Biology: Biotechnology

Human Genome Project

- Completed in 2003 - sequenced all 6 billion base pairs - allowed scientists a. location of each gene b. sequence of all the nucleotides in the gene

Biotechnology Techniques

1. Genetic Engineering 2. Cloning 3. Stem Cell 4. Tissue Culture

Describe the enzymatic reactions that cut DNA.

1. Isolate DNA from human cells and plasmid DNA from bacteria. 2. Cut gene and plasmid with RESTRICTION ENZYME (produces sticky ends, aka part of DNA strand missing its pairs). 3. Glue the cut pieces of DNA with ligase (recombinant DNA) 4. Insert the recombinant plasmid containing new piece back into bacteria.

When did life originate?

3.5 billion years ago

How old is the earth?

4.6 billion years old

What are living things made of?

Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and water.

Karl Ereky

Coined the term "biotechnology" in 1919.

Why biotechnology in the environment?

Design bacteria to eat up oil spills, clean toxic waste, and help improve environment.

Three parts to biotechnology:

Environment, agriculture, and medicine.

Primordial Origin of Life

HALDANE and OPRAIN GIST: Life began in a pond of ocean as a result of the combination of chemicals from the atmosphere and some form of energy to make organic compound, which would then assemble into simple structures, then into cells. Miller/Urey's experiment: hydrogen + methane + ammonia + water = organic molecules

Hydrothermal Vents

Life may have begun at hydrothermal vents in the sea floor where hydrogen-rich fluids emerge from below and interface with carbon-dioxide-rich ocean vents.

Why biotechnology in medicine?

Make antibiotics, vaccines, and treatments for many diseases.

Why biotechnology in agriculture?

Produce insecticides to produce plants. Produce crops that can tolerate extreme environments. Make plants that produce chems and fuels. Make fruits/veggies with improved taste/nutrition. Products with improved handling qualities, color, and quality.

Traditional Biotechnology

a number of ancient ways of using living organisms to make new products or modify existing ones

Gel Electrophoresis

a technique used to separate DNA fragments - mixture of DNA fragments is placed in a gel and electricity is run trough -DNA separated based on charge and size

How was the earth made?

earth condensed from particles from outer space that cooled, allowing rocks and oceans to form.

Chemicals in earth's first atmosphere?

nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, CO and water

Modern Biotechnology

techniques that involve the intentional manipulation of genes, cells, and living tissue in a predictable and controlled manner to generate changes in the genetic make-up of an organism or produce new tissue.

Biotechnology

the use of living organisms, or their parts, to make or improve a product.