Biology and the Brain

an agonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

A drug that has the effect of intensifying or mimicking a particular neurotransmitter can be characterized as

parathyroid glands

Abnormalities in calcium regulation are most likely to arise from problems with

an increase in respiratory rate

Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in

Alchohal Tolerance

An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing

Being a carrier of, or having sickle cell anemia is adaptive in this region, because it protects against malaria. Subsequently, children born with sickle cell anemia are less likely to die from malaria.

Areas that have a large prevalence of malaria, such as Africa, have a high frequency of children who have sickle cell anemia or are carriers of the trait. What role does the concept of natural selection play in this trend?

100% runners

Assume that R represents a dominant gene in rats for normal running and that r represent a recessive gene in rats for an abnormal gait called waltzing. Mating a female Rr rat with a male RR rat will produce offspring that are

A loss of motor coordination

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems?

neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all

showed a negative-going peak in brain wave activity approximately 400 milliseconds after the unexpected word was presented that the participants did not show in response to the expected word

Dr. Frishkoff could accurately describe the results of her study by saying that participants

the myelin sheath

During neuronal firing, the part of the neuron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical impulse as it travels down the axon is

left cerebral hemisphere

For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the

Simple spatial reasoning

For most people, which of the following is an activity based in the right hemisphere of the brain?

withdrawal

Getting a headache from not having a morning coffee after substantial daily coffee consumption for several months is most likely due to

The hypothalamus

Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by which of the following?

depressent

In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug?

have dreams in which they are aware that they are dreaming

Lucid dreaming occurs when people

Anna Rosa sleeps fewer hours per day than Malia does.

Malia is 10 years of age, and her grandmother, Anna Rosa, is 60 years old. Which statement is likely to be true concerning their sleep patterns?

The terminal buttons

Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron?

Endorphins

Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as

make and carry out plans

People who have experienced severe damage to the frontal lobe of the brain seldom regain their ability to

The hippocampus

Professor Janeja is studying which brain regions are involved in learning to correctly navigate a maze task. She randomly assigns half of a group of mice to get a lesion in one area of the brain. The other half does not get a lesion. Based on the following graph, where in the brain is the most likely site of the lesion?

Lowered muscle tone

REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?

Narcolepsy

Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated?

Gaining insight on unconcious motives

Sigmund Freud believed that dream analysis was a useful device for

in REM sleep

Sleep paralysis typically occurs in people who are

hear sounds

Stimulation of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to

Medulla

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

Digesting Food

The autonomic nervous system is most directly involved in

circadian rhythm

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to asa

Hippocampus

The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the

SSRIs

The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are

activation-synthesis theory

The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain's attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is called the

pairs of identical twins is greater than for pairs of fraternal twins

The hypothesis that intelligence is in part inherited is best supported by the fact that the IQ correlation for

the primary visual cortex

The occipital lobes contain

withdrawal

The painful experience associated with termination of the use of an addictive substance is known as

hypothalamus

The part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is the

a dendrite

The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons is called

Paul Broca

The person most strongly associated with identifying deficits in the motor speech area and in the ability to produce speech is

increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon

The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to

Reuptake

The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron after it fires is called

natural Selection

The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called

right half of both retinas

The right occipital lobe receives visual information from the

establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response

The role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to

the action potential

The sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called

Refractory Period

The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as

dopamine

Treating a patient for Parkinson's disease includes administering a chemical that will lead to increases in the patient's

Melatonin

Which chemical is most closely associated with sleep?

During a drought, the foliage in a region turns brown. More brownish moths than whitish moths from a particular breed survive predation and produce more offspring. Subsequent generations of moths have a higher percentage of brownish moths than the generation before.

Which of the follow scenarios is the best example of natural selection?

CAT Scan

Which of the following allows the examination of living brain tissue visually without performing surgery?

Lips

Which of the following areas of the body has the largest number of sensory neurons?

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following biological systems is most likely responsible for an increase in heart rate while experiencing anxiety?

An all-or-none response

Which of the following correctly describes the firing of neurons?

Fast breathing, relatively high heart rate, relatively high blood pressure

Which of the following groups of characteristics best describes the REM sleep stage?

A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours

Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Which of the following is a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a liver enzyme which, if not treated soon after birth, may eventually lead to profound mental retardation?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Which of the following is brain-imaging technique that produces the most detailed picture of brain structure?

A tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.

Which of the following is classified as an antagonist?

Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?

It is the region of the brain that is most closely associated with sleep and arousal.

Which of the following is true about the pons?

It regulates levels of arousal.

Which of the following is true of the reticular activating system?

The movements of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential.

Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold?

Cerebral cortex

Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?

PET Scan

Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose?

Endocrine system

Which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body?

Barbiturates

Which of the following will NOT increase behavioral and mental activity?

sympathetic

Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear?

A mutation in a species of lizards that allows them to better blend into their surroundings leads to greater survival and more offspring possessing this mutation in a later generation

Which scenario best exemplifies Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Depressent

Based on its effects on the central nervous system, alcohol can be classified as

remembering events that occurred shortly before his accident

Based on the scores on the three tasks, Task 3 most likely involves

Broca's area

Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following?

inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other

Brain lateralization refers to the