Biology 4.3

cytosol

The fluid component of the cytoplasm in which the organelles are suspended.

Eukaryote cells are relatively complex and possess both______ organelles and_______ nucleus.

membrane-bound, true

the bacterial _________ , used for polypeptide synthesis, is______ than the eukaryotic version.

ribosome, smaller

When they are present in the cytosol, ribosomes produce________ proteins and when they are bound to membranes they produce_______ proteins.

soluble, membrane bound or compartmentalized

is the fluid of the cytoplasm.

Cytosol

What features do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

DNA, cell membranes, protein synthesis

In what ways do membrane-enclosed organelles facilitate cell metabolism?

Membrane-enclosed organelles provide cellular compartments with unique chemical environments for specialized functions. Membranes serve as work surfaces for enzyme systems. Energy can be stored across membranes as electrochemical gradients.

Describe three functions of cell membranes.

Membranes divide the eukaryotic cell into compartments, allowing it to conduct specialized activities within small areas of the cytoplasm, concentrate reactants, and organize metabolic reactions. Small membrane-enclosed sacs, called vesicles, transport materials between compartments. • Membranes are important in energy storage and conversion. • Membranes serve as work surfaces for certain chemical reactions.

ribosomes

Organelles that are part of the protein synthesis machinery of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; consist of a larger and smaller subunit, each composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins.

What are three ways that a plant cell might differ from an animal cell?

Plants have cell walls, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plasmodesmata.

two basic cell types

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cells. All other known organisms consist of one or more eukaryotic cells.

Compare and contrast the general characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and contrast plant and animal cells.

Prokaryotic cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane but have little or no internal membrane organization. They have a nuclear area rather than a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Prokaryotic cells typically have a cell wall and ribosomes, and may have propeller-like flagella. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus, and their cytoplasm contains a variety of organelles; the fluid component of the cytoplasm is the cytosol. Plant cells differ from animal cells in that plant cells have rigid cell walls, plastids, and large vacuoles, which are important in plant growth and development.

_________cells are relatively lacking in complexity, and their genetic material is not enclosed by membranes but is located in a _____ .

Prokaryotic, nucleoid

nuclear area

Region of a prokaryotic cell that contains DNA; not enclosed by a membrane. Also called nucleoid.

cytoplasm

The plasma membrane and cell contents with the exception of the nucleus.

cell walls

The structure outside the plasma membrane of certain cells; may contain cellulose (plant cells), chitin (most fungal cells), peptidoglycan and/or lipopolysaccharide (most bacterial cells), or other material.

Outside of their cell membrane, most prokaryotic cells have a________ and many have______ to aid in movement.

cell wall, flagella

Many chemical reactions are carried out by_______ bound to the cell membrane.

enzymes

The difference in both electrical charge and ion concentration across a cell membrane results in an electrochemical

gradient

Compartmentalization allows cellular activity to be ________ and occur in________ inside the cell.

localized, specific regions