Biology #2
What is the optimal temperature for the functionality of a human enzyme
37 degrees celcius
covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
Elements
A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
hydrogen bond
Attraction between polar molecules
Elements present in carbohydrates
C, H, O
Elements present in lipids
C, H, O
Elements present in proteins
C, H, O, N,
Elements present in nucleic acid
C, H, O, N, P
Ions
Charged atoms
nucleic acids examples
DNA and RNA
complementary base pairs
Hydrogen bonding between particular pyrimidines and purines. Adenine & Thymine. Cytosine & Guanine.
How are amino acids arranged?
In a specific order
polar
Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.
Atoms, molecules and compounds are
Neutral
All chemical breakdown processes in cells directly involve
Reactions that are controlled by catalysts
Identify the molecules produced when starch is digested
Simple sugars
Explain why starch must be digested before it's building block molecules can enter the bloodstream
Starch is to big to pass through the cell membrane
Simple sugars are stored in
The bonds between atoms
inorganic compounds
Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
Basic building blocks of proteins
amino acids
Protein building blocks
amino acids
The inability of an organism to produce certain proteins can occur when an organism is lacking an enzyme needed to combine
amino acids
organic molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Enzymes are also known as
catalysts
Identify the molecules that are used to digest starch
enzymes
Lipid examples
fats, oils, waxes
The shape of a protein determines its
function
An energy-rich organic compound needed by organisms is
glucose
pH
hydrogen ion concentration
Carbohydrate function in the body
immediate energy source
Lipid function
insulation and energy storage
complex carbohydrates
made up of sugar molecules that are strung together in long, complex chains
Synthesis
make
Subunits of DNA
nucleotides
nucleic acids building blocks
nucleotides
Proteins, starch, and DNA are similar in that they are all
organic compounds
The function of a specific enzyme is most directly influenced by its
physical shape
What kind of organic molecule is an enzyme
protein
pH scale
scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic
Even though human proteins are synthesized from only 20 different amino acids, there are thousands of different proteins found in human cells. This great variety of proteins is possible because the
sequence and number of amino acids can be different in each protein
Carbohydrate building blocks
simple sugars
Most of the starch stored in the cells of a potato is composed of molecules that originally entered these cells as
simple sugars
What is the function of an enzyme
speed up chemical reactions
nucleic acid function
store and transmit genetic information
protein functions
structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Carbohydrate examples
sugars and starches
Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Hydolysis
water breaks chemical bonds