BIOLOGY 15: Classification

Describe the characteristics of the KINGDOM FUNGI. what differentiates them from the PLANT KINGDOM? Notable examples?

FUNGI are EUKARYOTES and mainly MULTICELLULAR. ALL FUNGI are HETEROTROPHS (differentiates them from plants) They may be SAPROPHYTIC (ie bread mould) or PARASITIC (athlete's foot) FUNGI ABSORB FOOD from their ENVIRONMENT. mushrooms, yeast and lichens

Describe the KINGDOM FUNGI... how are they SIMILAR and DIFFERENT to PLANTS?

FUNGI may be considered to be the NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS. RESEMBLE PLANTS because they are MULTICELLULAR, DIFFERENTIATED and NON-MOTILE They are EITHER SAPROPHYTIC (bread mould) or PARASITIC (athlete's foot) ALSO, CELL WALLS COMPOSED of CHITIN NOT CELLULOSE.

What are the 5 KINGDOMS in MODERN TAXONOMY? What is an ALTERNATIVE with 3 KINGDOMS? are VIRUSES considered?

IN MODERN TAXONOMY, the 5 KINGDOMS consist of the MONERA, PROTISTA, PLANTAE, FUNGI and ANIMALIA an ALTERNATIVE APPROACH utilizes 3 KINGDOMS: MONERA, PLANTAE (including FUNGI) and ANIMALIA (including PROTISTA) VIRUSES are generally NOT CONSIDERED to be LIVING. They CANNOT FUNCTION OUTSIDE of a HOST CELL (DEPENDENT)

DESCRIBE the REPTILE CLASS of VERTEBRATES DESCRIBE the BIRD CLASS of VERTEBRATES

REPTILES are TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS, they BREATHE AIR by means of LUNGS, lay LEATHERY EGGS and UTILIZE INTERNAL FERTILIZATION. REPTILES are COLD-BLOODED (POIKILOTHERMIC) have SCALES, a THREE CHAMBERED HEART (TURTLE, SNAKE, CROCODILE) BIRDS - POSSESS a FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART. They are WARM-BLOODED (HOMEOTHERMIC) and their EGGS are SURROUNDED by a SHELL (HEN, EAGLE)

Describe the FISH CLASS of VERTEBRATES HOW CAN it be FURTHER DIVIDED?

ALL FISH POSSESS a TWO-CHAMBERED HEART, GILLS and UTILIZE EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION for REPRODUCTION JAWLESS FISH - EEL-LIKE, retain the NOTOCHORD throughout LIFE, have a CARTILAGINOUS INTERNAL SKELETON, no JAWS and a SUCKING MOUTH. INCLUDES the CLASS AGNATHA. (LAMPREY and HAGFISH) CARTILAGINOUS FISH - POSSESS JAWS and TEETH. A REDUCED NOTOCHORD EXISTS as SEGMENTS between CARTILAGINOUS VERTEBRAE (SHARK) BONY FISH -most PREVALENT type of FISH. They have SCALES and LACK A NOTOCHORD in the ADULT FORM. DURING DEVELOPMENT, CARTILAGE REPLACED by BONY SKELETON (STURGEON, TROUT, TUNA)

How are SCIENTIFIC NAMES ASSIGNED?

ALL ORGANISMS are ASSIGNED a SCIENTIFIC NAME consisting of the GENUS and the SPECIES of the ORGANISM.

What 3 things do all organisms of the PLANT KINGDOM have in common? Do PLANTs have DIFFERENTIATION of TISSUE? How do they REPRODUCE?

ALL PLANTS are MULTICELLULAR, NON-MOTILE, and PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS. PLANTS have developed complex differentiated tissue to adapt to terrestrial life. PLANTS undergo an ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS with a SEXUAL GAMETOPHYTE (haploid) stage followed by an ASEXUAL SPOROPHYTE (diploid stage)

What is the PLANT DIVISION ANTHOPHYTA aka? Are the most abundant plants? how do they differ from CONIFEROPHYTA? Describe their REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE and their ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS What are the two subclasses of ANGIOSPERMS?

ANTHOPHYTA aka ANGIOSPERMS, they have COVERED SEEDS and are the MOST ABUNDANT of PLANTS. ANGIOSPERMS have FLOWERS not CONES as their PRINCIPLE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE. ANTHER of the MALE STAMEN produces MICROSPORES (POLLEN GRAINS) while the OVARY of the FEMALE PISTIL produces MEGASPORES. POLLEN POLLINATES the OVARY --> development of SEED within the OVARY. EVENTUALLY BECOMES a FRUIT (means of SEED DISPERSAL) TWO SUBCLASSES are the DICOTYLEDONS (DICOTS) and the MONOCOTYLEDONS (MONOCOTS)

DESCRIBE THE ANIMAL KINGDOM DIVISIONS... ARTHROPODA and ECHINODERMS

ARTHROPODA have JOINTED APPENDAGES, CHITINOUS EXOSKELETONS and OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS (SINUSES). THREE most IMPORTANT CLASSES are INSECTS, ARACHNIDS and CRUSTACEANS... INSECTS POSSESS 3 PAIR of LEGS, SPIRACLES, TRACHEAL TUBES designed for BREATHING OUTSIDE of an AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. ARACHNIDS - have FOUR pairs of LEGS and "BOOK LUNGS" (scorpion, spider) CRUSTACEANS - have a SEGMENTED BODY with a VARIABLE number of APPENDAGES and POSSESS GILLS (lobster, crayfish, shrimp) ECHINODERMS - are SPINY, RADIALLY SYMMETRICAL, contain a WATER-VASCULAR SYSTEM and POSSESS the ABILITY TO REGENERATE PARTS. evidence of EVOLUTIONARY LINK BTW ECHINODERMS and CHORDATES.

Describe the DNA of BACTERIA, do they have cell walls? what type of cycles do they participate in? How are they classified?

BACTERIA are SINGLE CELLED PROKARYOTES with a single DOUBLE STRANDED CIRCULAR LOOP of DNA but NOT ENCLOSED by NUCLEAR MEMBRANE (no NUCLEUS) ALMOST ALL have a CELL WALL PLAY ROLES in BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES (nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur) CLASSIFIED by their MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCES: COCCI (round) BACILLI (rods) SPIRILLA (spiral) some will form DUPLEXES (diplococci), CLUSTERS (staphylococci) and CHAINS (streptococci)

Describe the PLANT division BRYOPHYTA - what do they lack? where must they live? what does their ALTERNATION of GENERATION look like? what are the two types of BRYOPHYTA?

BRYOPHYTES are SIMPLE PLANTS with few specialized organs and tissues. They LACK the XYLEM (water-conducting woody component in TRACHEOHYTES) GAMETOPHYTE is the DOMINANT GENERATION and is the "MAIN PLANT" SPOROPHYTE is short-lived, attached to the GAMETOPHYTE (resembles a HETEROTROPHIC PARASITE b/c acquires resources from the GAMETOPHYTE) TWO TYPES of BRYOPHYTES: MOSSES and LIVERWORTS

What CHARACTERIZE the DIVISION of the ANIMAL KINGDOM "CHORDATES"?

CHORDATES characterized by a STIFF DORSAL ROD called the NOTOCHORD present at SOME STAGE of EMBRYOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT. ALSO have PAIRED GILL SLITS and a TAIL extending beyond the ANUS at some point of DEVELOPMENT. The LANCELETS and TUNICATES (like AMPHIOXUS) are CHORDATES but NOT VERTEBRATES

What does the PLANT DIVISION CONIFEROPHYTA INCLUDE? What are the TWO TYPES of CONES that are produced? Describe the ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS in CONIFEROPHYTA what allows for SECONDARY GROWTH?

CONIFERS are the largest grouping of GYMNOSPERMS which are NAKED-SEEDED PLANTS. include: CYCADS, PINES, SPRUCE and FIRS. CONIFERS have CONES and there two different types of cones: large FEMALE cones whose SPORANGIA produce MEGASPORES and small MALE cones whose SPORANGIA produce MICROSPORES. GAMETOPHYTE stage of GYMNOSPERMS is short-lived and microscopic. MALE MICROSPORES produce POLLEN which can be CARRIED by the WIND. Sperm NUCLEI FERTILIZE the EGG with the AID of a POLLEN TUBE. presence of SPECIALIZED CAMBIUM TISSUE allows for SECONDARY GROWTH (2ndary XYLEM and PHLOEM) Most GYMNOSPERMS are EVERGREENS (NONDECIDUOUS)

Describe the KINGDOM ANIMALIA

CONTAINS MULTICELLULAR, generally MOTILE, HETEROTROPHIC ORGANISMS that have DIFFERENTIATED TISSUES (and ORGANS in HIGHER FORMS)

What are CYANOBACTERIA?

CYANOBACTERIA (aka blue-green algae) exist in both FRESHWATER and MARINE ENVIRONMENTS. have a CELL WALL and PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS DON'T HAVE FLAGELLA, TRUE NUCLEUS, CHLOROPLASTS or MITOCHONDRIA.. can WITHSTAND EXTREME TEMPS are are believed to be DIRECTLY DESCENDED from the FIRST ORGANISMS which DEVELOPED PHOTOSYNTHETIC ABILITIES.

COMPARE and CONTRAST DICOTYLEDONS and MONOCOTYLEDONS along with examples of each

DICOTYLEDONS - have "NET VEINED LEAVES" and VASCULAR BUNDLES around a CENTRAL CYLINDER. Also contain TWO COTYLEDONS (seed leaves). Many have CAMBIUM and can be WOODY ex. MAPLE, APPLE TREES, POTATOES, CARROTS, BUTTERCUPS MONOCOTYLEDONS - contain LEAVES with PARALLEL VEINS, SCATTERED VASCULAR BUNDLES and SEEDS with a SINGLE COTYLEDON (LEAF). MOST do NOT POSSESS CAMBIUM thus NOT WOODY. ex. GRASS, WHEAT, CORN, RYE, FRUITS, ORCHIDS.

What are the 6 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS of ALL ANIMALS?

DIFFERENTIATION of TISSUES, ORGANS and ORGAN SYSTEMS. ALIMENTATION (all animals except some PARASITES, like the TAPEWORM, INGEST BULK-FOODS (HOLOTROPHIC), DIGEST THEM, then ELIMINATE the REMAINS) LOCOMOTION - ALL ANIMALS EMPLOY some FORM of LOCOMOTION to ACQUIRE NUTRIENTS. (some are SESSILE but CREATE CURRENT) - also important for protection, mate selection and reproduction BILATERAL SYMMETRY - most animals symmetrical, head directed ANTERIORLY. SOME animals such as ECHINODERMS and CNIDARIANS are RADIALLY SYMMETRICAL. NERVOUS SYSTEM - ALL POSSESS a SYSTEM ENABLING them to receive STIMULI and CONTROL their ACTIONS. CHEMICAL COORDINATING SYSTEM - ANIMALS SECRETE HORMONES which operate in CONJUNCTION with NERVOUS SYSTEM to maintain HOMEOSTASIS

Describe KINGDOM MONERA and KINGDOM PROTISTA

KINGDOM MONERA consists of PROKARYOTES. They lack a NUCLEUS or any MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES. ALL MONERANS are SINGLE CELLED and REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY. (USUALLY BACTERIA) KINGDOM PROTISTA contain primitive EUKARYOTIC organisms with BOTH PLANT-LIKE and ANIMAL-LIKE characteristics. These organisms are EITHER SINGLE-CELLED or COLONIES of SIMILAR CELLS with NO DIFFERENTIATION or SPECIALIZED TISSUES. KINGDOM PROTISTA CONTAINS ALL SIMPLE EUKARYOTES THAT CANNOT BE CLASSIFIED as PLANT or ANIMALS. ie. EUGLENA (photosynthetic but motility of ANIMAL)

Describe the MAMMAL CLASS of VERTEBRATES How can this CLASS be DIVIDED?

MAMMALS are WARM BLOODED, FEED their OFFSPRING with MILK PRODUCED in MAMMARY GLANDS MONOTREMES LAY LEATHERY EGGS, have HORNY BILLS and MILK (MAMMARY) GLANDS with NUMEROUS OPENINGS but NO NIPPLES. (DUCKBILL PLATYPUS, SPINY ANTEATER) MARSUPIALS are POUCHED MAMMALS - EMBRYO begins DEVELOPMENT in the UTERUS and COMPLETES DEVELOPMENT while ATTACHED to NIPPLES in the ABDOMINAL POUCH (KANGAROO and OPOSSUM) PLACENTAL MAMMALS have EMBRYOS that DEVELOP fully in the UTERUS. The PLACENTA ATTACHES the EMBRYO to the UTERINE WALL and PROVIDES EXCHANGE of FOOD, OXYGEN and WASTE MATERIALS (BAT, WHALE, MOUSE and MAN)

Describe the NOMENCLATURE and GROUPS in MODERN TAXONOMY

MODERN TAXONOMY has 5 KINGDOMS... EACH KINGDOM has several major PHYLA (ANIMAL KINGDOM) or DIVISIONS (in other KINGDOMS) A PHYLA or DIVISION has several SUBPHYLA or SUBDIVISIONS which are FURTHER DIVIDED into CLASSES EACH CLASS includes multiple ORDERS ORDERS are subdivided into FAMILIES EACH FAMILY is made up of many GENERA (GENUS) EACH GENUS has SPECIES and SPECIES is the FINAL, SMALLEST SUBDIVISION. ORGANISMS of the SAME SPECIES can MATE and PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.

KINGDOM MONERA - aka? exist as single cells or many cells? can be divided into?

MONERANS aka BACTERIA are PROKARYOTIC CELLS (may exist as single cells or aggregates of cells that stick together after division) can be DIVIDED into CYANOBACTERIA and OTHER BACTERIA

DESCRIBE THE ANIMAL KINGDOM DIVISIONS... NEMATODA, ANNELIDA and MOLLUSCA

NEMATODA (ROUND WORMS) possess a long DIGESTIVE TUBE and an ANUS. LACK CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS but POSSESS NERVE CORDS and an ANTERIOR RING ie. hook worm, trichina ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS) - POSSESS a COELOM (true body cavity) contained in the MESODERM. Have WELL DEFINED SYSTEMS (NERVOUS, CIRCULATORY, EXCRETORY) - earthworms and leeches MOLLUSCA - MOLLUSKS are SOFT-BODIED and POSSESS MANTLES which often SECRETE CALCAREOUS EXO-SKELETONS (CALCIUM CARBONATE) - breathe by GILLS and have CHAMBERED HEARTS, BLOOD SINUSES and a pair of VENTRAL NERVES.

Describe the KINGDOM PLANTAE

PLANT KINGDOM includes MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS that EXHIBIT TISSUES of DIFFERENTIATION, are NON-MOTILE and PHOTOSYNTHETIC.

DESCRIBE the ANIMAL KINGDOM DIVISIONS... PORIFERA, CNIDARIANS and PLATYHELMINTHES.

PORIFERA (SPONGES) - SPONGES have two layers, sessile and have a low degree of specialization CNIDARIANS aka COELENTERATES, contain a DIGESTIVE SAC that is SEALED AT ONE END. TWO LAYERS of CELL PRESENT (ENDODERM and ECTODERM) PLATYHELMINTHES (aka FLAT WORMS) - BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL, three layers of cells including a MESODERM. No CIRCULATORY SYSTEM and simple NERVOUS SYSTEM

Describe KINGDOM PROTISTA's PROTOZOA and ALGAE

PROTOZOA - single celled HETEROTROPHIC, like little animals ALGAE - PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS - include PHYTOPLANKTON - blue, red, green algae can be multicellular and are sometimes placed in ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Describe the PTEROPHYTA division of TRACHEOPHYTES.

PTEROPHYTA include FERNS (large leaves with many vascular bundles). FERN do not produce SEEDS and SHORT-LIVED GAMETOPHYTE GEN has heart-shaped leaves. FERNS leaves are part of the SPOROPHYTE GEN, they GROW from an UNDERGROUND STEM called the RHIZOME. SPORANGIUM on the underside of LEAVES produce MONOPLOID spores which GERMINATE to form GAMETOPHYTES

What is TAXONOMY? How does the MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM seek to GROUP ANIMALS? Why is there some DISAGREEMENT? With WHICH GROUP of ANIMALS is it PARTICULARLY HARD TO GROUP? What are some of the FACTORS which are TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT when GROUPING? HOW does TAXONOMIC ORGANIZATION PROCEED?

TAXONOMY is the SCIENCE of CLASSIFICATION of ANIMALS and the NOMENCLATURE USED to NAME THEM. MODERN CLASSIFICATION is BASED UPON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS. EARLY EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY is NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD thus GROUPING UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS is DEBATED. TAXONOMY takes into account ANATOMICAL and STRUCTURAL characteristics as well as, modes of EXCRETION, MOVEMENT, DIGESTION, GENETIC MAKEUP and BIOCHEMICAL CAPABILITIES. TAXONOMIC ORGANIZATION PROCEEDS from LARGEST, BROADEST GROUP to the SMALLER, more SPECIFIC.

what are TRACHEOPHYTES? what do they CONTAIN? how are they DIFFERENT to BRYOPHYTES? what are the 4 DIVISIONS of TRACHEOPHYTA?

TRACHEOPHYTES are COMPLEX PLANTS with a great degree of CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION. have a XYLEM (water conducting) and a PHLOEM (food-conducting). can grow to great heights due to their woody/non-woody support. have water conservation and gas exchange differentiations. in CONTRAST to BRYOPHYTES, the SPOROPHYTE GENERATION is DOMINANT in TRACHEOPHYTES. ALMOST 3 of 4 DIVISIONS EXTINCT: PSILOPHYTA, LYCOPHYTA, SPHENOPHYTA, PTEROPHYTA

DESCRIBE the AMPHIBIA CLASS of VERTEBRATES

The LARVAL STAGE, known as TADPOLE is found in WATER, POSSESSING GILLS, a TAIL and has NO LEGS. ADULT AMPHIBIAN lives on LAND, HAS LUNGS, TWO PAIRS of LEGS, a THREE-CHAMBERED HEART, no SCALES and UTILIZES EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION. EGGS are LAID in WATER with a JELLY-LIKE SECRETION (FROG, SALAMANDER, TOAD, NEWT)

What DEFINES VERTEBRATES in the CHORDATE PHYLUM? How are VERTEBRATES DIVIDED?

VERTEBRATES are the MOST ADVANCED SUBPHYLUM of the CHORDATES. VERTEBRATES in addition to the NOTOCHORD and PAIRED GILLS and TAIL also POSSESS BONES CALLED VERTEBRAE which FORM the BACKBONE. BONY VERTEBRAE REPLACE the NOTOCHORD and PROTECT the NERVE CORD. A BONY CASE PROTECTS the BRAIN (SKULL) VERTEBRATES can be DIVIDED into AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, FISH and MAMMALS

KINGDOM PROTISTA - unicellular/multi? what are protists? EUKARYOTES - what do EUKARYOTES POSSESS? How can this KINGDOM be DIVIDED into 2 major CATEGORIES?

mostly UNICELLULAR but there are some COLONIAL FORMS as well as some MULTICELLULAR that are NEITHER PLANTS or ANIMALS. PROTISTS are EUKARYOTES thus have a MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS and ORGANELLES. KINGDOM PROTISTA divided into PROTOZOA and ALGAE