Biology 1361: Chapter 4

The ___ and ___ of function groups five each molecule its unique properties.

The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties.

What are the seven most important functional groups in the chemistry of life?

The seven function groups that are most important in the chemistry of life are: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl.

The ___ ___ consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen, it resembles a hydroxyl group in shape.

The sulfhydryl group consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen, it resembles a hydroxyl group in shape.

The ___ of carbon atoms makes large, complex molecules possible.

The tetravalence of carbon atoms makes large, complex molecules possible.

The valences of carbon and its most frequent parters (___, ___, and ___) are the "___ ___" that governs the architecture of living molecules.

The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the "building code" that governs the architecture of living molecules.

The versatility of ___ makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules.

The versatility of carbon makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules.

A compound with both a carboxyl group and amino group is called an ___ ___.

A compound with both a carboxyl group and amino group is called an amino acid.

A ketone and an aldehyde may be ___ ___ with different properties, as in the case for acetone and propanal.

A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural with different properties, as in the case for acetone and propanal.

A ___ ___ consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The carbon of a ___ ___ may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.

A methyl group consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The carbon of a methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.

A number of ___ ___ are often attached to skeletons of organic molecules.

A number of characteristic groups are often attached to skeletons of organic molecules.

A small number of ___ ___ are key to the function of biological molecules.

A small number of chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules.

A ___ number of chemicals groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules.

A small number of chemicals groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules.

ATP consists of an organic molecule called ___ attached to a string of three ___ ___.

ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups.

___ is the simplest ketone.

Acetone is the simplest ketone.

Addition of a ___ ___ to a DNA, or to molecules bound by DNA, affects the expression of genes.

Addition of a methyl group to a DNA, or to molecules bound by DNA, affects the expression of genes.

___ are hydroxyl compounds.

Alcohols are hydroxyl compounds.

Although cells are __-__% water, the rest consists mostly of ___-based compounds.

Although cells are 70-95%, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds.

Amino acts as a ___, and can pick up an H⁺ from the surrounding solution.

Amino acts as a base, and can pick up an H⁺ from the surrounding solution.

Amino group compounds are called ___.

Amino group compounds are called amines.

Amino is found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of ___.

Amino is found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1+.

An example of a carboxyl group compound is ___ acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste.

An example of a carboxyl group compound is acetic acid, which give vinegar its sour taste.

An example of a compound with a hydroxyl group is ___, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages.

An example of a compound with a hydroxyl group is ethanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages.

An example of a methylated compound is ___ ___, a component of DNA that has been modified by addition of a methyl group.

An example of a methylated compound is 5-methyl cytidine, a component of DNA that has been modified by addition of a methyl group.

An example of a phosphate group compound is ___ ___, which takes part in many important chemical reactions in cells; glycerol phosphate alos provides the backbone for phospholipids, the most prevalent molecules in cell membranes.

An example of a phosphate group compound is glycerol phosphate, which takes part in many important chemical reactions in cells; glycerol phosphate alos provides the backbone for phospholipids, the most prevalent molecules in cell membranes.

An example of a sulfhydryl group compound is ___, an important sulfer containing amino acid.

An example of a sulfhydryl group compound is cysteine, an important sulfer containing amino acid.

An example of an amino group compound is ___, a compound that is both an amine and a carboxyllic acid because it has both an amino group and a carboxyl group.

An example of an amino group compound is glycine, a compound that is both an amine and a carboxyllic acid because it has both an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Arrangement of ___ ___ in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function.

Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function.

Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to ___ other atoms.

Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms.

Carbon atoms can partner with atoms other than ___.

Carbon can partner with other atoms other than hydrogen.

Carbon ___ form the skeletons of most organic molecules.

Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules.

Carbon chains vary in ___ and ___. (___)

Carbon chains vary in length and shape. (hydrocarbons)

___ is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules.

Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules.

Carboxyl acts as an ___, and can donate H⁺ because the ___ bond between oxygen and hydrogent is so ___.

Carboxyl acts as an acid, and can donate H⁺ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogent is so polar.

Carboxyl group compounds are known as ___ acids, or ___ acids.

Carboxyl group compounds are known as carboxyllic acids, or organic acid.

Carboxyl is found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of ___ and called a ___ ___.

Carboxyl is found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion.

Compounds with carbonyl groups are call ___ if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton.

Compounds with carbonyl groups are called aldehydes is the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton.

Differing effects of ___ demonstrate that organisms are sensitive even to subtle variations in molecules.

Differing effects of enantiomers demonstrate that organisms are sensitive to even subtle variations in molecules.

Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend not only on the carbon skeleton but also on the ___ ___ attached to it.

Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend not only on the carbon skeleton but also on the molecular components attached to it.

___ ___ determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms.

Electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms.

___ ___ is the key to an atom's characteristics.

Electron configuration is the key to an atom's characteristics.

___ are isomers that are mirror images of each other.

Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other.

Enantionmers are important to the ___ industry.

Enantionmers are important to the pharmaceutical industry.

___ ___ are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.

Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.

___ isomers have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements.

Geometric isomers have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spacial arrangements.

___ are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

___ can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy.

Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy.

Hydroxyl groups are ___ as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative ___ atom.

Hydroxyl groups are polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom.

Hydroxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with ___ molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars.

Hydroxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars.

In a ___ group, a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule.

In a hydroxyl group, a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule.

In a ___ ___, a phosphate atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms; one oxygen atom is bonded to the carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry a negative charge.

In a phosphorous group, a phosphate atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms; one oxygen atom is bonded to the carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry a negative charge.

In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other molecules has a ___ shape.

In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other molecules has a tetrahedral shape.

What are inorganic compounds?

Inorganic compounds are found in the nonliving world.

___ are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

Ketone and aldehyde groups are also found in ___, giving rise to two major groups of ___: ___ and ___.

Ketone and aldehyde groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars: ketoses and aldoses.

Many organic molecules, such as fats, have ___ components.

Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components.

Methyl group compounds are called ___ ___.

Methyl group compounds are called methylated compounds.

Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with ___, releasing energy.

Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water, releasing energy.

Most organic compounds contain ___ atoms in addition to carbon atoms.

Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms.

One phosphate molecule, ___ ___ (___), is the primary energy transferring molecule in the cell.

One phosphate molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy transferring molecule in the cell.

___ ___ is the study of carbon compounds.

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain ___.

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon.

What are organic compounds?

Organic compounds are those thought to arise only in living organisms.

Organic compounds range from simple ___ to colossal ones.

Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal.

Phosphate group compounds are called ___ ___.

Phosphate group compounds are called organic phosphates.

Phosphate groups contribute a ___ charge to the molecule of which they are a part of (__ at the end of a molecule, __ when located internally in a chain of phosphates).

Phosphate groups contribute a negative charge to the molecule of which they are a part of (-2 at the end of a molecule, -1 when located internally in a chain of phosphates).

___ is an aldehyde.

Propanal is an aldehyde.

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of ___ compounds.

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds.

___ isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Sulfhydryl group compounds are known as ___.

Sulfhydryl group compounds are known as thiols.

The ___ ___ consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton.

The amino group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton.

The ___ group consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond.

The carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond.

The electron configuration of carbon gives it ___ compatibility with many different elements.

The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many elements.

Two ___ of a drug may have different effects.

Two enantionmers of a drug may have different effects.

Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a ___ bond. This "cross-linking" help stabilize ___ structure.

Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" help stabilize protein structure.

Variation at the ___ level lies at the foundation of all biological diversity.

Variation at the molecular level lies at the foundation of all biological diversity.

What is vitalism?

Vitalism is the idea that organic compound arise only in organisms.

When was vitalism disproved?

Vitalism was disproved hen chemists synthesized organic compounds.

When an oxygen is double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group, the entire assembly of atoms is called a ___ ___.

When an oxygen is double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group, the entire assembly of atoms is called a carboxyl group.

When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the molecule has a ___ shape.

When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the molecule has a flat shape.

With ___ valence electrons, carbon can form ___ covalent bonds with a variety of atoms.

With four valence electrons, carbon can form covalent bonds with a variety of atoms.