Biology 2 (flowers)

gymnosperms

"naked seed" - seed bearing plant

style

: a slender stalk attached to the ovary. its function is to hold the sigma at the most opportune position for acquiring pollen as well as to provide a path for the pollen to grow its way to the female gamete

Give an example of a plant that would have imperfect flowers (only stamens or only pistils)

Corn

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization

Fertilization is the fusion of 2 or more cells to become single cell and is where the two sperm nuclei enter the embryo sac of the ovule, then the one sperm nucleus will unite with the egg cell. Pollination is when pollen grains are produced in the anthers in great numbers, when they mature they transfer to stigma

Filament

Holds the anther up so the pollen can spread

Explain why meiosis is necessary in plant reproduction

Meiosis is necessary because the 3N cell can't become the endosperm which would become the cotyledons

Receptacle

Supports all the parts of the flower

Corolla

To attract pollen

Calyx

To protect the flower

Sepal

To protect the flower bud before it booms

locule

a hollow chamber within the ovary of a plant

Sessile

attached directly by its base without a stalk

Imperfect flower

imperfect flower either lacks stamens and is called carpel late or lacks carpels and is called staminate

stigma

is at the end of the style and is a thickened portion and produces a sticky secretion. Its function of the stigma is to trap pollen grains with its sticky secretions.

cotyledon

it grows out of the embryo and absorbs the endosperm (stored food)

embryo

it is what the zygote turns into

Corolla Tube

the inner envelope of floral leaves of a flower, usually of delicate texture

pollen tube

: a slender tubular outgrowth from a pollen grain when deposited on the stigma for a flower;

Double fertilization

: the fusions of 2n (zygote -fusion of one sperm nucleus and one egg cell) and 3n cells (endosperms - fusion of two polar nuclei and one sperm nucleus). Forming zygotes and endosperms

pistil

; female part of the flower (consists of stigma, style and ovary)

micropyle

A minute (micro) opening in the ovule of a seed plant through which the pollen tube usually enters.

Anther

A sac like structure that contains and produces pollen

fertilization

Plant fertilization is the union of male and female gametes (reproductive cells) to produce a zygote (fertilized egg). ...

What are the three means of pollination

Insects, winds, and self

integument

The outer cell layers of the ovule enclosing the nucellus

meiosis

a special type of cell division, in which the nuclei of the resulting cells, ONLY have HALF of the usual number of chromosomes

what are the 6 dispersal mechanisms of seeds

animals eating, human agriculture, animal accidental, wind, mechanical, water

hypocotyl

becomes the root system of the plant and will develop from the part of the germ

2N

diploid - is the number of chromosomes in the zygote after fertilization . In plants his would be the sporophyte.

sperm nuclei

either of two nuclei that derive from the generative nucleus of a pollen grain and function in the fertilization of a seed plant

3N

endosperm - fusion of two polar nuclei and one sperm nucleus

ovary

enlarged basal portion of the pistil. Its function is to produce the ovules which contain the female gametes, as well as to develop into the fruit after the ovules have been fertilized.

zygote

fertilized egg - fusion of a sperm nucleus and an egg cell. (2n)

1N

haploid - 1n is the number of chromosomes in the gametes (and gametophytes in plants).

seed coat

integument toughens to form the seed coat to protect the ovary

stamen

male part of the flower (consists of anther and the filament)

tube nucleus

one of the nuclei that will begin the growth the pollen tube

Perfect flower

perfect flower has both stamens and carpels

Fusion of petals

petals operate to protect some parts of the flower and attract/repel specific pollinators.

embryo sac

the female gametophyte of a seed plant consisting of a thin-walled sac within the nucleus that contains the egg nucleus and other nuclei which give rise to endosperm on fertilization.

Petal

the parts of the flower that are often conspicuously colored

pollination

the transfer of pollen to a stigma, ovule, flower, or plant to allow fertilization.

hilium

white scar-like marking on the inner curve of a bean

epicotyl

will grow into the above ground portions of the plant and form the shoot at germination