Biology 1407 Ch 32, 33, & 34

Which of the following allows dragonflies to maneuver so well?

Their wings can move independently of one another.

You are a field researcher and you observe a group of Capuchin monkeys rolling on a nest of carpenter ants. Why are they doing this?

To keep insects away.

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of _____.

convergent evolution

You are an entomologist specializing in the closest relatives of the dragonflies. What do you study?

damselflies

_____ are the oldest known primate group.

Prosimians

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.

Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?

The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water.

Which of the following is most closely related to oarfish?

The ocean sunfish, a bony fish

Which characteristics define a chordate?

The presence of four specific morphological traits

You are a scientist specializing in hydrozoans. You observe a species with many stolons. What will these stolons become?

polyps

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

post-anal tail

Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans?

sea stars

Select the correct statement about the evolution of animals.

the oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550 million years old.

Identify an independent variable in this experiment.

the source of the periwinkles (northern or southern sites in the Gulf of Maine)

You wish to develop a soap that will quickly and thoroughly remove the scent of skunk spray. Which of the following chemical compounds are you trying to clean?

thiol

You are an entomologist interested in learning more about the flight motor center of the dragonfly. Which part of its body should you study?

thorax

Which of these are amniotes?

turtles

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata? a hollow dorsal nerve cord pharyngeal slits or clefts vertebrae notochord a muscular, post-anal tail

vertebrae

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

birds

Most members of which of the following groups are most closely associated with a wet or moist environment?

amphibians

Nematodes and arthropods are the largest ecdysozoan phyla. Which of the following statements are true? Both nematodes and arthropods have segmented body plans. Nematodes are acoelomate, whereas arthropods are coelomate. Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size. Nematodes possess a closed circulatory system. The cuticle in nematodes lengthens as the animal grows. Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle.

-Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. -Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. -Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size. -Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. -Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle.

Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate).

-In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity. -A diploblast has no mesoderm. -A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom.

Which statements about the phylogenetic tree are true? Select all that apply. -Organism (a) is a common ancestor of all chordates. -Hagfishes, lungfishes, and frogs have lobed fins. -Descendants of organism (d) have limbs with digits. -Lancelets and coelacanths are more closely related than are chimaeras and coelacanths. -Organism (c) is a common ancestor of lampreys and lungfishes. -Rays and frogs have vertebrae. -Mammals and turtles are more closely related than are lungfishes and sharks. -Birds and ray-finned fishes have a notochord and jaws.

-Organism (a) is a common ancestor of all chordates. -Descendants of organism (d) have limbs with digits. -Rays and frogs have vertebrae. -Mammals and turtles are more closely related than are lungfishes and sharks. -Birds and ray-finned fishes have a notochord and jaws.

The phylum Arthropoda includes four major lineages: cheliceriforms (also called chelicerates); myriapods; insects and their relatives (together called hexapods); and crustaceans.

-cheliceriforms- horseshoe crab, possess claylike feeding appendages, and arachnids -myriapods-millipedes and centipedes, exclusively terrestrial -insects- butterflybody, divided into head, thorax, and abdomen, three pairs of walking legs, wings allow flight -crustaceans- primarily aquatic, crabs and isopods, two pairs of antennae

Lancelets and tunicates are two groups of chordates. Classify each statement as applying to lancelets, tunicates, both lancelets and tunicates, or neither.

-lancelets- adults swim by the contraction of a series of muscles along the notochord, adults bury themselves into the sediment of the seafloor, and all chordate characters present in adults -tunicates- most chordate characters not present in adult, in adults, water enters through one siphon and leaves through another, and larvae swim using the notochord, but adults may be sessile -both- adults feed with the aid of pharyngeal slits -neither- adults swim using the vertebral column

Many animals can be categorized as either protostomes and deuterostomes based on certain features of their embryonic development. Determine whether each of the following terms applies to only protostomes, only deuterostomes, both protostomes and deuterostomes, or neither.

-protostome- mouth from blastopore, spiral,determinate cleavage, and coelom from solid masses of mesoderm -deuterostome- coelom from folds of archenteron, radial, indeterminate cleavage, and anus from blastopore -both- triploblast -neither- diploblast

Depending on the blastopore fate of its members, label each branch with P (for protostomy), D (for deuterostomy), N (for neither), or P & D. Labels may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Acoela- N Echinodermata- D Chordata- D Platyhelminthes- P Rotifera- P Mollusca- P & D Annelida- P & D Nematode- P Arthropoda- P & D

Because it uses it for protection, the African crested rat is dependent on which of the following?

Acokanthera tree

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false? All deuterostomes have a coelom. All deuterostomes are triploblastic and have three tissue layers. All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies. All deuterostomes have a similar pattern of early embryonic development.

All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies.

Which of the following is true? Larval dragonflies are herbivorous while the adults are carnivorous. Larval dragonflies are carnivorous while the adults are herbivorous. Both larval and adult dragonflies are carnivorous. Both larval and adult dragonflies are herbivorous.

Both larval and adult dragonflies are carnivorous.

The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the _____ explosion.

Cambrian

Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length?

monkeys

Select the correct statement(s) about animal body plans.

Development in all animals is determined by the unique family of Hox genes (or other similar homeobox genes).

You are interested in attracting dragonflies to the area around your home. Doing which of the following would attract them to mate?

Creating a freshwater pond.

Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification?

Exoskeleton

True or false? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions.

False

Which of the following statements describing hominin evolution is/are correct -The first hominin species evolved from chimpanzees. -Hominin species began to walk on two legs in order to free their hands to use tools. -Homo sapiens is the only surviving member of a highly branched evolutionary tree of hominin species.

Homo sapiens is the only surviving member of a highly branched evolutionary tree of hominin species.

for the common ancestor of all the Bilateria, what was the fate of the blastopore?

It is impossible to tell from the data provided.

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

It made additional food sources available.

You are a cancer researcher and you discover an on-off switch for the BRAF oncogene. What have you found?

MiRNA

Which of the following is true regarding poisonous mammals? Most poisonous mammals procure toxins from other sources. Most poisonous mammals make their own toxins. Most poisonous mammals use poisons to kill prey. A truly poisonous mammal does not exist

Most poisonous mammals procure toxins from other sources.

How many times has blastopore fate changed over the course of evolution?

Multiple times, though the exact number is uncertain.

All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the _____.

Neoproterozoic era

Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart?

New World monkeys

What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom?

Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue.

Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange?

Pharyngeal gill slit

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is _____.

Porifera

Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages?

Their body plan

It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs.

Which of the following is characteristic of the phylum Platyhelminthes? They are dorsoventrally flattened. They typically reproduce asexually. They are radially symmetrical. They are all parasitic. They are diploblastic.

They are dorsoventrally flattened.

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes? They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. They have a lateral line that is sensitive to vibrations. A swim bladder helps control buoyancy. They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility.

They have a lateral line that is sensitive to vibrations.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals? They are heterotrophic. They are all multicellular. They ingest their food. They are eukaryotes. They have tissues, organs, and organ systems

They have tissues, organs, and organ systems

Which of the following is radially symmetrical?

a doughnut

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?

a well-developed notochord

Which of the following would most likely cause Turritopsis dohrnii to go through cellular transdifferentiation?

being repeatedly poked and prodded

-Drag blue labels onto blue targets only to identify wing characteristics. -Drag white labels onto white targets only to identify the type of development. -Drag pink labels onto pink targets only to identify examples of insects in each order. Labels can be used once or not at all.

a. hard forewings protect membranous hindwing b. hindwing reduced to stabilizers c. wings have scales d. hairy wings e. complete metamorphosis f. incomplete metamorphosis g. flies h. "true bugs" i. butterflies, moths j. caddisflies

All chordates share a set of derived characters during at least some part of their life. Drag the labels to their correct locations on the diagram of chordate characters below. Use blue labels for blue targets and pink labels for pink targets.

a. notochord b. pharyngeal clefts c. pharyngeal slits d. dorsal, hollow nerve cord e. muscular, post-anal tail f. may be associated with a jointed skeleton g. may develop into parts of the ear h. may develop into gill slits i. may develop into the brain and spinal cord j. may be used to propel some species in water

Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have them? Larvae use notochords to _____.

aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves.

Listed below are four adaptations of terrestrial vertebrates. Which is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals with no need to return to water at any stage of the life cycle? amniotic eggs hearts with more than two chambers lungs tetrapod locomotion All of these are essential for a completely terrestrial existence.

amniotic eggs

Which of these primate groups is most closely related to humans?

apes

Members of the phylum Mollusca _____.

are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell

Which type of symmetry does each of the following animals display?

asymmetry-sponge radial symmetry- jelly, hydra bilateral symmetry- turtle, bobcat, octopus, and snake

Jaws evolved _____.

by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits

What do oarfish use to propel themselves through the water?

fins

Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity? mouse, earthworm, nematode, flatworm, or clam

flatworm

Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians?

gastrovascular cavity

Which of the following is highly modified on an African crested rat to hold poison?

hair

An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. An animal is said to show cephalization when it _____.

has an aggregation of sensory neurons at the anterior end

The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the _____.

hominids

Which of the following is the sexual stage of a hydrozoan?

medusa

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their _____.

method of reproduction