Biology 124 Exam 3

How many chambers are typically found in the heart of organisms with single circulation circulatory systems?

2

What is the physiological cause of a heart attack?

A blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart

Which of the following is an example of a portal vein?

A blood vessel carrying blood from the stomach to the liver

In insects, which of the following is analogous to mammalian epithelial tissue, in that it serves as a first line of defense against infection?

A chitinous exoskeleton

What happens when the CO2 level from cellular respiration increases in the blood?

A decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid triggers the brain's breathing control centers, which stimulate diaphragm and rib muscle contractions.

Which of the following characteristics is likely to be found in larger versus smaller animals?

A highly branched respiratory system

An epithelial cell with a relatively large amount of cytoplasm probably has what function?

Absorption and secretion

Which of the following is a specific mechanism by which antibodies function in immunity?

All of the listed responses are correct. Recruitment of natural killer cells to destroy virus-infected body cells Opsonization of bacteria Neutralization of viruses Activation of complement system

Which of the following is not a disease caused by actions of the immune system?

All of the listed responses are correct. Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis Lupus Crohn's disease

Which of the following cell types carries out humoral immunity?

B cells

Which of the six major types of connective tissue has a rigid matrix that contains collagen and calcium salts?

Bone

Someone infected by chicken pox as a child is unlikely to suffer from this disease a second time. This is due to immunological memory, a reservoir of what type of cells that were generated following the initial exposure?

Both T cells and B cells

Which of the following lists of animal structures is ordered from smallest to largest?

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity compared to organisms consisting of just one cell?

Cells can specialize.

Which of the following organ systems in mammals is mismatched with its function?

Circulatory; coordination of body activities

Which of the following is the main factor that causes lymph to move through lymphatic vessels?

Contractions of body muscles near lymph vessels

Which of the following maximizes gas exchange in the gills of a bony fish?

Countercurrent exchange

Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation? (chapter review)

Desert bird

Why do larger animals, such as a bullfrog, require a circulatory system, but animals such as a planarian do not?

Diffusion is inadequate to move gases through the body surface and into all parts of a larger animal body. However, diffusion alone is sufficient to move gases in and out of the thin body of a planarian.

Who is credited with performing the first documented immunization?

Edward Jenner

Which of the following systems is correctly paired with one of its parts?

Endocrine system; thyroid gland

Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between hormone signaling and neuron signaling?

Hormone signals travel throughout the body, but neuron signals travel to specific locations.

Which of the following classes of immunoglobins crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity to the fetus?

IgG

Which of the following factors would increase the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

Increased exercise and decreased blood pH

Which of the following is not a characteristic of innate immunity?

It is present only in vertebrates.

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has (chapter review)

Less surface area per unit volume

When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the __________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible.

MHC proteins

Which of the following cells are part of the innate, second line of defense?

Macrophages

Besides helper T cells, what are two other types of cells that HIV infects?

Macrophages and brain cells

Which of the following cells does not play a role in immunity through the phagocytosis of pathogens

Natural killer cells

Which of the following statements correctly describes one of the differences between open and closed circulatory systems?

Open circulatory systems are less costly than closed circulatory systems in terms of energy expenditure.

Which of the following functions of plasma-cell secreted antibodies promotes phagocytosis of foreign bacteria?

Opsonization

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the blood component with one of its functions?

Plasma proteins; osmotic balance

Patients with leukemia, a type of cancer that affects the blood, often exhibit suppressed immunity and problems with blood clotting. Based on these two symptoms, which components of the blood are affected by this type of cancer?

Platelets and leukocytes

What role do major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play in immunity?

Presenting antigens to T cells

Antibodies belong to which class of proteins?

Receptor

All of the following statements are correct regarding respiratory surfaces except which one?

Respiratory surfaces must be dry.\ (Correct ones: Respiratory are thin Respiratory surfaces have a large surface area. Respiratory surfaces must be moist. Movement of gases across respiratory surfaces occurs by diffusion.)

Which chambers of the heart respectively receive and pump oxygen-poor blood?

Right atrium and right ventricle

Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences between simple squamous cells and stratified squamous cells?

Simple squamous cells form a single layer, which is useful for gas exchange, and stratified squamous cells are multilayered and regenerate rapidly.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle consists of cells that each have a single nucleus.

Which of the following pairs of connective tissue and its function is correctly matched?

Tendons; attach muscles to bones

Imagine that you are walking to class and a person on a bicycle comes very close to hitting you. Your heart begins to beat faster. Which of the following structures is responsible for this reaction?

The SA node

Why is the development and distribution of a new flu vaccine required every year?

The influenza virus undergoes frequent mutations and evolves rapidly.

In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result?

The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.

Which of the following statements correctly describes some of the differences between arteries and veins?

The walls of arteries are much thicker and stronger than the walls of veins.

Which statement describes what would most likely happen to microbes in the blood?

They are phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen.

Where in the body would you be most likely to find secretory cells shaped like dice?

Thyroid and salivary glands

Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system?

Transporting nutrients

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of blood flow in mammals?

Venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? chapter review

Wind blowing across the body surface

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm? (chapter review)

You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm

All known birds and mammals have ________.

a double circulatory system and a four-chambered heart

An open circulatory system __________.

allows interstitial fluid to mix freely with vascular fluid

Gas exchange in the lungs of mammals occurs in the __________.

alveoli

Double circulation circulatory systems are found in ________, and single circulation circulatory systems are found in ________.

amphibians; fish

Your blood pressure is 120/70. The "120" indicates __________, and the "70" indicates __________.

arterial pressure during heart contraction; arterial pressure during heart relaxation

Histamine is an important signaling molecule in the immune system that directly triggers __________.

blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

Ligaments connect ______ to ______.

bone to bone

When you exhale

both the diaphragm and the rib muscles relax

Lysozyme plays a role in immunity through _________.

breaking down bacterial cell walls

Microscopic analysis of an unknown tissue sample reveals the presence of chondrocytes, indicating that the sample was probably taken from __________ tissue.

cartilage

A neuron receives nerve impulses from other neurons via its _________ and __________.

cell body; dendrites

The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as __________.

clonal selection

An organ such as the heart or liver consists of __________.

connective tissue All of the listed responses are correct. nervous tissue muscle tissue epithelial tissue

Our immune system does not usually attack our own healthy tissues because lymphocytes that target "self" tissue are __________.

destroyed or rendered nonfunctional

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass. chapter review

elephant, mouse

An organism that generates body heat by means of its own metabolism is _________, and an organism that gains body heat from external sources is ________.

endothermic; ectothermic

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is (chapter review)

epithelial

Pulse is a direct measure of chapter review

heart rate

during a fever, the __________ readjusts the set point of the body to a __________ temperature.

hypothalamus; higher

An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs (chapter review)

if it is growing and increasing its mass

Herpes simplex viruses, such as those that cause cold sores, can evade the immune system and persist in the body by __________.

infecting cells and then entering a largely inactive state

Anaphylactic shock is a life-threatening condition in which __________.

inflammatory chemicals released from mast cells lead to an inability to breathe and a lack of blood flow

Humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air, which is saturated with water molecules, __________.

interferes with heat loss by evaporation

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity ___________.

is conferred by antibodies produced by another individual

What is unique about blood in pulmonary arteries compared with blood in other arteries?

it is loaded with carbon dioxide.

Heart valves function to __________

keep blood moving in the correct direction

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the chapter review

left atrium

B lymphocytes __________.

multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph

When a person's body temperature increases, sweating helps bring the temperature down. This is an example of __________.

negative feedback

__________ feedback most directly maintains homeostasis because it __________.

negative; tends to keep a system at a desirable "set point"

The __________ system and the __________ system work together to coordinate and control the bodies of most animals.

nervous; endocrine

To control breathing, the medulla of the human brain monitors the ________ of the blood and then sends out signals so that appropriate physiological adjustments can be made.

pH

In blood, the matrix component is ________, and the cellular component contains _________.

plasma; red and white blood cells

Myosin and actin are __________.

proteins that play a major role in muscle contraction

If resistance increases in the capillary beds of the lung, which structure would be affected first?

right ventricle

Which of the following mammals would you expect to have the highest basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

shrew

Vaccination led to the eradication of the disease ________.

smallpox

Skeletal muscle is said to be "striated" because __________.

the arrangement of the sarcomeres gives it a striped appearance

Interstitial fluid is __________.

the fluid that fills the spaces between cells of vertebrates

The idea behind vaccination is to induce __________ without requiring the vaccinated individual to get sick.

the primary immune response

Most cells are microscopic because at this small size, __________.

the ratio of surface area to cell volume is maximized

In humans, the first line of defense against infection is __________.

the skin and mucous membranes

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with blood supply? chapter review

the tracheal system of an insect

Pressure is greatest in the ventricles when __________.

the ventricles contract

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath is called _______.

tidal volume

The main function(s) of connective tissues in the body is/are _________.

to hold tissues and organs in place and to join adjacent tissues together

A physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism that is an adaptation enabling animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions is known as _________.

torpor

All of the following increase blood pressure except _______.

vasodilation

Which of the following organisms would produce antibodies as part of an immune response?

whale