Biology 22930

How did early land plants absorb nutrients from the soil without roots?

They formed symbiotic relationships with fungi (mycorrhizae). Fungi formed filaments through the soil to absorb and transfer nutrients to the plant.

Petals

which are brightly colored and attract pollinators

Sepals

which enclose the flower

Carpels

which produce ovules ovary at the base style leading up to a stigma (where pollen is received)

Gymnosperms

"Naked Seed" plants becuase their seeds are not enclosed in chambers." Ex Conifers

Coniferophyta

(conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood) This phylum is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round

Gnetophyta

(three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia) Species vary in appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts

Stamens

, which produce pollen stalk called a filament a sac called an anther (where the pollen is produced)

___________________occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule

Double Fertilization

Gametophyte

production by mitosis of haploid gametes-eggs and sperm, that fuse during fertitilization, forming zploid zygotes.

Phragmoplast

Microtubules that form between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell

Sporophytes

Mitotic division of the zygote produces a multicellular diploid zygotes

Multicellular diploid sporophyte (spore producing plant)

Mitotic division of zygote

Sporophylls

Modified leaves that bear sporangia

Life cycle of a ferm

1. Sporangia release spores. Most fern species produce a single type of spore that develops into a bisexual photosynthetic gametophyte. 2. ACross fertilization multi, celled haploid organism. 3. Sperm use flagella to swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia. 4. A zygote devlops into a new sporphyte, and the young plant grows out from an archegonium of its parents, the gametophyte. 5. On the underside of the sporophyte's reproductive leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is a cluster os spornagia.

ferns

- has fronds (unfurled fiddlehead) - homosporous - rhizomes - gametophyte not parasitic to the sporophyte - sori - flagellated sperm

horsetails

- silica - "scouring rushes" - homosporous - one genus = Equistum - free-living gametophyte

rhizoids

- tubules/filaments of cells that anchor the gametophytes of bryophytes - not involved in water and mineral absorption

In addition to seeds, the following are common to all seed plants

-Reduced gametophytes -Heterospory -Ovules -Pollen

Lifecycle of a fern

1. Sporangia releases spores develops into a bisexual photosynthetic gametophyte

Significance of Seedless Vascular Plants

Rate of photosynthesis increased --> removal of CO2 from the atmosphere --> global cooling; became coal

Flowers that are wind-pollinated generally lack brightly colored parts.

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Los Angeles

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Xylem and Tracheids

1. Absorbs most of the bodies minnerals and water. Xylem conducts omost of the water and minerals in a vascular plant

What did plants use to protect themselves from predators?

1. Alkaloids - bitter taste 2. Terpenes - strong odor 3. Tannins - toxic effect 4. Flavenoids - absorbs UV rays

Derived Traits of land plants

1. Alternation of Generations of Multicellular, Dependent Embryos 2. Walled spored produced in Sporangia. 3. Multicellular Gametangia (Production of gamets within mutlicellular organs)- Female Gametangia- Archegonia. Male Gametangia- Antheridia. 4. Apical Meristems- Localized Regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots. Other things- Cuticle, Mycorrhizae- Symbiootic relationships in early lang plants since no roots. Secondary compounds.

Angiosperm diversity

1. Basal angiosperms- Water Liliy 2. Magnolids 3. Monocots. Barly 4. DEduciots, Dog rose.

First cyanobacteria existed on land how long ago? How bout small plants? Larger plants

1. Cyanobacteria existed 1.2 billion years ago 2. Around 500 million years ago. 3. 370 million plants that led to forests

Four plant phyla that are gymnosperms in the book:

1. Cycadophyta- Cycads, the next largest group of gymnosperms after the conifers. True palm species are angiosperms. Also dominated during Mesozoic era. 2. Gingophyta- Ginkgo biloba is the only surviving species 3. Gnetophyta- Dry. Three genera- Gnetum, Ephedra (mormon tree, desert shrub that produces compound ephedrine, and Welwitchia). 4. Coniferophyta- Largest group of gymnosperm. Many are large trees like expresses and redwoods. Dominate northern hemispheres. European larch, douglas fir, common juniper, wollemi pine, bristlecone pine, sequoia.

The lifecycle of a moss

1. Spores develop into thread like protonemata 2. The haploid protonemata produce buds that divide by mitosis and grow into a gametetophores 3. Sperm must swim through a film of moisture to reach the egg 4. The zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo 5. The sporophyte grows a long stock that emerges from the Archgonium 6. Attacked by its foot the sporophyte remains nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte 7. Meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop into the cat so when the castle is mature its lid pops off and the spores are released

Bryophyte sporophyte consists of a

1. Foot 2. Seta, 3. Sporangium FSC Peristome- Teeth, capsule features a ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures.

Benefits of Moses

1. Help Nitrogen levels in soil 2. Peat 3. Energy

Phyla of Nonvascular Plants

1. Hepatophyta 2. Bryophyta 3. Anthocerophyta

Differences between Algae and Plants

1. Land plants have apical meristems 2. Plants have alternation of generations 3. Diploid spores are produced in the sporangia (acts as protection) 4. Plants have a female part (archegonia) and male part (antheridia) that produce gametes 5. Plants have multicellular-dependent embryos that are fertilized in the archegonia (have placental transfer cells that help feed them)

Bryophytes

1. Liverworts, 2. Hornworts. 3. Mosses.

What are the plant clades?

1. Lycophites and pterophytes, 2. Seedless vascular plants 3. Gymnosperms 4. Angiosperms

Phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants

1. Lycophyta 2. Pterophyta

Protenema Gametophore Rhizoids

1. Mass of green, branched-one cell thick filaments in moss. 2. Bud-like growths has an apical meristem that generates a gamete-producing structure 3. Long, tubular single cells (liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses). Not composed of tissues. Lack specialized conducting cells.

Advantage of seeds

1. Multicellular layer of tissue that provides extra protection to the embryo. 2. Have a supply of stored food that allows gymnosperm seed to survive for even years. 3. Can germinate then under ideal conditions.

Angiosperm lifestyle

1. On anther, each microsporangium contains microcsporophytes that divide by meiosis, producing microspores. 2. Microspore develops into a pollen grain. Two sperm produced. Tube cell will produce the pollen tube. 3. Megasporangium of each ovule, the megasporocyte divides by meiosis, producing four megaspores. One survives and forms a female gametophyte. 4. After Pollination, eventaully two sperm cells are dischargded in each ovule. 5. Double fertilization occurs. One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote. The other sperm fertilizes the central cell, forming the endosperm (a food supply, 3 n in this example) 6. Zygote develops into an embryo that is packaged along with food into a seed. 7. When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a mature sporophyte.

Pterophytes and seed plants share these traits not found in lycophytes

1. Overtopping growth 2. Megaphyll leaves 3. Roots that can branch at various points along the length of an existing roots. Lycophytes can only grow tips of the root by forming a y shaped structure.

Life cycle of a pine"

1. Pollen cones, microsporocytes undergo meiosis, producing haploid microspores. Pine is released as yellow pollen. 2. Ovulate cones, megasporocytes undergo meiosis and produce four haploid megaspores inside the ovule. One survies as a megaspore. 3. The female gametophyte develops within the megaspore and contains two or three archegonia, each of which will form an egg. 4. By the time the eggs are mature, two sperm cells have developed in the pollen tube, which extends to the female gametophyte. 5. Fertilization usually occurs more than a year after pollination. All eggs may be fertilized, but usually only one zygote develops into an embryo. The ovule becomes a seed, consisting of an embryo, food supply, and seed coat.

Similarities between Algae (Charophytes) and Plants

1. Rose-shaped complexes that make cellulose for the cell wall 2. Peroxisome enzymes - minimize loss of organic material in photorespiration 3. Flagellated sperm 4. Phragmoplast - microtubules that helps with cell plate development 5. Sporopollenin - polymer that helps embryo/structures from drying out

Charophtes (closest relative of land plants particularly chara and coleochate) share what four distinctive traits with land plants?

1. Rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesiszing complexes. 2. Peroxisome enzymes. Help minimize the loss of organic products as a result of photorespiration. 3. Structure of flagellated sperm. 4. Formation of phragmoplast

Shared characteristics of seed plants:

1. Seeds 2. Reduced gametophytes 3. Heterospory 4. Ovules 5. Pollen

Life cycle of a Moss

1. Spores develop into threadlike protonemata. 2. The haploid protonemata produce "buds" that grow into gametophores 3. Sperm must swim through a film of moisture to reach the egg. 4. the Zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo. 5. The sporophyte grows a large stalk that emerges from the archegonium. 6. attached by its foot, the sporophyte remains nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. 7. Meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop in the capsule. when the capsule is mature its lid pops off, and the spores are released. 8.

Carpels are composed of what and what do they do?

1. Stigma- Receives pollen 2. Style- Transports pollen to ovary. 3. Ovary- contains one or more ovules. If fertilized an ovule develops into a seed. *Carpels make megaspores and their products, female gametophytes. Some have multiple carpels.

How to distinguish plants

1. Vascular, non-Vascular 2. Grade 3. Seeds

Adaptations to Live on Land

1. cuticle 2. stomata 3. lignin in older, bigger plants 4. vascular system for support and nutrient transportation 5. wind/animals to carry sperm to egg 6. keeping the embryo from drying out 7. mechanisms to protect from predators (poison, thorns, spines, etc)

Challenges of Adaptation to Land

1. no water 2. no structural support

Vascular plants

1. sporophytes are the dominant stage of the life cycle 2. vascular system 3. true roots, stems, and leaves (sporophylls)

Why double fertilization

1. synchronizes the development of food storage in the seed with the development of the embryo. This prevents flowering plants from squandering nutrients.

Benefits of Adaptation to Land

1. unfiltered sunlight 2. abundance of CO2 3. minerals 4. few predators

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

1.A pollen grain lands on a stigma 2.It germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary 3.The ovule is entered by a pore called the micropyle 4.Double fertilization occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule 5. One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm 6. The triploid endosperm nourishes the developing embryo 7.Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called cotyledons

Angiosperms originated at least_________________

140 million years ago

Atypical bryophyte consists of

A foot, a seta, and a sporangium

Microspore develops into what?

A pollen grain that consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall.

Stamen consists of what?

A stalk called a filament and a terminal sac, called the anther, where pollen is produced.

Foot

Absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte

Angiosperms

All flowering plants that develop seeds inside Chambers called ovaries which originate with in the flower amateur into fruits

Seta

Also known as stock, conduct these materials to the sporangium

Basal Angiosperms

Amborella trichopoda water lilies star anise

Seed

An embryo package with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

Capsule

Another name for sporangium, which uses seta to produce spores by meiosis

All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, ______________, from the Greek anthos for flower

Anthophyta

When was first gymosperm?

Around 360 million years ago. Fossil records are about 305 million years old. Angiosperms appeared around 160 million years ago.

Which of the following is not evidence that Charophytes are the largest algae relatives to plants A. Similar sperm structure B. The presence of chloroplasts C. Similarities and so while formations during cell division D. Genetic similarities in chloroplasts E. Similarities and proteins that synthesize cellulose

B. The presence of chloroplasts

Anthophyta

Basal Lineiage Amborella Water lilies Star anise Magnoliids traits w/basal taxa, but evolved later Monocots advanced Eudicots most advanced

Angiosperms have two key adaptations

Flowers Fruits

Stomata

Both moss and horn wart sporophytes also have specialized pours which are also found in all vascular plants These poor support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the outside air and the sporophyte interior

Gametophore

Bud like growths has in apical meristem that generates a gamete producing structure

Lignin

Cell walls in vascular plants are strengthened by this

Phloem

Cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Vascular tissue

Cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients through the plant body

Phylum lycophyta

Club Mosses, Spike Mosses, And Quillworts. Most ancient group of vascular plants Two evolutionary lineages- giant woodly treelike plants and small lycophytes.

Sori

Clusters of sporangia in ferns

Grade

Collection of organisms that share a common level of biological organization or adaptation.

Xylem

Conducts most of the water and minerals they also include tracheids

Strobili

Cone like stuttered in lycophytes and most gymnosperms

Cuticle

Consists of wax and other polymers, The cuticle acts as waterproofing helping prevent excessive water loss from the aboveground plant organs while also providing some protection from microbial attack

The gymnosperm consist of four phyla

Cycadophyta Gingkophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta

Seedless vascular plants today are most common where

Damp environments.

Embryophytes

Dependent embryo of land plants is such a significant derived trait that the land plants are also known as

Threats to Plant Diversity

Destruction of habitat Loss of plant habitat is often accompanied by loss of the animal species that plants support

Megaspores

Develope into female gametophytes

Sporophyte haploid or diploid

Diploid

Zygote haploid or diploid

Diploid

Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are

Dominance of the sporophyte generation Development of seeds from fertilized ovules The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, Charophyte algae A. Chlorophyll B B. Cellulose in cell walls C. Formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis D. Sexual reproduction E. Alteration of multicellular generations

E. Alterations of multicellular generations

Alterations of generations

Each generation gives to the other

Alternation of generations

Each new generation gives rise to the other. Does not occur in various groups of algae. Distinguished from reproduction cycle in organisms like humans. Alternation of generation is distinguished by the fact that hte life cycle included both mutlicellular haploid organism and multicellular diploid organisms.

What is a seed

Embryo packaged with supply of nutrients inside a protective coat.

Central cell of female gametophyte divides into what

Endosperm, tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourish the developing embryo.

Placental transfer cells

Enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo through elaborate interests of the wall surface

Protonema

Example is germinating Moss spores characteristically produce a mass of green branched one cell thick filament, enhances absorption of water and minerals

Microsporocytes divide by mitosis, producing haploid microspores that develop into a pollen grain.

F. Divide my meiosis producing haploid microspores.

Seedless plants do not give rise to one kind of spore and instead give monosexual gametophyte, T or F?

F. Seedless plants give rise to one kind of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gaemtophyte.

Flowers

F: sexual reproduction S: specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves

Seedless vascular plants are asymptomatic, T or F

Falese

Gameotophytes are not dominant work time

False

Bryophte Sporophytes can live independently, T or F.

False need to be attached to parental gametophytes from which they absorb sugars, amino acids, minerals, and water.

The gametophytes of seedless plants are not visible to the naked eye, while the gametophytes of seed plants are mostly macroscopic, T or F?

False. Gametophytes of seedless plants are macroscopic and gametophytes of seed plants are microscopic.

Brophytes have the largest sporophytes of all extant plant groups

False. They have the smallest.

Megasporangia produced megaspores that gave rise to which sex of gametophyte?

Female

Archegonia

Female gametangia, pear-shaped organ that produces a single nonmotile egg retained with in the bulbous part of the organ

Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte dominated life cycle Fern Moss Liverwort Charophyte Hornwort

Fern

Phylum Pterophyta

Ferns, Horsetails, Whisk Ferns and Relatives Most widespread seedless vascular plants. threive in temperate forests. More closely related to seed plants than to lyocphtes. (Share megaphyll leaves, roots that branch at various points along the lenght of existing roots. Generus psilotum and tmsipters closely related to ferns.

A collection of organisms that share a common level of biological organization or adaptation

Grade

Gymnosperms Seeds

Gymnosperms means "naked seeds" The seeds are exposed on sporophylls that form cones Angiosperm seeds are found in fruits, which are mature ovaries

Gametophyte haploid or diploid

Haploid

Sperm haploid or diploid

Haploid

Spore haploid or diploid

Haploid

In plants which of the following are produced my meiosis A. Haploid sporophytes B. Haploid gametes C. Diploid gametes D. Haploid spores E. Diploid spores

Haploid spores

Anthocerophyta

Hornworts - typically first to colonize moist, open areas due to symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria sporophyte lacks seta; only has a sporangium

Hornwort and moss sporophytes are larger and more complex than those of liverworts

Hornworts and mossworts have specialized pores called stomata. Liverworts do not!

Angiospersm

Huge cade consisting of flowing flowers

Leaves

Increase the surface area of the plant body and serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

Mosses that aren't really mosses

Irishmoss (Red Sea weed), Reindeer moss( a lichen), Club Moss (seedless vascular plant) Spanish mosses ( lichen in some regions and flowering plants in others)

What did the cultivation of seed plants do?

It allowed humans to transition from hunter gatherer to permanent settlers anchored by agriculture.

Megapylls

Leaves with highly branched vascular system

Three phyla of bryophytes - Life cycles

Liverworsts, hornworts, grades.

Hepatophyta

Liverworts - thought they treated liver diseases in medieval times

Examples of nonvascular plants

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts

Apical meristems-

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots.

Rhizoids

Long, tubular single cells (in liverworts and horwots_ or filiments of cell (in mosses)

Microphylls are found in which plant group? Mosses Liverworts Lycophytes Ferns Hornworts

Lycophytes

Two types of seedless vascular plants

Lycophytes and Pterophytes

Two smaller clades of vascular plants

Lycophytes and pterophytes

Examples of monocots and dicots

M- Orchids, palms, and grain crops such as maize, wheat, and rice. D- Roses, peas, sunflowers, and maples.

The polymer sporopollenin

Makes the cell walls of plants for stuff in resistant to harsh environments

Microsporangia produce microspores that give rise to which sex of gametophyte

Male

Antheridia

Male gametangia, produces sperm and releases them into the environment

Micro spores

Male gametophytes

What is a fruit?

Mature ovary, although it can include flower parts as well. Ex. Pea pod.

Structure of an ovule

Megasporangium, megaspore, and the integument.

Gymnosperms dominated during what era?

Mesozoic

Evolution of Leaves

Microphylls arranged from sporangia located ont eh side of the stem. Megaphylls- may have evolved from a series of branches lying close together on a stem.

Monocots

More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are monocots

Eudicots

More than two-thirds of angiosperm species are eudicots

Bryophyta

Mosses have: 1. rhizoids 2. peristomes 3. sporophyte that is parasitic to the gametophyte 4. no vascular system = short 5. wet habitats

Peristome

Most mosses enhance for dispersal by elevating the capsule and the upper part of the capsule features a ring of interlocking tooth like structures that open under dry conditions and close when they're wet

Charophytes differ in four key traits of land plants

Multicellular dependent embryos Walled spores produced in sporangia Multicellular gametangia Apical meristems

Sporangia

Multicellular organs that produce spores

Multicellular haploid gametophyte (gamete producing plant)

Named for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes eggs and sperm that fuse during fertilization forming diploid zygote's

Humans and Angiosperms

No group of plants is more important to human survival than seed plants Plants are key sources of food, fuel, wood products, and medicine Our reliance on seed plants makes preservation of plant diversity critical

Do most gymnosperms and angiosperms have flagellated sperm motility?

No. There are some gymnosperm species such as ginkgos and cycads that retain the ancient flagellated condition but the majority of gymnosperms and angiospersm do not have this feature.

Roots

Organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil also anchor vascular plants helping them grow taller

Peat

Partially Decayed organic material

Significance

Plants dropped CO2 levels by a factor of five. Made carbon and helped withglobal cooling.

Nonvascular plants

Plants that do not have extensive transport system

Meosis in mature sporophyte

Produces haploid spores,

Gametangia

Production of gametes within multicellular organs

The growth in length is Sustained through out the plants life by one's activity of apical meristems

Regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

Spores

Reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organisms without fusing with another cell

Charophytes are the only algae that share the following for distinctive traits with land plants

Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins Peroxisome enzymes Structure of flagellated sperm Formation of phragmoplasts

Fruits

S: typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts F: protect seeds and aid in their dispersal

360 million years ago

Seed plants originated about

Homesporous

Seedless vascular plants such as ferns

Products from Seed Plants

Six crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes) yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans Many seed plants provide wood Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in medicines

Brood bodies

Small plant roots that detach from the parent plant and grow into new genetically identical copies of their parents

Microphylls

Small usually spine shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue

Heterosporous

Species has two types of sporangia and produces 2 kinds of spores megastores and microspores

Within the sporangium diploid cells called sporocytes

Spore mother cells, undergo meiosis and generate the haploid spores

Double fertilization is unique to angiosperms, T or F?

T

90% of plant species are angiosperms, T or F.

T.

Ancestor of gemnosperms and angiosperms lived at the same time, T or F

T.

Cereal grain are actually a fruit with a dry outer cover, T or F?

T.

Seedless vascular plant's sporphytes are not dependent on the gametophytes for nutrition.

T.

Pollen wall is tough, T or F?

T. It is composed of a polymer sporopollenin, that protects the pollen grain.

Seed plants are the dominant producers on land and make up the vast majority of plant biodiversity today, T or F.

T. They are indeed. Humans first began cultivating 13,000 years ago.

Most seedless vascular plant species are homosporous, T or F?

T. They have one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte . In contrast a heterosporous species has two sypes of sporangia and two types of spores.

What is the advantage of tiny gametophytes in seed plants?

Tiny gametophytes can develop from spores retained within the sporangia of the parental sporophyte. This protects the sporangia from environmental stress. In contrast the gametophytes in seedless plants must fend for themselves.

Xylem Phloem

Transports water and minerals Transports sugars, amino acids, and other organic produces.

Most plants today are terrestrial, T or F?

True

Lignified vascular tissue permits vascular plants to grow tall, T or F?

True!

Ovulate cone scale has two ovules, T or F?

True, each contains a megasporangium.

Plants provide most of the food for terrestrial animals, T or F?

True.

Stomata are present>

True.

Lycophtes only have microphylls, t or f

True. It is a small, usually spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue. Almost all other plants have megaphylls- leaves with a highly branched vascular sysem.

Tracheids

Tube shaped cells that carry water and minerals from the roots

Components of Gametophyte in angiosperm contains:

Two haploid cells: A generative cell that divides by meiosis, forming two sperms and a tube cell that produces a pollen tube.

One way to distinguish groups of plants

Vascular tissue

Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds

Wings Barbs Berries/edible

Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue

Xylem and phloem

Most of our our food comes from angiosperms:

Yes!!!! 80% calories six crops- Wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes. 25% of pharmaceuticals contain one or more active ingrediants extracted or derived from plants.

Each ovule, which develops into an ovary contains

a female gametophyte, also known as an embryo sac (consists of only a few cells, one of which is the egg).

roots

absorb water and nutrients; anchor plant to soil

phloem

cells arranged in tubes to distribute sugars, aa's, and other organic products

vascular tissue

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

Lycophytes

club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts - not true mosses - most ancient group of vascular plants - hayday = Carboniferous period - grow on trees as epiphytes - homosporous = club mosses -heterosporous = spike mosses and quillworts

sori

clusters of sporangia produced by fern sporophylls that are found on the undersides of the sporophylls

xylem

conducts most water and minerals; include tracheids

Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms called ____________ dominate in the northern latitudes

conifers

Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called _____________

cotyledons

cuticle

covering consisting of wax and other polymers that help prevent water loss and help protect from microbial attack

Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure ___________ between flowers from different plants of the same species

cross-pollination

Cycadophyta

cycads, Individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves, few species exist today

sporocytes

diploid cells within a sporangium that generate spores through meiosis

bryophyte gametophytes

dominant stage of the life cycle in non-vascular plants; haploid gametophyte - hug the ground because no vascular system and thin body parts - flagellated sperm = moist habitats - mosses have separated female and male gametophytes = reproduction more successful when close together

Gymnosperms were better suited than nonvascular plants to ______ conditions

drier

seed

embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

The female gametophyte, or ____________ develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma

embryo sac,

One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing ___________________

endosperm

archegonia

female gametangia that produces one nonmotile egg

Pterophytes

ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns - closely related to seed plants - shared traits = overtopping growth, megaphyll leaves, and branching roots - died off after Carboniferous period --> coal deposits

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called ______________

flowers and fruits

stomata

found in all vascular plants and in bryophyta and anthocerophyta sporophytes

megaphylls

found in vascular plants besides lycophytes; leaves with highly branched vascular system; support more photosynthesis than microphylls

gametophore

gamete-producing structure found at the apical meristem of "buds" on non-vascular plants

Chloroplasts with chlorophylls a and b are present in what protists?

green algae, euglenids, and a few dinoflagellates

strobili

groups of sporophylls (leaves that bear sporangia) that form cone-line structures; lycophytes and gymnosperms

whisk ferns

homosporous, epiphytes, living fossils, absorb nutrients through rhizoids

placental transfer tissue.

imbalance to the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo

Magnoliids

include magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants

leaves

increase SA of plant and act as photosynthetic organ can be microphylls/megaphylls

Pollination

is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Sporopollenin

layer of a durable polymer that provents exposed zygotes from drying out and dying.

sporophylls

leaves that bear sporangia

antheridia

male gametangia that produces sperm

protonema

mass of filaments that has a large SA which enhances absorption of water and minerals (found in bryophytes)

The ovule is entered by a pore called the____________

micropyle

gametangia

multicellular organs that produce gametes

sporangia

multicellular organs that produce spores

bryophytes

non-vascular plants; liverworts, mosses, and hornworts; they do have MC embryos and apical meristems just no vascular system

homosporous

one type of sporangium that produces one spore that can develop into a bisexual gametophyte (most seedless vascular plants)

microphylls

only present in lycophytes; small, spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue

apical meristems

regions of cell divisions at the tips of roots and shoots

An __________ consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

ovule

bryophyte sporophytes

parasitic to the gametophyte; smallest of all plant groups parts = foot, seta, peristome, capsule

foot

part on sporophyte that absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte

capsule

part on sporopohyte that uses materials from gametophyte to produce spores by meiosis

Has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic presupply

phloem

epiphytes

plants that use other plants as a substrate but are not parasites

Microspores develop into ______________, which contain the male gametophytes

pollen grains

sporopollenin

polymer that makes walls of spores tough and resistant to harsh environments

lignin

polymer that strengthens cell walls and water-conducting cells in vascular plants ---> tall plants --> support against gravity --> more access to sunlight & farther dispersal of spores

Megasporangia

produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Microsporangia

produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

peristome

ring of interlocking-tooth-like structures on the capsule that open under dry conditions and close under wet conditions; allow spores to be dispersed gradually

Ancestors of vascular plants lacked....?

roots and some other adaptations that evolved into time.

Evolution of roots

roots tissues of living plants clsoely resemble stem tissues of early vascular plants preserved in fossils which suggetss that roots may have evolved from the lowest belowgroup productions of stems in ancient vascular plants. It is unclear if roots evolved only in one common ancestor.

Gingkophyta

single living species, Ginkgo biloba

brood bodies

small plantlets of mosses that can be detached and grow into new, genetically identical copies of their parent; form of asexual reproducion

Microphylss and megaphylls

small, spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue. First appeared in 410 million years go highly brached vascular system

seta

stalk on the sporophyte that conducts materials from the gametophyte to the sporangium

Vascular plants are sometimes referred to as

tracheophytes. Cell walls are strengthed by lingin.

tracheids

tube-shaped cells that carry water and mineral up from the roots

heterosporous

two types of sporangia that produces 2 spores (all seed plants and few seedless vascular plants) megasporophyll --> megasporangia --> megaspores --> female gametophytes microsporophyll --> microsporangia --> microspores --> male gametophytes

peat moss

wetland moss that helps make up peat (decayed organic material) low temperature, pH, and oxygen level of peatlands inhibit decay ---> preservation