Biology Ch 16,17,18,19,20

How do arteries differ from veins?

Arteries have thicker wall layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart.

The humoral immune response depends on which cells?

B and TH cells

Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false?

Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated.

Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false?

Both progesterone and estrogen are produced by the follicles.

Similarity and a difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?

Bothe cells produce a product that will be secreted by the gland. An exocrine gland has a duct and secretes its product to the outside of the gland, not into the bloodstream. An endocrine gland secretes its product into the bloodstream and does not use a duct.

Discuss why obesity is a growing epidemic.

Childhood obesity, is a growing concern. Contributors to this situation include sedentary lifestyles and consuming more processed foods and less fruits and vegetables. Even young children who are obese can face health concerns.

Which statement is true of viral replication?

During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface.

Which of the following statements is not true?

Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body.

Which of the following statements about the digestive system is false?

Food enters the large intestine before the small intestine.

Which of the following statements about virus structure is true?

Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell.

Which hormone causes FSH and LH to be released?

GnRH

symptoms would you expect goiter to cause?

Hypothyroidism, resulting in weight gain, cold sensitivity, and reduced mental activity.

Give an example of how density-dependent and density-independent factors might interact.

If a fire happened in the winter, when populations are low, it would have a greater effect on the overall population and its recovery than if the same disaster occurred during the summer, when population levels are high.

What do you think would happen if multiple sperm fused with one egg?

If multiple sperm fused with one egg, a zygote with a multiple ploidy level (multiple copies of the chromosomes) would form, and then would die.

Different MHC class I molecules between donor and recipient cells can lead to rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue. Suggest a reason for this.

If the MHC class I molecules expressed on donor cells differ from the MHC class I molecules expressed on recipient cells, NK cells may identify the donor cells as not normal and produce enzymes to induce the donor cells to undergo apoptosis, which would destroy the transplanted organ.

How does alveoli maximize gas exchange?

Increases their surface area. In addition, the alveoli are made of thin-walled cells. These features allows gases to easily diffuse across the cells.

Describe the events in the ovarian cycle leading up to ovulation.

Low levels of progesterone send GnRH to the anterior pituitary, release of FSH and LH. FSH stimulates follicles on the ovary to grow and prepare the eggs for ovulation. As the follicles increase in size, they begin to release estrogen and a low level of progesterone into the blood.

Why do you think hemolytic disease is only a problem during the second or subsequent pregnancies?

Memory cells that recognize the Rh antigen of the fetus can form in the mother late in the first pregnancy. these cells launch an immune attack on the fetal blood cells of an Rh-positive fetus. Injection of anti-Rh antibody during the first pregnancy prevents the immune response from occurring.

What is the role of minerals in maintaining good health?

Minerals are required for the functioning of many cellular processes. not having minerals in the diet can be potentially harmful.

Which innate immune system component uses MHC class I molecules directly in its defense strategy?

NK cells

How are neurons similar to other cells? How are they unique?

Neurons contain organelles common to all cells, such as a nucleus and mitochondria. They are unique because they contain dendrites, which can receive signals from other neurons, and axons that can send these signals to other cells.

How might pyrogens cause the body temperature to rise?

Pyrogens increase body temperature by causing the blood vessels to constrict, inducing shivering, and stopping sweat glands from secreting fluid.

What are the main differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?

S, fight or flight, norepinephrine, ganglia, increases heart rate and blood pressure, decreases digestion and blood flow to the skin. P, rest and digest, acetylcholine, brainstem and sacral spinal cord, decreases heart rate and blood pressure and increases digestion and blood flow to the skin.

As this graph shows, population density typically decreases with increasing body size. Why do you think this is the case?

Smaller animals require less food and others resources, so the environment can support more of them per unit area.

Age structure diagrams for rapidly growing, slow growing, and stable populations are shown in stages 1 through 3. What type of population change do you think stage 4 represents?

Stage 4 represents a population that is decreasing.

How do B and T cells differ with respect to antigens that they bind?

T cells bind antigens that have been digested and embedded in MHC molecules by APCs. In contrast, B cells function as APCs to bind intact, unprocessed antigens.

What might be a disadvantage to temperature-dependent sex determination?

Temperatures can vary from year to year and an unusually cold or hot year might produce offspring all of one sex, making it hard for individuals to find mates.

Which of the following statements about the human respiratory system is false?

The bronchioles branch into bronchi.

If the major food source of seals declines due to pollution or overfishing, which of the following would likely occur?

The carrying capacity of seals would decrease, as would the seal population.

Describe the cardiac cycle.

The heart receives an electrical signal triggering the cardiac muscle cells in the atria to contract. The signal pauses before passing onto the ventricles so the blood is pumped through the body. This is the systolic phase. The heart then relaxes in diastole and fills again with blood.

What movements occur at the hip joint and knees as you bend down to pick something up?

The hip joint is flexed and the knees are extended

Influenza virus is packaged in a viral envelope, which fuses with the plasma membrane. This way, the virus can exit the host cell without killing it. What advantage does the virus gain by keeping the host cell alive?

The host cell can continue to make new virus particles.

Which of the following statements about the male reproductive system is false?

The prostate gland is located in the testes.

If a series of genetic mutations prevented some, but not all, of the complement proteins from binding antibodies or pathogens, would the entire complement system be compromised?

The system would probably be affected even when only a few members were mutated such that they could no longer bind. When one or more proteins in the sequence is absent, the subsequent proteins would be incapable of binding to elicit the complement's pathogen-destructive effects.

Why can't dogs catch the measles?

The virus cannot attach to dog cells because dog cells do not express the receptors for the virus or there is no cell within the dog that is permissive for viral replication.

Human populations have which type of survivorship curve?

Type I

Which statement is true?

Viruses are acellular.

Describe how opposing hormone actions regulate blood-glucose levels?

When blood-glucose levels are increasing, the pancreas releases insulin, which stimulates uptake of glucose by cells. When blood-glucose levels are decreasing, the pancreas releases glucagon, which stimulates the release of stored glucose by the liver to the bloodstream.

Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys?

adrenal glands

Why is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance?

allows an organism to rid itself of waste molecules that could be toxic if allowed to accumulate. allows the organism to keep the amount of water and dissolved solutes in balance.

External fertilization occurs in which type of environment?

aquatic

The pectoral girdle supports the ________.

arms

In which group is parthenogenesis a normal event?

bees

The maximum growth rate characteristic of a species is called its ________.

biotic potential

The viral ________ plays a role in attaching a virion to the host cell.

capsid and envelope

trachea

cartilaginous structure that extends from the pharynx to the lungs. It serves to funnel air to the lungs.

The part of the brain that is responsible for coordination during movement is the ______.

cerebellum

main bronchus

conduit in the lung that funnels air to the airways where gas exchange occurs. The main bronchus attaches the lungs to the very end of the trachea where it bifurcates.

During the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is ________.

contracting

age structure in countries with zero population growth

countries with zero population growth have an even lower percentage. high proportion of older individuals is seen mostly in countries with zero growth,

Some photographers develop a sensitivity to certain film developing chemicals leading to severe rashes on their hands such that they are unable to work with them. Why.

delayed sensitivity reaction to one or more chemicals in the developer. An initial exposure would have sensitized the individual to the chemical and then subsequent exposures will induce a delayed inflammation reaction a day or two after exposure.

Neurons contain _________, which can receive signals from other neurons.

dendrites

A forest fire is an example of ________ regulation.

density-independent

Nutrient and waste requirements for the developing fetus are handled during the first few weeks by ________

diffusion through the endometrium

Nutrient and waste requirements for the developing fetus are handled during the first few weeks by ________.

diffusion through the endometrium

A country with zero population growth is likely to be ________.

economically developed

Which type of country has the greatest proportion of young individuals?

economically underdeveloped

Which of the following gives rise to the skin cells?

ectoderm

Which component is responsible for initially stimulating a muscle contraction?

electrochemical signals

Describe the growth at various parts of the S-shaped curve of logistic growth.

few individuals are present and resources are plentiful, growth is exponential. Later, growth slows due to the species using up resources. Finally, the population levels off at the carrying capacity of the environment, and it is relatively stable over time.

The process of gastrulation forms the _______.

germ layers

Allergy to pollen is classified as ________.

immediate hypersensitivity

The fact that the body does not normally mount an immune response to the molecules in food is an example of _______.

immune tolerance

How are wastes carried to the kidney for removal?

in blood

sudden drop in environmental temperature, an endothermic animal will ________.

increase muscle activity to generate heat

Compared to separate sexes and assuming self-fertilizing is not possible, what might be one advantage and one disadvantage to hermaphroditism?

individuals of the same species can always mate. Every individual is able to produce offspring. disadvantages, hermaphrodite does not produce as many offspring through eggs or sperm as do species with separate sexes.

Why is immunization after being bitten by a rabid animal so effective?

it takes two weeks for the virus to travel from the site of the bite to the central nervous system, where the most severe symptoms of the disease occur. The vaccine is able to cause an immune response in the body during this time that clears the infection before it reaches the nervous system.

Which of the following is best at showing the life expectancy of an individual within a population?

life table

Species with limited resources usually exhibit a(n) ________ growth curve.

logistic

Which of the following is a barrier against pathogens provided by the skin?

low p h

Describe how a researcher would determine the size of a penguin population in Antarctica using the mark and release method.

mark a certain number of penguins with a tag, release them back into the population, and, at a later time, recapture penguins to see what percentage was tagged. This percentage would allow an estimation of the size of the penguin population.

A potential cause of acquired autoimmunity is ________.

molecular mimicry

Which is the order of airflow during inhalation?

nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the contractions during labor?

oxytocin

Which part of the nervous system directly controls the digestive system?

parasympathetic nervous system

What is the role of the accessory organs in digestion?

producing and delivering digestive juices to the intestine during digestion and absorption. Specifically, the salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles. Malfunction of any of these organs can lead to disease states.

The respiratory system ________.

provides body tissues with oxygen

Which of the following methods will provide information to an ecologist about both the size and density of a population?

quadrat

Species that have many offspring at one time are usually:

r-selected

Describe how hormone receptors can play a role in affecting the size of the responses of tissues to hormones.

receptors increase in response to rising hormone levels, called up-regulation, making the cell more sensitive to the hormone and allowing for more cellular activity. receptors can also decrease in response to rising hormone levels, called down-regulation, leading to reduced cellular activity.

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary perform what function?

regulate production of other hormones

Sperm are produced in the ________.

seminiferous tubules

Describe how the body's mechanisms maintain homeostasis?

sensor detects a deviation of the state of the cells or the body from the set point. The information is relayed, usually the brain, where signals go to effectors. effectors cause a negative feedback response that moves the state of the body in a direction back toward the set point.

Genetically unique individuals are produced through ________.

sexual reproduction

The bile from the liver is delivered to the ________

small intestine

Where does the majority of fat digestion take place?

small intestine

What kind of muscle tissue is found surrounding the urinary bladder?

smooth

Foreign particles circulating in the blood are filtered by the ____________

spleen

What is the function of the hormone erythropoietin?

stimulates production of red blood cells

Autoantibodies are probably involved in ________.

systemic lupus erythematosus

Where does the right ventricle send blood?

the lungs

Why is the immune response after reinfection much faster than the adaptive immune response after the initial infection?

the memory cells will immediately differentiate into plasma cells and CTLs without input from APCs or TH cells. the adaptive immune response to the initial infection requires time for naïve B and T cells with the appropriate antigen specificities to be identified and activated.

alveoli

the site of gas exchange; they are located at the terminal regions of the lung and are attached to the alveolar sacs, which come from the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles terminal bronchi.

Among other bones, the axial skeleton includes the ________.

thoracic cage and vertebral column

What are the main functions of the spinal cord?

transmits sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body through its connections with peripheral nerves. It also controls motor reflexes.

What are the main functions of the sensory-somatic nervous system?

transmits sensory information from the skin, muscles, and sensory organs to the CNS. It also sends motor commands from the CNS to the muscles, causing them to contract.

What is the cause of a fever of 38.3 °C?

upward adjustment of the body temperature set point

Which of the following is not a way that humans have increased the carrying capacity of the environment?

using large amounts of natural resources

Which female organ has an endometrial lining that will support a developing baby?

uterus

Although interferons have several effects, they are particularly useful against infections with which type of pathogen?

viruses