation? A. The carrying capacity of the environment will increase. B. The population size will increase exponentially. C. The population growth rate will approach zero. D. The population growth rate will not change.
C. The population growth rate will approach zero.
How does inefficient transfer of energy among trophic levels result in the typically high endangerment status of many top-level predators? A. Predators are more disease-prone than animals at lower trophic levels. B. Predators have relatively large population sizes. C. Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed. D. Top-level predators are more likely to be stricken with parasites.
C. Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed.
Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? A. Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. B. The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. C. Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. D. Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers.
C. Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.
Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation? A. using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mine B. reconfiguring the channel of a river C. adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availability D. adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium E. dredging a river bottom to remove contaminated sediments
C. adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availability
Use the graph to answer the following question. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526768/1/urry11e_tb_53-10.jpg In the figure, which of the arrows represents the carrying capacity? A. arrow A B. arrow B C. arrow C D. Carrying capacity cannot be found in the figure because species under density-dependent control never reach carrying capacity.
C. arrow C
What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? A. introduced species that compete with native species B. novel pathogens C. habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction D. overharvesting of commercially important species
C. habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction
Unlike signal transduction in many other sensory receptors, signal transduction in rods A. takes place entirely in the plasma membrane. B. involves a second messenger. C. results in hyperpolarization of the sensory cell. D. does not involve the participation of a G protein.
C. results in hyperpolarization of the sensory cell.
Which of the following locations constitute the largest reservoir for carbon in the carbon cycle? A. the atmosphere B. the ocean, atmosphere, and fossilized and live plant and animal biomass C. sediments and sedimentary rocks D. fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas)
C. sediments and sedimentary rocks
The graph shows the growth of a laboratory culture of Paramecium aurelia. Suppose that after 15 days, the researcher removed ~400 paramecia from the culture. How will the population growth rate (dN/dt) change as a result of this action? https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1319395/5/1319395_graph.jpg A. The growth rate of the Paramecium population will not change. B. The growth rate of the Paramecium population will decrease. C.The growth rate of the Paramecium population will increase.
C.The growth rate of the Paramecium population will increase.
In cross-fostering studies, the young of one species are placed in the care of adults from another species. In broad terms, what do researchers learn from such studies? Select all that apply. Changes in the behavior of cross-fostered young provide information about how the social and physical environment influences behavior. Cross-fostering studies provide information about the relative importance of nature and nurture in the development of a trait. Cross-fostering studies provide information about the evolutionary relationship between the two species.
Changes in the behavior of cross-fostered young provide information about how the social and physical environment influences behavior. Cross-fostering studies provide information about the relative importance of nature and nurture in the development of a trait.
Suppose researchers marked 800 turtles and later were able to trap a total of 300 individuals in that population, of which 150 were marked. What is the estimate for total population size? A. 1,050 B. 2,100 C. 200 D. 1,600
D. 1,600
On the diagram of the nitrogen cycle, which number represents the ammonium ion (NH4+)? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
D. 4
Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat? A. New environments are almost always smaller in area so that transmission of pathogens is easily accomplished between hosts. B. Intermediate host species are more motile and transport pathogens to new areas. C. Pathogens evolve more efficient forms of reproduction in new environments. D. Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection.
D. Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection.
Use the graph to answer the following question. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526778/1/urry11e_tb_53-15.jpg What conclusion can you draw from the figure? A. Lynx and hare populations are independent of each other. B. Lynx control hare population size. C. Hares decrease in number just before lynx population size increases. D. The relationship between the populations cannot be determined only from this graph.
D. The relationship between the populations cannot be determined only from this graph.
Use the figure to answer the following question(s): Based on the figure and given the populations of the following countries, which country uses the most oil overall? A. China (population = 1.33 billion) B. Russia (population = 144 million) C. Canada (population = 36 million) D. United States (population = 320 million)
D. United States (population = 320 million)
Chitin is a major component of the _____. A. body hairs of mammals B. hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms C. skeleton of mammals D. exoskeleton of insects
D. exoskeleton of insects
Elephants hear sounds that are too low for humans to hear. This sensitivity is primarily due to the differences in the _____. A. size and shape of the outer ear B. arrangement and shape of the ossicles C. size and flexibility of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) D. flexibility of the basilar membrane in the cochlea
D. flexibility of the basilar membrane in the cochlea
During exponential growth, a population always ________. A. quickly reaches its carrying capacity B. adds more new individuals when the population is small than when it is large C. loses some individuals to emigration D. grows at its maximum per capita rate
D. grows at its maximum per capita rate
Which of the following organisms is correctly paired with its trophic level? A. grasshopper: secondary consumer B. fungus: primary consumer C. cyanobacterium: primary consumer D. phytoplankton: primary producer
D. phytoplankton: primary producer
A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation? A. cognition B. imprinting C. classical conditioning D. sign stimulus
D. sign stimulus
What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions? A. auditory B. olfactory C. tactile D. visual
D. visual
In most cases, the two major climatic factors affecting the distribution of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems are _____. A. wind and water B. temperature and sunlight C. predators and parasites D. water and temperature E. competitors and predators
D. water and temperature
Eutrophication is often caused by excess limiting-nutrient runoff from agricultural fields into aquatic ecosystems. This process results in massive algal blooms that eventually die and decompose, ultimately depleting the dissolved oxygen, killing large numbers of fish and other aquatic organisms. Predict which of the following human actions would best address the problem of eutrophication near agricultural areas? Determine which limiting nutrient is responsible for the algal bloom, and use other fertilizers to apply to crops. Determine critical nutrient loads required for certain crops, and do not exceed this amount during fertilizer application. Remove the algae before it dies and decomposes to prevent eutrophication from occurring. After each eutrophication event, remove the dead fish and invertebrates to place on agricultural fields instead of fertilizer.
Determine critical nutrient loads required for certain crops, and do not exceed this amount during fertilizer application.
https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526723/1/urry11e_tb_52-06.jpg Which climograph shows the climate for location 4? A E C G
E
Part complete Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex? A. Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population. B. Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild. C. Control populations of the endangered population's predators and competitors. D. Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat. E. Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.
E. Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.
The single greatest current threat to biodiversity is _____. See Concept 56.1 (Page 1261) A. reduced genetic B. variability C. overexploitation D. introduced species E. habitat destruction F.global warming
E. habitat destruction
An organism's "trophic level" refers to_________ A. whether it is early or late in ecological succession B. the rate at which it uses energy C. the intensity of its competition with other species D. where it lives E. its food source
E. its food source
Food chains are sometimes short because A. local extinction of a species causes extinction of the other species in its food chain. B. only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species. C. predator species tend to be less diverse and less abundant than prey species. D. most producers are inedible. E. most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level.
E. most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level.
Which statement about dispersal is false? A. Dispersal is a common component of the life cycles of plants and animals. B. Colonization of devastated areas after floods or volcanic eruptions depends on dispersal. C. Seeds are important dispersal stages in the life cycles of most flowering plants. D. The ability to disperse can expand the geographic distribution of a species. E.Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary time scale.
E.Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary time scale.
What are the effects of fertilizer input into lakes? Select all that apply. Fertilizers lead to algal blooms that eventually deplete lake oxygen. Fertilizers are toxic to freshwater algae. Fertilizers discolor lake water, preventing algal photosynthesis.
Fertilizers lead to algal blooms that eventually deplete lake oxygen.
Imagine that a deep temperate zone lake did not turn over during the spring and fall seasons. Based on the physical and biological properties of limnetic ecosystems, what would be the difference from normal seasonal turnover? The pH of the lake would become increasingly alkaline. Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers. The lake would fail to freeze over in winter. An algal bloom of algae would result every spring.
Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers.
Which of the following statements best describes the interaction between fire and ecosystems? Chaparral communities have evolved to the extent that they rarely burn. The suppression of forest fires by humans has prevented certain communities, such as grasslands, from reaching their climax stage. The likelihood of a wildfire occurring in a given ecosystem is highly predictable over the short term. Many kinds of plants and plant communities have adapted to frequent fires.
Many kinds of plants and plant communities have adapted to frequent fires.
https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1319374/7/52.4.jpg This graph shows the effect of removal of urchins and limpets (alone and together) on seaweed cover. Select the statement that accurately describes the results shown in this graph. The lack of change over time in the control plots (with urchins and limpets present) shows that limpets and urchins have no effect on seaweed cover. Removing only limpets increased seaweed cover dramatically. Sea urchins have a much greater effect than limpets in limiting seaweed cover.
Sea urchins have a much greater effect than limpets in limiting seaweed cover.
Which of the following statements best describes why ecologists are currently concerned with global warming and the thawing of permafrost in many areas of the tundra biome? The thawing process will likely decrease the abundance and diversity of soil-dwelling organisms in the tundra. Oil and coal deposits will thaw and rise to the surface (due to their lower density) of the tundra, destroying millions of acres of arctic habitat. The bacterial decomposition of thawed organic materials over the widespread areas of the tundra will produce large quantities of CO2, which will add to greenhouse gases and exacerbate global warming. Populations of humans inhabiting the Arctic will have to move to more southern latitudes, resulting in increased competition for resources in already densely populated areas. Migratory species of birds will likely be less successful finding food in thawed tundra, and their abundance will drop dramatically.
The bacterial decomposition of thawed organic materials over the widespread areas of the tundra will produce large quantities of CO2, which will add to greenhouse gases and exacerbate global warming.
Which of the following best describes "game theory" as it applies to animal behavior? The evolutionary "game" is played between predator and prey. A behavior evolves in the prey in response to the nature of the predatory behavior. The play behavior performed by juveniles allows them to perfect adult behaviors that are needed for survival, such as hunting, courtship, and so on. The total of all of the behavioral displays, both male and female, is related to courtship. The fitness of a particular behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in a population.
The fitness of a particular behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in a population.
Red-cheeked salamanders are partially protected from predators because of cardiac glycosides they produce from glands on their back. When ingested, cardiac glycosides disrupt normal heart rhythms. A different salamander species, the imitator salamander, also has red cheek patches, but does not produce cardiac glycosides. It does gain protection from predators that have learned to avoid red-cheeked salamanders. How does this relationship affect the population dynamics of both species? The red-cheeked salamander is positively affected; the imitator is negatively affected. Both species are positively affected. Both species are negatively affected. The red-cheeked salamander is not affected; the imitator is positively affected.
The red-cheeked salamander is not affected; the imitator is positively affected.
Part complete Suppose a mutation greatly increases the affinity of a rod's sodium channels for cGMP, such that once cGMP binds to a channel, it remains bound for much longer than normal. What would be the effect of this mutation on the rod's sodium channels? The sodium channels would remain closed in the light and the dark, even when cGMP decreases after light stimulation. The sodium channels would open and close randomly, regardless of the presence of light. The sodium channels would remain open in the dark and close rapidly in the light. The sodium channels would remain open longer, even when cGMP decreases after light stimulation.
The sodium channels would remain open longer, even when cGMP decreases after light stimulation
A person able to hear only low-frequency sounds would probably have which of the following structural problems in the ear? There is a loss of hair cell function in the area closest to the oval window. The ear ossicles are abnormally thickened. The basilar membrane is stiffened along its entire length. The tympanum is damaged because of chronic ear infections.
There is a loss of hair cell function in the area closest to the oval window.
What would happen to the seasons if Earth were tilted 35 degrees off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degrees? Winters and summers would be more severe. Winters and summers would be less severe. The seasons would be shorter. The seasons would disappear.
Winters and summers would be more severe.
Sensory adaptation is apparent when _____. See Concept 50.1 (Page 1107) View Available Hint(s) individuals who live in cold climates have fewer cold receptors in their skin water above a certain temperature stimulates pain receptors rather than temperature receptors your initial dive into a cold swimming pool gives your skin "goose bumps" sitting in a hot room causes you to sweat a person is no longer aware of a heavy necklace that was put on earlier in the day
a person is no longer aware of a heavy necklace that was put on earlier in the day
The structure of the mammalian middle ear is adapted to convert ________. fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses air pressure waves to nerve impulses air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves
air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves
Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake? pelagic zone aphotic zone benthic zone littoral zone limnetic zone
aphotic zone
During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber. spread action potentials through the T tubules. break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP. bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed.
bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed.
https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526845/1/urry11e_tb_55-03.jpg Diagram of a food web (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species) If the figure represents a marine food web, zooplankton are most likely ________. A B C E
c
Which component of the signal transduction pathway in rod cells is found in the cytosol of the cell? transducin rhodopsin retinal cGMP
cGMP
When an action potential from a motor neuron arrives at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a series of events occurs that leads to muscle contraction. Which of the following events will occur last (that is, after all of the others listed below)? depolarization of the muscle cell acetylcholine (ACh) release conformational change in troponin release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
conformational change in troponin
https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526742/1/urry11e_tb_53-01.jpg In the figure, which of the following survivorship curves implies that an animal may lay many eggs, of which a regular number die each year on a logarithmic scale? curve A curve B curve C curves A or C
curve B
What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in color? lens pupil electroreceptors opsins
electroreceptors
If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____. expand its realized niche change its fundamental niche decline in abundance become the target of specialized parasites
expand its realized niche
Which of the following ecosystems would likely have the largest net primary productivity per hectare and why? grassland, because of rapid growth, the small standing crop biomass that results from consumption by herbivores, and rapid decomposition tundra, because of the incredibly rapid period of growth during the summer season open ocean, because of the total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs deep ocean, due to the high activity of chemoautotrophs at deep sea vents
grassland, because of rapid growth, the small standing crop biomass that results from consumption by herbivores, and rapid decomposition
Part complete Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between _____. increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization
high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information where ________. tastant molecules are airborne, whereas odorant molecules are dissolved in fluids distinguishing tastant molecules requires learning, whereas smell discrimination is an innate process the single area of the cerebral cortex that receives smell and taste signals can distinguish tastes and smells by the pattern of action potentials received neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the neural projections from olfactory receptors
neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the neural projections from olfactory receptors
During signal transduction in a rod cell, the sensory signal is amplified when a shape change in retinal activates rhodopsin. phosphodiesterase catalyzes cGMP hydrolysis. a photon converts cis-retinal to trans-retinal. transducin activates a phosphodiesterase.
phosphodiesterase catalyzes cGMP hydrolysis.
Part complete Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior? A. promiscuity B polygyny C. certainty of paternity D. polyandry E. monogamy
polyandry
To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, _____. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers producers producers, primary consumers, and decomposers producers and decomposers
producers and decomposers
As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of _____. Batesian mimicry character displacement resource partitioning mutualism
resource partitioning
The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state is known as _____. conservation ecology restoration ecology resource conservation landscape ecology
restoration ecology
The goal of restoration ecology is to ________. return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state manage competition among species in human-altered ecosystems prevent further degradation by protecting an area with park status replace a ruined ecosystem with a more suitable ecosystem for that area
return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
Consider this segment of a food web: Snails and grasshoppers eat pepper plants; spiders eat grasshoppers; shrews eat snails and spiders; owls eat shrews. The shrew occupies the trophic level(s) of _____. See Concept 55.1 (Page 1238) View Available Hint(s) primary consumer only secondary consumer only tertiary consumer only primary and secondary consumers secondary and tertiary consumers
secondary and tertiary consumers
Wetlands are standing bodies of freshwater, just like lakes and ponds. However, wetlands are different from lakes and ponds because wetlands have _____. emergent vegetation and oxygen-poor water shallow water and emergent vegetation emergent vegetation oxygen-poor water
shallow water and emergent vegetation
Part complete The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that ________. the polar atmosphere is thinner and contains fewer greenhouse gases the poles are farther from the sun than is the equator solar radiation strikes the poles at a lower angle and travels through more atmosphere the poles are permanently tilted away from the sun
solar radiation strikes the poles at a lower angle and travels through more atmosphere
Most acid precipitation results from the combination of _____ with water in the atmosphere, forming strong acids that fall with rain or snow. carbon dioxide ozone ammonium sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides buffers
sulfur oxides and nitrogen
Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely _____. swimming by a 100-kilogram tuna (bony fish) running by a 50-gram rodent running by a 40-kilogram ungulate flying by a 100-gram bird
swimming by a 100-kilogram tuna (bony fish)
Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that members of different populations differ in learning ability. members of different populations differ in manual dexterity. members of different populations have different nutritional requirements. the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations. the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations. Previous Answers
the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations.
Use the following diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model principles to answer the question. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/2526830/1/urry11e_tb_54-15.jpg Which region would likely have the greatest species diversity? the mainland island C island D island A
the mainland
The conversion of a stimulus into an action potential by a receptor cell is called ________. transduction integration transmission amplification
transduction
Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species? temperate broadleaf forest tropical rain forest savanna desert temperate grassland
tropical rain forest
The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that tropical regions have very high rates of immigration and very low rates of extinction. higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation. tropical communities are younger. tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation. diversity increases as evapotranspiration decreases.
tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation.
Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry? a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp a chameleon that changes its color to look like a dead leaf two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern one species of a non-venomous snake which rattles its tail to mimic a venomous rattlesnake
two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern
The main goal of sustainable development is to _____. involve more countries in conservation efforts use natural resources such that they do not decline over time reevaluating and re-implementing management plans over time use only natural resources in the construction of new buildings
use natural resources such that they do not decline over time
Keystone species are those species _____. See Concept 54.2 (Page 1223) View Available Hint(s) whose absence would cause major disruption in a community that have the most biomass in the community with the largest number of individuals in a community that live primarily on or under rocks and stones that provide important foods and medicines
whose absence would cause major disruption in a community