Biology #2

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What is the optimal temperature for the functionality of a human enzyme

37 degrees celcius

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

Elements

A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

hydrogen bond

Attraction between polar molecules

Elements present in carbohydrates

C, H, O

Elements present in lipids

C, H, O

Elements present in proteins

C, H, O, N,

Elements present in nucleic acid

C, H, O, N, P

Ions

Charged atoms

nucleic acids examples

DNA and RNA

complementary base pairs

Hydrogen bonding between particular pyrimidines and purines. Adenine & Thymine. Cytosine & Guanine.

How are amino acids arranged?

In a specific order

polar

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

Atoms, molecules and compounds are

Neutral

All chemical breakdown processes in cells directly involve

Reactions that are controlled by catalysts

Identify the molecules produced when starch is digested

Simple sugars

Explain why starch must be digested before it's building block molecules can enter the bloodstream

Starch is to big to pass through the cell membrane

Simple sugars are stored in

The bonds between atoms

inorganic compounds

Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Basic building blocks of proteins

amino acids

Protein building blocks

amino acids

The inability of an organism to produce certain proteins can occur when an organism is lacking an enzyme needed to combine

amino acids

organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Enzymes are also known as

catalysts

Identify the molecules that are used to digest starch

enzymes

Lipid examples

fats, oils, waxes

The shape of a protein determines its

function

An energy-rich organic compound needed by organisms is

glucose

pH

hydrogen ion concentration

Carbohydrate function in the body

immediate energy source

Lipid function

insulation and energy storage

complex carbohydrates

made up of sugar molecules that are strung together in long, complex chains

Synthesis

make

Subunits of DNA

nucleotides

nucleic acids building blocks

nucleotides

Proteins, starch, and DNA are similar in that they are all

organic compounds

The function of a specific enzyme is most directly influenced by its

physical shape

What kind of organic molecule is an enzyme

protein

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

Even though human proteins are synthesized from only 20 different amino acids, there are thousands of different proteins found in human cells. This great variety of proteins is possible because the

sequence and number of amino acids can be different in each protein

Carbohydrate building blocks

simple sugars

Most of the starch stored in the cells of a potato is composed of molecules that originally entered these cells as

simple sugars

What is the function of an enzyme

speed up chemical reactions

nucleic acid function

store and transmit genetic information

protein functions

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Carbohydrate examples

sugars and starches

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Hydolysis

water breaks chemical bonds


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