Biology 1407 Exam 1

What are Whittaker's 5 kingdoms?

(1)Kingdom Monera (2) Kingdom Protista (3) Kingdom Plantae (4) Kingdom Fungi (5) Kingdom Animalia

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries?

gene flow

Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopatric speciation?

genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence

A genus name consists of what ?

group of closely related species and is capitalized

Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?

near universality of the genetic code.

There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).

one

Which part of this visual model represents genetic information on a double helix representation ?

the sequence of Ts, Gs, Cs, and As

How did Whittaker attempt to adapt taxonomy?

to reflect phylogeny

True or false? Convergent evolution is said to have occurred if the mouse species on two islands with similar habitats are found to have similar characteristics even though they originated from different species that did not have these characteristics.

True

True or false? A flood that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a lake is an example of a vicariance event that may result in allopatric speciation.

True

True or False The fewest differences in its DNA sequence the more closely related they are to each other.

True

True or False The only eukaryotic domain is the domain Eukarya.

True

True or False A monophyletic group consists of an ancestral population, all of its descendants, and only those descendants.

True

True or False A synapomorphy is a shared derived trait that identifies a monophyletic clade.

True

True or False Before the Theory of Evolution, biologists grouped organisms based on morphology.

True

True or False ? Mutation is important because it is the ultimate source of genetic variation

True

True or False? Kingdom is least specific Species is most specific

True

Choose the best definition of a fossil.

Any trace of an organism that lived in the past

What is the Hierarchy of the taxonomix groups ?

K P C O F S G S

What year was the system for naming species estabished?

1735

What is binomial nomenclature?

2-part scientific name for each type of organism

the Mesozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago.

251

The Precambrian time began at least _____ million years ago.

4,600

The Cenozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago.

65

What is genetic drift?

A change in allele frequencies caused by random events

How can mass extinction events be distinguished from background extinctions?

A mass extinction occurs when at least 60 percent of species are wiped out within 1 million years.

Which of the following best characterizes an adaptive radiation?

A single lineage diversifies rapidly, and descendant species occupy many habitats and ecological roles.

_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.

Adaptive radiation

Which of the following statements about adaptive radiation is correct?

Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage.

Where do all species come from?

All species come from pre-existing speies and have a common ancestor.

_____ were the dominant vertebrate life form during the Paleozoic era.

Amphibians

Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____.

Bacteria and Archaea

We are living during the _____era.

Cenozoic

_____ were the dominant vertebrate life form during the Mesozoic era.

Dinosaurs

Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today?

Directional Selection

Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers?

Disruptive selection

Which mode of natural selection is most likely to contribute to speciation?

Disruptive selection

Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?

Disruptive selection

A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.

Eukarya ... Animalia

A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.

Eukarya ... Plantae

True or False? Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.

False

True or false? A mating between a tetraploid individual and a diploid individual produces biologically fit offspring.

False

True or false? The last ice age produced many different species mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats.

Fasle

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

Father of taxonomy

What prevents speciation from occurring in sympatric populations?

Gene Flow

Select the correct statement about gene flow.

Gene flow makes allele frequencies more similar between populations.

How many chromosomes would be found in an allopolyploid plant if its parents had diploid numbers of 2 and 10, respectively?

Haploid number of 6

Which mechanism of reproductive isolation causes postzygotic isolation?

Hybrid sterility

Which organisms are not examples of an adaptive radiation?

Mammals and reptiles in the post-dinosaur age

Dinosaurs went extinct during the _____.

Mesozoic

Flowering plants first appeared during the _____.

Mesozoic

In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____.

Monera

Which evolutionary mechanism increases genetic variation in a population?

Mutation

Which evolutionary mechanism results in adaptation?

Natural selection

How can an allopolyploid plant become a biologically fit new species?

Nondisjunction event during mitosis

Bony fish first evolved during the

Paleozoic

Most modern animal phyla evolved during the _____ era.

Paleozoic

Reptiles first appeared during the _____ era.

Paleozoic

Seed plants first appeared during the _____.

Paleozoic

Which statement about genetic drift is correct?

The direction of evolutionary change due to genetic drift is random.

Animals first appeared during the

Precambrian

Life arose during the _____.

Precambrian

The first prokaryotic cells appeared during the _____.

Precambrian

In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes?

Protista

Which statement about fossilization is correct?

Rare, local, or ephemeral species leave a poor fossil record.

Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true?

Reinforcement is a type of natural selection.

What evidence supports the impact hypothesis for the end-Cretaceous extinction?

Sedimentary rocks from the K-Pg boundary layer contain large amounts of iridium

Evaluate this statement: Mutations are bad.

Some mutations are deleterious, but others can be beneficial or neutral.

Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards?

Stabalizing Selection

Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies?

Stabalizing Selection

How do stabilizing and disruptive selection differ?

Stabilizing selection reduces the amount of variation in a trait. Disruptive selection increases the amount of variation in a trait.

Which term is used to describe populations that live close enough to interbreed?

Sympatry

True or False ? scientific names are always italicized (underlined when handwritten)

TRUE

What would be the ploidy of the viable gametes produced by a tetraploid individual if nondisjunction of all chromosomes occurred in meiosis I?

Tetraploid

Which of the situations below describes vicariance?

The Grand Canyon forms, separating two populations of squirrels on the North Rim and the South Rim.

How do autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy differ?

The chromosomes of an autopolyploid individual come from the same species, while an allopolyploid individual has sets of chromosomes from different species.

Evaluate this statement: Gene flow increases the genetic divergence of populations.

The statement is false; gene flow reduces the divergence of populations.

in a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following?

The value of a particular characteristic; characteristics of an organism can include such traits as size and color.

In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae?

They are sedentary

Which of the following statements about autopolyploid individuals is true?

They contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.

What is the advantage of the organismal naming system that Linnaeus developed?

Two different organisms never end up with the same genus and species name.

Is kindgom less specific than species ?

YES

What is a misnomer ?

a misleading name

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.

adaptive radiation

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____.

adaptive radiation

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.

adaptive radiation

What kinds of characters can you use to create a data matrix for estimating phylogenetic trees?

any heritable trait

Why was latin and greek used for naming?

avoids problems of... ð different languages ð regional names ð misnomers (misleading names)

A species name is always what ?

distinct type of organism, individuals regularly interbreed, lowercase

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____.

extended hops gliding courtship flight

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____.

microevolution

Characteristics of Protists include ...

mostly unicellular eukaryotes, though they also include multicellular algae.

Which of the following are causes of evolutionary change?

natural selection genetic drift mutation gene flow

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of _____.

polyploidy

Natural selection

process that explains the pattern of evolution

Part complete Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because _____.

protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack

What is one thing natural selection results in?

results in evolution within populations of a species.

What is one thing natural selesction reaults in?

results in populations of 1 species diverging into new species

Which of the following groups could be identified using the biological species concept?

sunflower species living today lizard species living today

What do the 1's and 0's represent in a data matrix?

the presence or absence of a trait in a taxon